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16-IN GUN BLAST AND THE BATTLESHIP REACTIVATION program

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 227-238页

作者： YAGLA, JJ The authorreceived his B. A. degree in science (physics) from the State College of Iowa in 1965. He received his M. S. degree in engineering mechanics in 1968 and his Ph.D in aerospace engineering and engineering science in 1981 from Arizona State University. He has done analytical and experimental research in the field of weapons blast since 1965 at the Naval Surface Weapons Center in Dahlgren Virginia. As a supervisory research mechanical engineer he was previously head of the Physical Response Analysis Branch Blast Effects Branch and Ship Engineering Branch. Dr. Yagla is the test development agent and was test conductor for the gun and missile structural test firings in USS Iowa class battleships. He is a consultant to the Naval Sea Systems Command battleship combat system engineer and the Naval Air Systems Command Cruise Missile Project for blast and structural response. He is presently analyzing shock and vibration problems for the Standard Missile Program Office.

Reactivated and modernized USS Iowa class battleships employ many new systems, none of which were designed to withstand blast from 16-inch guns. Placement of the new equipment was driven by the need to impose the smallest possible restrictions on the guns. The design problem was complicated by two factors: first, the blast overpressure field surrounding the gun had not been accurately measured with modern instruments. Second, the blast overpressure tolerance of several important systems was unknown. The problem was solved through judicious placement of the equipment so that work could begin on the ship. Meanwhile the pressure surrounding a 16-inch gun was measured at the Dahlgren Laboratory. Mathematical functions describing the blast field were then used to design shipboard experiments in which the guns were fired at progressively more severe angles of train and elevation, while the equipment performance was carefully monitored. Four sets of shipboard experiments were required. Limiting values for the firing arcs have been determined, and the consequences of exceeding the recommended limits are now known.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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U. S. NAVAL ACADEMY'S NEW YARD PATROL CRAFT: FROM CONCEPT TO DELIVERY.

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Naval Engineers Journal 1987年第1期99卷 37-58页

作者： Compton, Roger H. Chatterton, Howard A. Hatchell, Gordon McGrath, Frank K. Roger H:. Compton is a Webb graduate who since 1966 has been a part of the naval architecture faculty at the U.S. Naval Academy. Since accepting the appointment to the Academy he has been instrumental in establishing the ABET accredited major program in naval architecture in the conceptual design and operation of the Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory and in the conceptual design of the 108-ft yard patrol craft. Besides his Naval Academy involvement he serves as an adjunct professor with Virginia Polytechnic Institute in its NAVSEA Institute graduate program at Crystal City. He is an active member of both ASNE and SNAME and has published technical papers with both societies. Howard A. Chatterton:began his career as a Navy coop student at the Boston Naval Shipyard in 1960. He received his bachelor's degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966 and his master's degree in 1968. He was employed by the Preliminary Design Division of BuShips in the submarine design and hydrofoil design groups until 1972 when he joined the Coast Guard's Naval Engineering Division. He remained with the Design Branch until 1981 when he accepted a faculty position at the U.S. Naval Academy as the research director for the Academy's hydromechanics laboratory. He has recently returned to Coast Guard Headquarters as the assistant chief Naval Architecture Branch Office of Merchant Marine Safety. Gordon Hatchell:is a naval architect at the Naval Sea Combat Systems Engineering Station Norfolk Virginia in the Combatant Craft Engineering Department. He served as lead-ship YP project engineer from its inception to delivery and continues to serve as project coordinator on follow-up ship procurements. He has worked on other boat procurements as well as serving as weight and stability coordinator. Mr. Hatchell began his engineering career in the Design Division at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth Virginia after receiving a BS in civil engineering from Virginia Polytec

The design of the new 108-ft yard patrol craft (YPs) for the U. S. Naval Academy is described from its beginnings as a senior midshipman design project, through its preliminary and contract design development at the U. S. Navy's small craft design team headquarters, Naval Sea Combat systems Engineering Station, Norfolk, Virginia (NAVSEACOMBAT-SYSENGSTA-Norfolk). During preliminary and contract design the Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory (NAHL) provided experimental data to support NAVSEA-COMBATSYSENGSTA-Norfolk's design analyses in powering, seakeeping, and maneuvering. Several tradeoff studies of interest to patrol craft designers are presented. Major events in the detail design and construction of the first boat are described from both the designer's and the shipbuilder's points of view. The launching, builder's and sea trials of the first boat are described.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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SHIPBOARD STOWAGE OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第3期98卷 199-208页

作者： DROPIK, MV graduated from the University of Detroit in 1969 with a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering. He began his Navy career that year with the Naval Ship Systems Command PMS-382 Ship Acquisition Manager for Mine Patrol and Yardcraft. In 1971 he transferred to the General Arrangements and Habitability Design Branch of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. From 1971–1972 he attended graduate school at the University of California at Berkeley through the Navy's long-term training program and received his master's degree in industrial engineering. He currently heads the Auxiliary/Amphibious/Minecraft/Special Projects Branch of NAVSEA's Arrangements Design Division. His duties in this capacity include those of program manager of the U.S. Navy's flammable liquids program a position which he has held for the last eight years. His experience encompasses the general arrangements habitability storeroom and office design of aviation auxiliary amphibious mine warfare and high performance ships and craft.

The uncontrolled proliferation of flammables and combustibles aboard ship, in addition to posing an obvious fire and explosive hazard, has seriously degraded the survivability and increased the vulnerability characteristics of U.S. Navy surface ships. This problem for the most part has been superficially attributed to a widespread shortage of flammable and combustible stowage capacity. As a result, current solutions have been limited to increasing stowage capacity through additional storerooms and development of more efficient stowage aids. Unfortunately, these solutions simply address the symptoms, are of a corrective nature, and do not eliminate the fundamental causes of the problem. The paper conducts a more systematic and comprehensive investigation into identifying and resolving the flammable liquids problem by considering it from a ship life cycle perspective. In this way, the problem is shown to be the resultant accumulation of a number of causes which occur during a ship's design, construction, and operational phases, and which collectively manifest themselves as a major shortage of flammable and combustible liquid stowage space aboard current fleet ships. Actions are then formulated to eliminate or counteract these fundamental causes, and validated by application to a hypothetical case study.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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MASTER ORDNANCE REPAIR APPLIED - STANDARD ITEM 009-67

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第3期98卷 35-42页

作者： STIMSON, WA MARSH, MT UTTICH, RM William A. Stimsonreceived his B.S. degree in mathematics from the University of Texas at El Paso in 1964 and his M.S. degree in engineering from the University of Santa Clara in 1971. He served in the U.S. Army Artillery during the Korean Conflict and subsequently was employed at IBM Huntsville Alabama until 1968 where he worked in the design of automatic control systems of the Saturn vehicle. From 1968 until 1971 he was employed at Ames Research Center Moffett Field in the design of nonlinear control systems for sounding rockets and pencil-shaped spacecraft. Following this Mr. Stimson worked at Hewlett Packard Sunnyvale California as a test engineer in automatic test systems. Since 1973 Mr. Stimson has been employed at the Naval Ship Weapon Systems Engineering Station Port Hueneme. He was a ship qualification trials project supervisor for many years and is now serving as master ordnance repair deputy program manager. Mr. Stimson is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and is program chairman of the Channel Islands Section. Cdr. Michael T. Marsh USNreceived a B.S. in mathematics from the University of Nebraska and was commissioned via the NESEP program in 1970. He holds an M.S. in computer science from the U.S. Navy Postgraduate School and an MBA from the State University of New York. Cdr. Marsh has served in the weapons department of USSFrancis Hammond (FF-1067) and of USSJohn S. McCain (DDG-36). He was weapons officer aboard USSSampson (DDG-10). As an engineering duty officer Cdr. Marsh was the technical design officer for PMS-399 at the FFG-7 Class Combat System Test Center from 1978 to 1982. He is presently combat system officer at SupShip Jacksonville and has been active in the MOR program since its inception. Cdr. Marsh is also the vice chairman of the Jacksonville Section of ASNE. LCdr. Richard M. Uttich USNholds B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from Stanford University. He enlisted in the Navy in 1965 serving as an electronics technician aboard USSNereus (A

The 600-ship United States Navy offers private shipyards an unprecedented opportunity for overhaul of surface combatants with complex combat systems. Recognizing the new challenge associated with the overhaul of high technology combat systems in the private sector, the Navy in 1983 established the master ordnance repair (MOR) program. This program, a joint effort of the Naval Sea systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Shipbuilders Council of America (SCA), was designed to identify and qualify those companies and private shipyards technically capable of managing combat systems work and conducting combat system testing. Standard Item 009–67 describes the role of the MOR company in combat system overhaul. It defines terms that are important to understanding the item itself, and imposes upon the prime contractor an obligation to utilize the MOR subcontractor in a managerial capacity. Specific tasks are assigned to the MOR company in planning, production, and testing. Finally, this standard item describes to the Navy planner how to estimate the size of the MOR team appropriate to the work package, a feature that will ensure that combat system bids are tailored to a specific availability.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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WARSHIPS AND COST CONSTRAINTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第2期98卷 41-52页

作者： HOPE, JP STORTZ, VE Jan Paul Hope a native of Northern Virginia received his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia in 1969. Upon graduation he began his career in the Department of the Navy with the Naval Ship Systems Command in the acquisition of patrol craft mine sweepers and submarine rescue ships. In January 1971 he transferred to the ship arrangements branch of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He was selected for the long-term training program at George Washington University in 1974 and completed the program in February 1976 with the degree of master of engineering administration. While at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Mr. Hope was general arrangement task leader on the AO-177 CG-47 CSGN CSGN (VSTOL) CGN-9 (Aegis) and CGN-42 and he also assisted in the landmark Naval Sea Systems Command civilian professional community study. In 1978 he was selected as acting head of the damage control section and subsequently was selected as acting head of the surface ship hydrodynamic section. In February 1980 he was promoted to head of the surface combatant arrangements design section. Mr. Hope was selected for the first class of the NA VSEA commander's development program. While on the program he served in the DDGX combat systems engineering division and the DDGX project office of NA VSEA was the assistant director for ship design in the office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics and was the director of weight engineering and the director of systems engineering for the DDG-51 project in NA VSEA. Upon completion of the program Mr. Hope was assigned as the deputy director of the boiler engineering division to create a new division as a major fleet support initiative by NA VSEA. In June 1985 he joined the staff of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics. Mr. Hope was presented the Department of the Navy meritorious civilian service medal in June 1983 for his service with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the

This paper discusses the need and processes for designing warships to meet cost constraints and for managing warship acquisition programs during the design phase to assure effective adherence to production cost constraints by the design team. The resource control methodology used during the contract design of the Arleigh Burke class destroyer, DDG-51, is examined as a potential model for controlling the cost while maintaining the combat effectiveness of warships. The paper begins with a summary of the basic issue — the relationship among unit cost, unit capability, force level numbers, and force capability — showing recent trends in destroyer costs and force levels. This introduction also includes a discussion of the cost constraint for the DDG-51 in relation to historical trends and ship construction funding allocation. The resource control methodology used to reduce and control costs of the DDG-51 is discussed with a summary of the approach, key concepts and tools, chronology of key events, examples, and results achieved. A number of observations on this methodology are then made which are followed by comments on life cycle costs. The paper concludes with remarks on the future application of the resource control methodology and areas for further work to improve future resource control efforts.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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RACER - A DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第5期97卷 139-146页

作者： DONOVAN, MR MATTSON, WS Michael R. Donovanis a 1974 graduate of the United States Naval Academy where he received his undergraduate degree in naval architecture. In 1975 he received a master of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After completing the Navy's nuclear power training program he served as machinery division officer in USSBainbridge (CGN-25) and chemistry and radiological controls assistant in USSLong Beach (CGN-9). He successfully completed the Navy's surface warfare officer qualification and passed the nuclear engineer's examination administered by Naval Reactors. He was then assigned to the Ship Design and Engineering Directorate (SEA-05) Naval Sea Systems Command as head systems engineer on the DDG-51 ship design project where he received the Navy Commendation Medal for outstanding performance. He is currently with Solar Turbines Incorporated as manager ship integration and integrated logistic support for the Rankine cycle energy recovery (RACER) system. Mr. Donovan has lectured at Virginia Polytechnic Institute teaching marine engineering and has given presentations on ship design at various symposiums and section meetings for both ASNE and SNAME. He has been a member of ASNE and SNAME since 1972 and is registered as a professional engineer in California and Virginia. Wayne S. Mattsonreceived his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Western New England College in 1972. Following graduation he attended Naval Officer Candidate School and was subsequently assigned as a project officer to COMOPTEVFOR where he was responsible for technical and operational test plans their execution and final equipment appraisal. Following a tour as engineering officer aboard the USSNespelen (AOG-55) he was assigned as commissioning MPA aboard the USSElliot (DD-967) the fifthSpruanceclass destroyer. For the past six years he has been employed by Solar Turbines Incorporated in program management within the advanced development department. He is currently

There is a great deal of emphasis currently in the Navy on the issues of reliability and maintainability. If a system or component is out of commission, it obviously cannot perform its mission. Thus, systems and components must be reliable, with low failure rates, and maintainable, with short repair times when the system does become inoperable. To be effective, these attributes must be incorporated into new ship systems early in the design stage. The Rankine cycle energy recovery (RACER) system is a heat recovery steam cycle designed to recover energy from the exhaust of an LM2500 gas turbine for augmentation of a ship's propulsion system. The RACER system provides several advantages to a gas turbine powered ship, one of which is improved fuel efficiency for significant annual fuel savings. This saving does not come free, however, since, in general, any additional system installed in the ship will have some maintenance requirements. In keeping with the Navy's current emphasis, a key philosophy in the design of the RACER system has been to minimize this maintenance burden. After a brief description of the RACER system and its design philosophy, the techniques being used during the design phase to minimize the maintenance burden on the fleet are presented. Trade-off studies concerning acquisition versus life-cycle costs, including fuel and maintenance costs, are discussed. Innovations incorporated into this state-of-the-art system are reviewed with an emphasis on design for affordability.

关键词： COGENERATION PLANTS

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AIR-CUSHION LANDING CRAFT NAVIGATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 248-260页

作者： GRAHAM, HR KIM, JC BAND, EGU FOWLER, AW Herbert R. Graham:received his degrees of B.S. in 1951 and M.S. in 1958 in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology respectively. He also attended the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. He is presently a task manager at TRW Inc. McLean Virginia responsible for landing craft air cushion (LCAC) engineering support. Since joining TRW in 1967 he has had several technical project management and system engineering responsibilities in amphibious ships transportation and energy. He was responsible for the preliminary engineering design and cost estimates for tracked air cushion vehicles (TACVs). He has been active in several professional societies including ASNE and served as vice-chairman Los Angeles Section American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. John C. Kim:received his degrees of B.S. in electrical engineering Tri-State University 1959 M.S. in electrical engineering Michigan State University 1960 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering Michigan State University. He is presently a senior staff engineer with TRW Inc. McLean Virginia where his technical experience has included communications system engineering and navigation system analysis. Since joining TRW in 1969 he has held numerous positions including section head project manager and department manager. His previous employment includes E-Systems/Melpar Division and Honeywell. Dr. Kim has been active in the IEEE Washington Chapter activities which included secretary vice-chairman and chairman of Systems Science and Cybernetics Group. Edward G.U. Band:received a B.S. degree in mechnical engineering in 1946 and a D.I.C in aeronautical engineering in 1947 at the City and Guilds College of London University. In 1951 he received an M.S. degree from Stevens Institute of Technology in fluid dynamics. After a career in the aircraft industry in England Canada and the U.S.A. he spent several years teaching in Chile and at Webb Institute of Naval Archi

Air cushion vehicles (ACVs) have operated successfully on commercial routes for about twenty years. The routes are normally quite short; the craft are equipped with radar and radio navigation aids and maintain continuous contact with their terminals. Navigation of these craft, therefore, does not present any unusual difficulty. The introduction of air cushion vehicles into military service, however, can present a very different picture, especially when external navigation aids are not available and the craft must navigate by dead reckoning. This paper considers the problems involved when navigating a high-speed air cushion vehicle by dead reckoning in conditions of poor visibility. A method is presented to assess the ACV's navigational capability under these circumstances. A figure of merit is used to determine the sensitivity of factors which affect navigation such as the range of visibility, point-to-point distance, speed, turning radius and accuracy of onboard equipment. The method provides simplistic but adequate answers and can be used effectively to compare the-capability and cost of alternative navigation concepts.

关键词： AIR CUSHION VEHICLES

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TESTING OF A MAGNETICALLY TREATED WEST-GERMAN DIESEL-ENGINE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第3期96卷 243-251页

作者： WHITE, JW The AuthorLieutenant Commander James W. White USNenlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1964 and served as an electronics technician and as a nuclear power instructor. As a student in the Navy Enlisted Scientific Education Program he received his Bachelor of Science degree in engineering physics at the University of Oklahoma and was commissioned an ensign. As a junior officer he served as engineer in USSMarathan (PG-89) and was the commissioning main propulsion assistant in USSPaul F. Foster (DD-964). Following his tour in that ship he continued his studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a Masters of Science in mechanical engineering as well as the professional degree of ocean engineer. After M.I. T. he served at David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center as a project engineer in the Ship's Electric Propulsion Program and at Naval Sea Systems Command as a design and engineering officer.

Aluminum block nonmagnetic diesel engines have been less reliable in service than their cast iron counterparts. Additionally, nonferrous engines are produced in small numbers exclusively for military use and thus have no commerical base with which to enhance logistics support. A West German engine manufacturer, Motoren-und-Turbinen-Union (MTU), has developed a method for magnetically treating cast iron engines in such a way as to reduce their magnetic signatures and thus make them available for mine countermeasures applications. In order to take advantage of the improved reliability and supportabitity of ferrous but magnetically treated production engines, the U.S. Navy conducted an extensive test and evaluation program to confirm or question the suitability of the engine for a new class of mine countermeasure ships. Testing consisted of a 1000-hour endurance run in accordance with military specifications for high speed diesel engines and high impact shock testing. The magnetic signature of the engine was mapped before and after each test in order to verify that neither shock nor extended running could change the magnetic properties of the engine. A maintenance demonstration was also performed in which Navy mechanics carried out various tasks in an effort to identify engine details which could be altered and thus improve the engine's maintainability. Subsequent magnetic testing was intended to show-that part interchanging and routine maintenance would not change the magnetic character of the engine. This paper describes the unique characteristics of the MTU 6V396TB63 diesel engine and will consolidate and illustrate the results of endurance, shock, magnetic, and maintenance testing.

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ADVANCED-CYCLE GAS-TURBINES FOR NAVAL SHIP PROPULSION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第3期96卷 262-271页

作者： BOWEN, TL GROGHAN, DA Thomas L. Bowen began his career at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center in 1969 by enrolling in the Cooperative Education Program at the Annapolis laboratory. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering in 1973 at West Virginia Institute of Technology. Daniel A. Groghan:received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia Institute of Technology in 1966 and later did graduate work at the George Washington University and the University of Maryland. He came to the Naval Ship Systems Command in June 1966 and began working in the Internal Combustion and Gas Turbine Engines Branch. He worked on development of the Orenda OT-4 recuperated gas turbine and marinization of the Garrett 831 gas turbine. He was also project engineer responsible for fleet installations and product improvements on the Solar Saturn gas turbines Boeing gas turbines American Locomotive diesels Electro-Motive diesels and Ruston Pax-man diesels. In 1976 he became head of the Engines Research and Development Branch where he was responsible for such programs as development of hot section gas turbine materials improved gas turbine inlets Pratt and Whitney FT9 gas turbine General Electric LM2500 Condition Monitor and initiation of the RACER program. In 1982 he became the Program Manager for propulsion systems development where he is responsible for developments on the DDG-51 AOE-6 and initiation of the recuperated cruise gas turbine.

Investigations are currently being conducted by the Navy and several contractors to determine the technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of advanced regenerative or intercooled-regenerative gas turbines as a naval propulsion engine for future mid-size surface combatants. A comparison of the performance characteristics of these engines indicates that significant increases in the thermal efficiency above current simple-cycle engines will result by adding heat exchangers for regeneration alone or with intercooling. Design and performance characteristics of several advanced-cycle gas turbines are described which utilize turbomachinery from various existing simple-cycle gas turbines. Estimates of the weight and volume of recuperators and intercoolers for these conceptual engines are provided. The nominal part-load fuel consumption trends of the simple-cycle and the advanced-cycle engines are used to compare annual fuel usage of typical ships with various combinations of propulsion engines. The relative impacts of the advanced-cycle gas turbine on propulsion machinery spaces are compared with other energy efficient prime movers using the simple-cycle gas turbine as the baseline. Commercial applications for an advanced-cycle gas turbine are surveyed according to output power and market sector. This paper presents an overview of current results and discusses the technology areas which require additional investigation.

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FUTURE PROPULSION MACHINERY TECHNOLOGY FOR GAS-TURBINE POWERED FRIGATES, DESTROYERS, AND CRUISERS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第2期96卷 34-46页

作者： BASKERVILLE, JE QUANDT, ER DONOVAN, MR USN The Authors Commander James E. Baskerville USNis presently assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command (NA VSEA) as the Ship Design Manager for the DDG 51 the Navy's next generation surface combatant. A graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy Class of 1969 he is a qualified Surface Warfare Officer and designated Engineering Duty Officer (ED). He received his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering and his professional degree of Ocean Engineer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and holds a patent right on an Electronic Control and Response System. His naval assignments include tours in USSRamsey (FFG-2) Aide and Flag Lieutenant to the Commander Naval Electronic Systems Command and Ship Superintendent Surface Type Desk Officer and Assistant Design Superintendent at NA VSHIPYD Pearl Harbor. He was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for distinguished performance at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. As an author he has contributed articles to the ASNEJournaland given presentations at local sections on ship design the use of innovative technology in ship repair and maintenance and the costs and risks associated with engineering progress. Commander Baskerville is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Virginia an adjunct professor teaching marine engineering at Virginia Tech. and in addition to ASNE which he joined in 1975 is a member of SNAME Tau Beta Pi Sigma Xi ASME and the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Dr. Earl R. Quandt:received his degree of Chemical Engineer from the University of Cincinnati in 1956 and his Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 1961. He worked in the naval reactors program at the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory from 1956 to 1963. Since that time he has been with David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center Annapolis Maryland where he is Head of the Power Systems Division. He contributed to this paper while on a one year assignment to the U.S. Naval Academy as V

A turning point occurred in naval engineering in 1972 when the U.S. N avy chose to use marine gas turbines for the propulsion of its new SPRUANCE and PERRY Class ships. This paper reviews the more than twenty years of experience with turbine technology and its design integration into combat ships needed to make that decision. It is concluded that the availability of a good second generation aircraft derivative engine with proven reliability and a strong commercial base, i.e., the LM-2500, was as important to the decision as was the predicted improved ship effectiveness and cost benefits. This paper discusses improvements that can be made to the twin engine, single gear, single propeller shaft system. Focusing only on this mechanical transmission concept, it addresses the impact of possible improvements to the engine, gear, and shafting. In particular, the paper discusses current LM-2500 related R&D efforts to: (a) obtain improved part-power fuel rates, (b) integrate with a reversing reduction gear, and (c) add on a waste heat recovery steam cycle. Looking ahead to the year 2000, this paper suggests that a successor to the ubiquitous LM-2500 will appear in the 15 MW power range to provide the next step in the evolution of the twin engine package. This new naval engine will most likely be based on an aircraft core that exists at present, such that it will have demonstrated its reliability and commercial potential through many hours of testing prior to its mid-1990 marine conversion. This new engine is expected to offer improved air flow, an excellent fuel rate (approaching a flat 0.30 LB/HP-HR), and effective maintenance monitoring, all at some expense in size, weight, and cost. The year 2000 engine will burn a liquid hydrocarbon fuel similar to JP-5 because of its aircraft origins. Combined with advances in gear and shafting technology, the full twin engine propulsion system of the year 2000 should be markedly lighter, smaller, and more efficient than today's units.

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