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Size effect on optical performance of blue light-emitting diodes

Journal of Semiconductors 2019年第10期40卷 95-98页

作者： Chang Ge Jing Li Guohong Wang Kang Su Xingdong Lu Research and Development Center for Solid State Lighting Institute of SemiconductorChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100083China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100049China Yangzhou Zhongke Semiconductor Lighting Co.LTD Yangzhou 225131China

In this paper,size effects on optical performance of blue light-emitting diodes(LEDs)are *** essential physical mechanism is studied by fabricating LEDs with various sizes of the active area and testing optical *** is found that micro-LEDs have better light extracting efficiency and thermal dissipation compared with broad-area LEDs,which is likely due to the small ratio of perimeter and active ***,micro-LEDs are more beneficial for displays due to the stable wavelength under the low pulse width modulation(PWM)current density.

关键词： micro-LED size dependence light extract efficiency strain relaxation

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Tracing spatial confinement in semiconductor quantum dots by high-order harmonic generation

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Gopalakrishna, H.N. Baruah, R. Hünecke, C. Korolev, V. Thümmler, M. Croy, A. Richter, M. Yahyaei, F. Hollinger, R. Shumakova, V. Uschmann, I. Marschner, H. Zürch, M. Reichardt, C. Undisz, A. Dellith, J. Pugžlys, A. Baltuška, A. Spielmann, C. Peschel, U. Gräfe, S. Wächtler, M. Kartashov, Daniil Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Max-Wien-Platz 1 Jena07743 Germany Helmholtz-Institut Jena Helmholtzweg 4 Jena07743 Germany Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 Jena07745 Germany Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 Jena07743 Germany Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid-State Optics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Fröbelstieg 1 Jena07743 Germany Institute for Photonics Vienna University of Technology Gußhausstrasse. 25-29 Vienna1040 Austria Department of Chemistry University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Chemnitz University of Technology Erfenschlager Str. 73 Chemnitz09125 Germany Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research Friedrich Schiller University Jena Löbdergraben 32 Jena07743 Germany Abbe Center of Photonics Albert-Einstein-Straße 6 Jena07745 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering Albert-Einstein-Str.7 Jena07745 Germany

We report here on results of systematic experimental-theoretical investigation of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in layers of CdSe semiconductor quantum dots of different sizes and a reference bulk CdSe thin film. We observe a strong decrease in the efficiency, up to complete suppression of HHG with energies of quanta above the bandgap for the smallest dots, whereas the intensity of below bandgap harmonics remains weakly affected by the dot size. In addition, it is observed that the ratio between suppression of above gap harmonics versus below gap harmonics increases with driving wavelength. These systematic investigations allow us to develop a simple physical picture explaining the observed suppression of the highest harmonics: the discretization of electronic energy levels seems to be not the predominant contribution to the observed suppression but rather the confined dot size itself, causing field-driven electrons to scatter off the dot’s walls. The reduction in the dot size below the classical electron oscillatory radius and the corresponding scattering limits the maximum acceleration by the laser field. Moreover, this scattering leads to a chaotization of motion, causing dephasing and a loss of coherence, therefore suppressing the efficiency of the emission of highest-order harmonics. Our results demonstrate a new regime of intense laser-nanoscale solid interaction, intermediate between the bulk and single molecule response, and are crucial for nanophotonic platforms aiming control over high-order harmonic properties and efficiency. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semiconductor quantum dots

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New strategy for designing orangish-redemitting phosphor via oxygen-vacancyinduced electronic localization

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Light(science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 1012-1020页

作者： Yi Wei Gongcheng Xing Kang Liu Guogang Li Peipei Dang Sisi Liang Min Liu Ziyong Cheng Dayong Jin Jun Lin Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences388 Lumo Road430074 WuhanPeople’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences130022 ChangchunPeople’s Republic of China Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process School of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South University410083 ChangshaHunanPeople’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Central South University932 South Lushan Road410083 ChangshaHunanPeople’s Republic of China Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices(IBMD) Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSWAustralia School of Applied Physics and Materials Wuyi University529020 JiangmenGuangdongPeople’s Republic of China

Phosphor-converted white-light-emitting diodes(pc-WLED)have been extensively employed as solid-state lighting sources,which have a very important role in people’s daily ***,due to the scarcity of the red component,it is difficult to realize warm white light ***,red-emitting phosphors are urgently required for improving the illumination *** this work,we develop a novel orangish-red La_(4)GeO_(8):Bi^(3+) phosphor,the emission peak of which is located at 600 nm under near-ultraviolet(n-UV)light *** full width at half maximum(fwhm)is 103 nm,the internal quantum efficiency(IQE)exceeds 88%,and the external quantum efficiency(EQE)is 69%.According to Rietveld refinement analysis and density functional theory(DFT)calculations,Bi^(3+) ions randomly occupy all La sites in orthorhombic La_(4)GeO_(8).Importantly,the oxygen-vacancy-induced electronic localization around the Bi3+ions is the main reason for the highly efficient orangish-red *** results provide a new perspective and insight from the local electron structure for designing inorganic phosphor materials that realize the unique luminescence performance of Bi^(3+) ions.

关键词： designing vacancy electronic

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Roadmap on Nonlocality in Photonic materials and Metamaterials

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Monticone, Francesco Mortensen, N. Asger Fernández-Domínguez, Antonio I. Luo, Yu Tserkezis, Christos Khurgin, Jacob B. Shahbazyan, Tigran V. Chaves, André J. Peres, Nuno M.R. Wegner, Gino Busch, Kurt Hu, Huatian della Sala, Fabio Zhang, Pu Ciracì, Cristian Aizpurua, Javier Babaze, Antton Borisov, Andrei G. Chen, Xue-Wen Christensen, Thomas Yan, Wei Yang, Yi Hohenester, Ulrich Huber, Lorenz Wubs, Martijn de Liberato, Simone Gonçalves, P.A.D. de Abajo, F. Javier García Hess, Ortwin Tarasenko, Illya Cox, Joel D. Jelver, Line Dias, Eduardo J.C. Sánchez, Miguel Sánchez Margetis, Dionisios Gómez-Santos, Guillermo Stauber, Tobias Tretyakov, Sergei Simovski, Constantin Pakniyat, Samaneh Gómez-Díaz, J. Sebastián Bondarev, Igor V. Biehs, Svend-Age Boltasseva, Alexandra Shalaev, Vladimir M. Krasavin, Alexey V. Zayats, Anatoly V. Alù, Andrea Song, Jung-Hwan Brongersma, Mark L. Levy, Uriel Long, Olivia Y. Guo, Cheng Fan, Shanhui Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. Overvig, Adam Prudêncio, Filipa R. Silveirinha, Mário G. Gangaraj, S. Ali Hassani Argyropoulos, Christos Huidobro, Paloma A. Galiffi, Emanuele Yang, Fan Pendry, John B. Miller, David A.B. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States POLIMA Center for Polariton-driven Light–Matter Interactions University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 Odense MDK-5230 Denmark D-IAS—Danish Institute for Advanced Study University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 Odense MDK-5230 Denmark Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049 Spain Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049 Spain School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics Ministry of Education College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing211106 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD21218 United States Department of Physics Jackson State University JacksonMS39217 United States Department of Physics Aeronautics Institute of Technology SP So Jos dos Campos12228-900 Brazil Departamento de Física Universidade do Minho BragaP-4710-057 Portugal Av Mestre José Veiga Braga4715-330 Portugal Max-Born-Institut Berlin12489 Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Physik AG Theoretische Optik and Photonik Berlin12489 Germany Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Barsanti 14 Arnesano73010 Italy Via Monteroni Campus Unisalento Lecce73100 Italy School of physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road 1037 Wuhan430074 China Donostia International Physics Center DIPC Donostia-San Sebastián20018 Spain Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao48009 Spain Department of Electricity and Electronics University of the Basque Country Leioa48940 Spain Department of Applied Physics University of the Basque Country Donostia20018 Spain Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut des Scienc

Photonic technologies continue to drive the quest for new optical materials with unprecedented responses. A major frontier in this field is the exploration of nonlocal (spatially dispersive) materials, going beyond the local, wavevector-independent assumption traditionally made in optical material modeling. On one end, the growing interest in plasmonic, polaritonic and quantum materials has revealed naturally occurring nonlocalities, emphasizing the need for more accurate models to predict and design their optical responses. This has major implications also for topological, nonreciprocal, and time-varying systems based on these material platforms. Beyond natural materials, artificially structured materials—metamaterials and metasurfaces–can provide even stronger and engineered nonlocal effects, emerging from long-range interactions or multipolar effects. This is a rapidly expanding area in the field of photonic metamaterials, with open frontiers yet to be explored. In the case of metasurfaces, in particular, nonlocality engineering has become a powerful tool for designing strongly wavevector-dependent responses, enabling enhanced wavefront control, spatial compression, multifunctional devices, and wave-based computing. Furthermore, nonlocality and related concepts play a critical role in defining the ultimate limits of what is possible in optics, photonics, and wave physics. This Roadmap aims to survey the most exciting developments in nonlocal photonic materials, highlight new opportunities and open challenges, and chart new pathways that will drive this emerging field forward–toward new scientific discoveries and technological advancements. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanocrystals

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Dirac fermions in antiferromagnetic FeSn kagome lattices with combined space inversion and time-reversal symmetry

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Physical Review B 2020年第15期102卷 155103-155103页

作者： Zhiyong Lin Chongze Wang Pengdong Wang Seho Yi Lin Li Qiang Zhang Yifan Wang Zhongyi Wang Hao Huang Yan Sun Yaobo Huang Dawei Shen Donglai Feng Zhe Sun Jun-Hyung Cho Changgan Zeng Zhenyu Zhang International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China Department of Physics Research Institute for Natural Science and HYU-HPSTAR-CIS High Pressure Research Center Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni-ro Seongdong-Ku Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solid Dresden D-01187 Germany Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics and Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics Department of Physics and Advanced Materials Laboratory Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China

Symmetry principles play a critical role in formulating the fundamental laws of nature, with a large number of symmetry-protected topological states identified in recent studies of quantum materials. As compelling examples, massless Dirac fermions are jointly protected by the space inversion symmetry P and time-reversal symmetry T supplemented by additional crystalline symmetry, while evolving into Weyl fermions when either P or T is broken. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we reveal that massless Dirac fermions are present in a layered FeSn crystal containing antiferromagnetically coupled ferromagnetic Fe kagome layers, where each of the P and T symmetries is individually broken but the combined PT symmetry is preserved. These stable Dirac fermions, protected by the combined PT symmetry with additional nonsymmorphic S2z symmetry, can be transformed to either massless/massive Weyl or massive Dirac fermions by breaking the PT or S2z symmetry. Our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments indeed observed the Dirac states in the bulk and two-dimensional Weyl-like states at the surface. The present paper substantially enriches our fundamental understanding of the intricate connections between symmetries and topologies of matter, especially with the spin degree of freedom playing a vital role.

关键词： Antiferromagnetism Electronic structure Topological materials Kagome lattice PT-symmetry Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy First-principles calculations Magnetization measurements Wannier function methods

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engineering of responsive polymer based nano-reactors for facile mass transport and enhanced catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2018年第10期30卷 43-52页

作者： Robina Begum Zahoor HFarooqi Zonarah Butt Qingshi Wu Weitai Wu Ahmad Irfan Centre for Undergraduate studies University of the Punjab New Campus Institute of Chemistry University of the Punjab New Campus State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science King Khalid University Research Center for Advanced Materials Science King Khalid University

Silver nanoparticles with average diameter of 10 ± 3 nm were synthesized within the sieves of poly（N-isopropylacrylamide-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-acrylic acid）（p（NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc））polymer microgels. Free radial emulsion polymerization was employed for synthesis of p（NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc） polymer microgels. Silver nanoparticles were introduced within the microgels sphere by in situ reduction method. Microgels and hybrid microgels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultra violet-visible spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Catalytic activity of Ag-p（NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc） hybrid microgels was studied using catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol（4-NP） as a model reaction in aqueous media. The influence of sodium borohydride（Na BH4） concentration, catalyst dose and 4-NP concentration on catalytic reduction of 4-NP was investigated. A linear relationship was found between catalyst dose and apparent rate constant（kapp）. The mechanism of catalysis by hybrid microgels was explored for further development in this area. The deep analysis of catalytic process reveals that the unique combination of NIPAAm, HEMA and AAc does not only stabilize silver nanoparticles in polymer network but it also enhances the mass transport of hydrophilic substrate like 4-NP from outside to inside the polymer network.

关键词： Polymer microgels Metal nanoparticles Hybrid microgels Catalytic degradation

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Polarization-Resolved Extreme-Ultraviolet Second-Harmonic Generation from LiNbO3

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Physical Review Letters 2021年第23期127卷 237402-237402页

作者： Can B. Uzundal Sasawat Jamnuch Emma Berger Clarisse Woodahl Paul Manset Yasuyuki Hirata Toshihide Sumi Angelique Amado Hisazumi Akai Yuya Kubota Shigeki Owada Kensuke Tono Makina Yabashi John W. Freeland Craig P. Schwartz Walter S. Drisdell Iwao Matsuda Tod A. Pascal Alfred Zong Michael Zuerch Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92023 USA University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA Ecole Normale Superieure de Paris Paris France National Defense Academy of Japan Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan Institute for Solid State Physics The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba 277-8581 Japan RIKEN SPring-8 Center 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo Hyogo 679-5148 Japan Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo Hyogo 679-5198 Japan Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory Argonne Illinois 60439 USA Nevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas Nevada 89154 USA Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA Trans-scale Quantum Science Institute The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan Materials Science and Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92023 USA Sustainable Power and Energy Center University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92023 USA Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany

Second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy ubiquitously enables the investigation of surface chemistry, interfacial chemistry, as well as symmetry properties in solids. Polarization-resolved SHG spectroscopy in the visible to infrared regime is regularly used to investigate electronic and magnetic order through their angular anisotropies within the crystal structure. However, the increasing complexity of novel materials and emerging phenomena hampers the interpretation of experiments solely based on the investigation of hybridized valence states. Here, polarization-resolved SHG in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV-SHG) is demonstrated for the first time, enabling element-resolved angular anisotropy investigations. In noncentrosymmetric LiNbO3, elemental contributions by lithium and niobium are clearly distinguished by energy dependent XUV-SHG measurements. This element-resolved and symmetry-sensitive experiment suggests that the displacement of Li ions in LiNbO3, which is known to lead to ferroelectricity, is accompanied by distortions to the Nb ion environment that breaks the inversion symmetry of the NbO6 octahedron as well. Our simulations show that the measured second harmonic spectrum is consistent with Li ion displacements from the centrosymmetric position while the Nb─O bonds are elongated and contracted by displacements of the O atoms. In addition, the polarization-resolved measurement of XUV-SHG shows excellent agreement with numerical predictions based on dipole-induced SHG commonly used in the optical wavelengths. Our result constitutes the first verification of the dipole-based SHG model in the XUV regime. The findings of this work pave the way for future angle and time-resolved XUV-SHG studies with elemental specificity in condensed matter systems.

关键词： Dielectric properties Ferroelectricity Second order nonlinear optical processes Strong electromagnetic field effects Ultrafast phenomena X-ray beams & optics High-harmonic generation

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Selection rules and dynamic magnetoelectric effect of the spin waves in multiferroic BiFeO3

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Physical Review B 2021年第17期104卷 174429-174429页

作者： D. G. Farkas D. Szaller I. Kézsmárki U. Nagel T. Rõõm L. Peedu J. Viirok J. S. White R. Cubitt T. Ito R. S. Fishman S. Bordács Department of Physics Budapest University of Technology and Economics 1111 Budapest Hungary MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group 1111 Budapest Hungary Institute of Solid State Physics TU Wien 1040 Vienna Austria Experimental Physics V Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism Institute of Physics University of Augsburg 86159 Augsburg Germany National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Akadeemia tee 23 12618 Tallinn Estonia Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging (LNS) Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Institut Laue-Langevin 71 avenue des Martyrs CS 20156 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba 305-8562 Ibaraki Japan Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Hungarian Academy of Sciences Premium Postdoctor Program 1051 Budapest Hungary

We report the magnetic-field dependence of the THz absorption and nonreciprocal directional dichroism spectra of BiFeO3 measured on the three principal crystal cuts for fields applied along the three principal directions of each cut. From the systematic study of the light polarization dependence, we deduced the optical selection rules of the spin-wave excitations. Our THz data, combined with small-angle neutron scattering results showed that (i) an in-plane magnetic field rotates the q vectors of the cycloids perpendicular to the magnetic field and (ii) the selection rules are mostly determined by the orientation of the q vector with respect to the electromagnetic fields. We observed a magnetic field history-dependent change in the strength and the frequency of the spin-wave modes, which we attributed to the change of the orientation and the length of the cycloidal q vector, respectively. Finally, we compared our experimental data with the results of linear spin-wave theory that reproduces the magnetic-field dependence of the spin-wave frequencies and most of the selection rules, from which we identified the spin-polarization coupling terms relevant for the optical magnetoelectric effect.

关键词： Magnetoelectric effect Spin waves Multiferroics Small angle neutron scattering Terahertz spectroscopy

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research Progress for the Development of Li-Air Batteries: Addressing Parasitic Reactions Arising from Air Composition

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Energy & Environmental materials 2018年第2期1卷 61-74页

作者： Xueping Zhang Xiaowei Mu Sixie Yang Pengfei Wang Shaohua Guo Min Han Ping He Haoshen Zhou Center of Energy Storage Materials&Technology College of Engineering and Applied SciencesNational Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China Energy Technology Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)Umezono 1-1-1Tsukuba 3058568Japan

Li-air batteries are an extremely attractive technology for electrical energy storage,especially in long-range electric vehicles,owing to their high theoretical specific ***,many issues still exist before their practical ***,the sole complexity of electrode reaction in Li-air batteries is *** the critical components that influence the electrochemical performance of aprotic Li-air batteries operating in ambient air are *** include the mechanisms and pathways of CO_(2)/Li_(2)CO_(3) and H_(2)O/LiOH,catalysts of CO_(2) reduction/evolution reactions,and reactions between the Li anode and air *** these challenges can be solved,Li-air batteries will soon be realized for practical *** hot topics in field of Li-air batteries should be focused,such as the fundamental mechanism research referring to interfacial reactions of atmosphere components on porous electrode and Li metal anode,high-efficiency solid catalyst design,and discovery of suitable soluble redox mediators.

关键词： electrode attractive realization

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Intrinsic versus extrinsic orbital and electronic reconstructions at complex oxide interfaces

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Physical Review materials 2021年第6期5卷 065004-065004页

作者： R. J. Green V. Zabolotnyy M. Zwiebler Z. Liao S. Macke R. Sutarto F. He M. Huijben G. Rijnders G. Koster J. Geck V. Hinkov G. A. Sawatzky Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada V6T 1Z1 Department of Physics & Engineering Physics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Canada S7N 5E2 Experimentelle Physik IV and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Materials (RCCM) Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland D-97074 Würzburg Germany Institute for Structure Physics Dresden Technical University 01062 Dresden Germany Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 Anhui China Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany Canadian Light Source University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Canada SK S7N 2V3

The interface between the insulators LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 accommodates a two-dimensional electron liquid (2DEL)—a high-mobility electron system exhibiting superconductivity as well as indications of magnetism and correlations. While this flagship oxide heterostructure shows promise for electronics applications, the origin and microscopic properties of the 2DEL remain unclear. The uncertainty remains in part because the electronic structures of such nanoscale-buried interfaces are difficult to probe and is compounded by the variable presence of oxygen vacancies and coexistence of both localized and delocalized charges. These various complications have precluded decisive tests of intrinsic electronic and orbital reconstruction at this interface. Here we overcome prior difficulties by developing an interface analysis based on the inherently interface-sensitive resonant x-ray reflectometry. We discover a high-charge density of 0.5 electrons per interfacial unit cell (u.c.) for samples above the critical LAO thickness and extract the depth dependence of both the orbital and the electronic reconstructions near the buried interface. We find that the majority of the reconstruction phenomena are confined to within 2 u.c. of the interface, and we quantify how oxygen vacancies significantly affect the electronic system. Our results provide strong support for the existence of polarity-induced electronic reconstruction, clearly separating its effects from those of oxygen vacancies.

关键词： Electronic structure Strongly correlated systems Thin films Two-dimensional electron gas Resonant elastic x-ray scattering X-ray reflectivity

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