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Estimating geographic variation of infection fatality ratios during epidemics

Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第2期9卷 634-643页

作者： Joshua Ladau Eoin L.Brodie Nicola Falco Ishan Bansal Elijah B.Hoffman Marcin P.Joachimiak Ana M.Mora Angelica M.Walker Haruko M.Wainwright Yulun Wu Mirko Pavicic Daniel Jacobson Matthias Hess James B.Brown Katrina Abuabara Departments of Computational Precision Health and Dermatology University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA94115USA Arva Intelligence Inc.Salt Lake CityUT84101USA Computational Biosciences Group Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA Graduate Group in Biostatistics University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA Biosystems Data Science Environmental Genomics and Systems BiologyLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA Center for Environmental Research and Community Health(CERCH) School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMA02139USA Biosciences Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37830USA University of California DavisCA95616USA Statistics Department University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California Berkeley School of Public Health2121 Berkeley WayBerkeleyCA94720USA

Objectives We aim to estimate geographic variability in total numbers of infections and infection fatality ratios(IFR;the number of deaths caused by an infection per 1,000 infected people)when the availability and quality of data on disease burden are limited during an *** We develop a noncentral hypergeometric framework that accounts for differential probabilities of positive tests and reflects the fact that symptomatic people are more likely to seek *** demonstrate the robustness,accuracy,and precision of this framework,and apply it to the United States(U.S.)COVID-19 pandemic to estimate county-level SARS-CoV-2 *** The estimators for the numbers of infections and IFRs showed high accuracy and precision;for instance,when applied to simulated validation data sets,across counties,Pearson correlation coefficients between estimator means and true values were 0.996 and 0.928,respectively,and they showed strong robustness to model *** the county-level estimators to the real,unsimulated COVID-19 data spanning April 1,2020 to September 30,2020 from across the U.S.,we found that IFRs varied from 0 to 44.69,with a standard deviation of 3.55 and a median of *** The proposed estimation framework can be used to identify geographic variation in IFRs across settings.

关键词： Infection fatality ratio Infection fatality rate Noncentral hypergeometric distribution COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2

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Quantifying Energy Consumption and Trade in Kyrgyzstan Based on Energy-extended Input-output Model 2021

Quantifying Energy Consumption and Trade in Kyrgyzstan Based...

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2021 3rd International Conference on E-Business and E-commerce engineering

作者： hao zhang yongping li jing liu guohe huang lianrong chen School of Environmental Science and Engineering Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen University of Technology China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Xiamen University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation School of EnvironmentBeijing Normal University Xiamen University of Technology Beijing Normal University China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen University of Technology China State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation School of EnvironmentBeijing Normal University Xiamen University of Technology China

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Wind Tunnel and Numerical Study of Wind Pressure Coefficients on a Medieval Swedish Church

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Liu, Wei Mattsson, Magnus Widström, Torun Claesson, Leif Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin300072 China Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology Brinellvägen 23 Stockholm100 44 Sweden Department of Building Engineering Energy Systems and Sustainability Science University of Gävle Gävle801 76 Sweden

Air infiltration has great importance regarding energy, comfort, moisture and dust deposition in naturally ventilated historical buildings like churches. In these buildings, air infiltration is driven by stack effect and wind. When assessing the wind effect, reasonable estimation of wind pressure coefficients is crucial. Local wind pressure coefficients are significantly affected by the shape of the building and turbulence generated by its geometrical features, which – for moderately large churches – typically consist of main building body and window recesses, gable roof, tower, apse, and sacristy. This study conducted wind tunnel and numerical investigations of wind pressure coefficients at a church, with gradual addition of these features. Wind pressure was measured on a small-scale model in a wind tunnel, while computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out for both small-scale and full-scale models. By comparing the experimental and numerical results, the SST k − ω turbulence model showed the best accuracy, yielding CFD results in good agreement with wind tunnel measurements. Most challenging was predicting the strong negative wind pressures occurring on a flat roof. Building structures like tower, apse, and sacristy had significant impact on the wind pressures on the central, main building body. This study adds knowledge on wind pressure effects by commonly occurring building components, with particular reference to churches and similar buildings. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational fluid dynamics

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Is monochloramine pre-oxidation a viable strategy for enhancing the treatment efficiency of algae-laden water with conventional drinking water treatment process?

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Chemosphere 2024年 352卷 141312页

作者： Liu, Han Lv, Huanyu Xu, Hangzhou Rao, Dandan Zhang, Jian Sun, Bo Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science & Engineering Shandong University Shandong Qingdao 266237 China Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California Riverside A235 Bourns Hall 3401 Watkins Drive Riverside 92521 CA United States College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Shandong Qingdao 266590 China

Algal blooms worldwide pose many challenges to drinking water production. Pre-oxidation with NaClO, KMnO4, or ozone is commonly used to enhance algal removal in conventional drinking water treatment processes. However... 详细信息

Algal blooms worldwide pose many challenges to drinking water production. Pre-oxidation with NaClO, KMnO₄, or ozone is commonly used to enhance algal removal in conventional drinking water treatment processes. However, these currently utilized oxidation methods often result in significant algal cell lysis or impede the operation of the subsequent units. Higher algal removal with pre-chlorination in algal solutions prepared with natural water, compared to those prepared with ultrapure water, has been observed. In the present studies, preliminary findings indicate that ammonium in natural water alters chlorine species to NH₂Cl, leading to improved treatment efficiency. NH₂Cl with 1.5–3.0 mg∙L⁻¹ as Cl₂ with an oxidation time of 3–7 h significantly enhancing algal removal by coagulation. The selective oxidation of surface-absorbed organic matter (S-AOM) by NH₂Cl, followed by the subsequent peeling off of this material from the algal surface, leading to an increase in zeta potential from −20.2 mV to −3.8 mV, constitutes the primary mechanism of enhanced algal removal through coagulation. These peeled S-AOM retained their large molecular weight and acted as polymer aids. Compared with NaClO and KMnO₄, NH₂Cl displays the best performance in improving algal removal, avoiding cell lysis, and decreasing the potential for nitrogenous disinfection byproducts formation under the reaction conditions used in this study. Notably, in major Chinese cities, water purification plants commonly rely on suburban lakes or reservoirs as water sources, necessitating the transportation of raw water over long distances for times up to several hours. These conditions favor the implementation of NH₂Cl pre-oxidation. The collective results indicate the potential of NH₂Cl oxidation as a viable pretreatment strategy for algal contamination during water treatment processes. © 2024 Elsevier L

关键词： Algal removal Enhanced coagulation Monochloramine Pre-oxidation

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The effect of B – site cation on the supercapacitive properties of LaBO3 (B = Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) porous perovskites

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Journal of Energy Storage 2024年 86卷

作者： Ashok C, Shyamli Vazhayil, Ashalatha Vinaykumar, R. Thomas, Jasmine Jeffery, A. Anto Hasan, Imran Thomas, Nygil Yadav, Akhilesh Kumar Ahn, Young-Ho Department of Chemistry Nirmalagiri College Kerala Kannur India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Karnataka Bangalore5600064 India Environmental Science and Engineering Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering Yeungnam University Gyeongsan38541 Korea Republic of Department of BioEngineering Saveetha School of Engineering Tamil Nadu Chennai602105 India Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National Taipei University of Technology Taipei10608 Taiwan Varanasi221005 India

Perovskite oxides have attracted great attention as favorable electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their sole structure, intrinsic oxygen vacancy and compositional flexibility. However, a facile synthetic route which is simple and economical is a challenging issue related to the synthesis of such complex functional oxides. We present a facile and ultrafast way to synthesize LaBO3 (B = Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) perovskite nanocrystallites using glycine-nitrate autocombustion followed by annealing. The structure, phase purity, thermal stability, morphology and surface features of thus synthesized perovskite oxides were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller measurements. The role of B – site cation on the electrochemical performance has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements showed that, among the synthesized materials, LaBO3 nanoparticles with smallest transition metal cation at its B – site, that is LaCoO3 delivered highest value of specific capacitance (750 F/g) and the value of specific capacitance decreases in the order LaCoO3 ˃ LaMnO3 ˃ LaCrO3 ˃ LaFeO3. Therefore, B – site transition metal cation holds the key to regulate perovskite's properties which are essential prerequisites for supercapacitors. An asymmetric device fabricated using LaCoO3 and activated carbon as the positive and negative electrode respectively acted in broad potential window (1.7 V) and delivered an energy density of 22.2 Wh/kg at a power density of 997.7 W/kg and two supercapacitors connected in series could power a red light emitting diode efficiently. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Supercapacitor

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The Roles of Methylobacterium Organophilum and Sphingomonas Melonis for Accelerating N-Methyl Pyrrolidone (Nmp) Biodegradation

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Gao, Yongyi Chen, Ting Hou, Yifan Xue, Ruiyun Chen, Fu Liu, Rui Zhang, Yongming Rittmann, Bruce E. Department of Environmental Engineering School of Environmental and Geographical Science Shanghai Normal University Shanghai200234 China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology Department of Environmental Technology and Ecology Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University Jiaxing Zhejiang314006 China Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology Arizona State University TempeAZ85287-5701 United States

Although N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) is biodegradable, normal activated sludge exhibits poor NMP biodegradation unless it is acclimated with NMP for an extended time. In this work, glucose-acclimated biomass (GAB) was acclimated with NMP for over two months to obtain NMP-acclimated biomass (NAB). NAB was superior to GAB for NMP biodegradation, and this correlated to higher abundances of the genera Mycobacterium, Amaricoccus, and Thauera in NAB. However, when GAB was bioaugmented with Methylobacterium organophilum or Sphingomonas melonis, which were isolated from NAB based on their growth on NAB, the bioaugmented GAB immediately showed rapid biodegradation of NMP. M. organophilum was superior to S. melonis for accelerating NMP biodegradation, and the acceleration of NMP biodegradation was proportional to the mass of M. organophilum or S. melonis added. A key finding was that the limiting step for NMP mineralization was biodegradation of monomethylamine, an NMP-biodegradation intermediate that also is inhibitory. Bioaugmenting M. organophilum and S. melonis accelerated NMP biodegradation by enhancing monomethylamine removal, with M. organophilum being superior to S. melonis. The documented rapid impact of bioaugmentation can make it especially valuable in response to an input of a toxicant. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biodegradation

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Recent advances in the mechanics of 2D materials

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2023年第3期5卷 31-86页

作者： Guorui Wang Hongyu Hou Yunfeng Yan Ritesh Jagatramka Amir Shirsalimian Yafei Wang Binzhao Li Matthew Daly Changhong Cao CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials Department of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027People’s Republic of China Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill UniversityMontreal H3A0C3Canada Department of Civil Materials and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIL 60607United States of America

The exceptional physical properties and unique layered structure of two-dimensional(2D)materials have made this class of materials great candidates for applications in electronics,energy conversion/storage devices,nanocomposites,and multifunctional coatings,among *** the center of this application space,mechanical properties play a vital role in materials design,manufacturing,integration and *** emergence of 2D materials has also sparked broad scientific inquiry,with new understanding of mechanical interactions between 2D structures and interfaces being of great interest to the *** on the dramatic expansion of recent research activities,here we review significant advances in the understanding of the elastic properties,in-plane failures,fatigue performance,interfacial shear/friction,and adhesion behavior of 2D *** this article,special emphasis is placed on some new 2D materials,novel characterization techniques and computational methods,as well as insights into deformation and failure mechanisms.A deep understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that govern 2D material mechanics is further provided,in the hopes that the community may draw design strategies for structural and interfacial engineering of 2D material *** end this review article with a discussion of our perspective on the state of the field and outlook on areas for future research directions.

关键词： 2D materials mechanical property interfacial mechanics atomic force microscopy(AFM) in situ electron microscopy(SEM and TEM)

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Hydrophobicity of Gas-Diffusion Layer Influences the Performance of Air-Diffusion Cathode Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Sun, Jin Cao, Hongrui Wu, Yicheng Feng, Qing Wang, Zejie College of Environmental Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan250353 China Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen361024 China

The performance of air-diffusion cathode contributes significantly to the electric power generation from microbial fuel cells. The present research evaluated the effects of hydrophobicity of the air-diffusion layer on the performance of air-diffusion cathode. Through changing the content of polytetrafluoroethylene, the hydrophobicity of the air-diffusion cathode was differently determined. The results demonstrated that different contents of polytetrafluoroethylene resulted in different characteristics of the proposed air-diffusion cathode. Decreased hydrophobicity promoted both pore volume and specific surface area, and thus increasing the oxygen transfer coefficient;however it decreased the pressure head. The polytetrafluoroethylene content of 20% (R4(4:1)) resulted in the optimal operation of microbial fuel cells. It generated a maximum electric power density of 1431 ± 80.3 mW m-2, larger than 1285±19.9 mW m-2 of R5(9:1), 1240 ±110 mW m-2 of R3(7:3), 1172±87 mW m-2 of R2(3:7), and 1118 ± 23 mW m -2 for R1(3:14). The coulombic efficiency was determined as 45% for R4(4:1), followed by 43.55% for R3(7:3), 42.5% for R2(3:7), 40.5% for R1(3:14), and 37.9% for R5(9:1). The present research provided an economic method for the large-scale application of air-diffusion microbial fuel cells. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrophobicity

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Impact of Media Heating on Biofilm Activity in Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors at Low Temperatures

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Li, Yi Zhao, Wenjuan Wang, Hongli Wang, Qingyao Lai, Sheung Yee Sun, Zhiye Li, Ting Li, Baoan Wang, Jianyou College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin300350 China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-media Pollution Tianjin300350 China Tianjin Hydroking Sci & Tech Ltd. Tianjin300350 China College of Chemical Engineering and Material Quanzhou Normal University Fujian Quanzhou362000 China

Declining biological activity in low temperatures presents operational difficulties in cold climates. This study evaluates the low-temperature substrate removal performance and microbial ecology of the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) that was used for both aeration and biofilm heating. Two MABRs operated in parallel at decreasing temperatures;one (R1) featured a heated membrane while the other (R2) was an unheated control. At 10°C, both reactors had a 69% COD removal efficiency, while R1 had 42% NH4+-N removal efficiency – 15 percentage points lower than R2. By 5°C, R1 maintained 66% COD removal compared to 52% in R2, although R2 had better NH4+-N removal efficiency. However, R1 maintained 91% and 98% simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) efficiency at 10°C and 5°C, while R2 averaged 73% and 56%, respectively. After a 30°C to 5°C cold shock, R1 averaged 54% COD removal efficiency against just 24% in R2. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed Flavobacterium, Rhodobacter, and Zoogloea as dominant aerobic denitrifiers, and Acidovorax as the dominant anoxic nitrate reducer. Shotgun metagenomics showed R1 had more genes encoding Class I and II cold shock proteins. This comparative study assessed the effects of membrane heating on the system’s performance and used bioinformatics insights to connect membrane heating with indicators of cold adaptation including community structure, predicted functionality, and functional gene abundance. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biofilms

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The Roles of Methylobacterium Organophilum and Sphingomonas Melonis for Accelerating N-Methyl Pyrrolidone (Nmp) Biodegradation

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Gao, Yongyi Chen, Ting Hou, Yifan Xue, Ruiyun Liu, Rui Chen, Fu Zhang, Yongming Rittmann, Bruce E. Department of Environmental Engineering School of Environmental and Geographical Science Shanghai Normal University Shanghai200234 China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology Department of Environmental Technology and Ecology Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University Jiaxing Zhejiang314006 China Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology Arizona State University TempeAZ85287-5701 United States

关键词： Biodegradation

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