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Covert Communications in D2D Underlaying Cellular Networks With Dual Uncertainties at the Warden

IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第12期12卷 21195-21209页

作者： Du, Zhiyi Chen, Weiyu Luo, Junshan Ding, Haiyang Wang, Shilian Sun, Zhengbo National University of Defense Technology College of Electronic Science and Technology Changsha410073 China National University of Defense Technology College of Information and Communication Wuhan430019 China National Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing Chengdu610041 China

Covert device-to-device (D2D) communication aims to hide the existence of D2D transmission behavior from the warden, which plays a pivotal role in bolstering D2D communication security. The existing research on covert D2D communication either considered the interference's assistance with perfect channel state information (CSI) available at the warden, or considered channel distribution information (CDI) at the warden without the assistance of interference. These setups facilitate the performance analyses and the parameters design, which, however, did not fully exploit the potential of covert D2D communication, since both channel uncertainty and interference uncertainty exist in practice. In this paper, two covert schemes are proposed for covert D2D communication with dual uncertainties at the warden, where the warden has imperfect CSI. The base station transmits artificial noise to assist covert communication in the first scheme. In the second scheme, the cellular user adopts variable power to confuse the warden. For both schemes, the closed-form expressions of the warden's approximate minimum detection error probability and the achievable D2D communication rate are derived. The achievable D2D communication rate is maximized by jointly optimizing the transmit power of different links with given covertness requirement. The results suggest that the proposed schemes achieve higher communication performance by considering dual uncertainties. Moreover, the scheme with variable cellular user's transmit power performs better when the covert receiver can not well handle the interference from artificial noise. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Mobile telecommunication systems

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HF signal Protocol Unique Sequence Classification based on Deep Learning 16

HF Signal Protocol Unique Sequence Classification based on D...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Li, Weihao Wang, Keren You, Ling Huang, Zhitao Xiong, Gang College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China National Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing Chengdu610041 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

This paper studies the classification of high frequency (HF) signal unique sequence like the preamble, which helps to identify the HF communication protocol. Targeting at a processing flow of sliding window-based unique sequence classification in the narrowband data, and considering the disadvantages of the traditional unique sequence template correlation method, such as relying on the unique sequence knowledge and its strong correlation, slow calculation speed and the calculation times increase with the number of classes, this paper uses deep learning technology to classify the unique sequence classes. The main improvements are that, based on the two classical convolutional neural networks, the relationship between the model receptive field and signal symbol rate is analyzed and adjusted accordingly;and in order to make the local symbol features extracted by convolutional network context-related, a multi-head self-attention layer is introduced behind it. In the experiments, 7 types of real-world signals and background signals are used. The results show that the improved neural networks obtain classification F1 performances similar to that of the traditional high-precision template correlation method, and their processing speed is dozens of times faster than the latter. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Compressed Sampling Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Method based on Amplitude and Phase Clustering 16

Compressed Sampling Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Me...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Jiao, Yang Wang, Chenchen Zhai, Jingyu Liu, Yipeng Wan, Qun Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

In the realm of signal processing, modulation signals like PSK (Phase Shift Keying) and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) can achieve a substantial signal-to-noise ratio enhancement through aliasing transmission subsequent to clustering and sorting. This paper introduces a novel approach to compressed Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) estimation, leveraging amplitude-phase clustering signals. The compression matrix is meticulously crafted based on the distinctive amplitude and phase characteristics. Subsequently, the study delves into an analysis of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) under full sampling conditions. Ultimately, TDOA estimation is carried out employing the Approximate Maximum Likelihood (AML) method. Simulation outcomes underscore the commendable performance of compressed sampling TDOA estimation predicated on amplitude and phase clustering, falling within an order of magnitude of that achieved through full sampling. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Quadrature amplitude modulation

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The Analysis of Indoor High-precision Positioning Performance using Dual-panel System 16

The Analysis of Indoor High-precision Positioning Performanc...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Ma, Yubin Lv, Mengrou Sun, Luyao Li, Junlin Wan, Qun School of Information and Communication Engineering Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

This paper investigates the high-precision positioning capabilities of a dual-panel system operating in the millimeter-wave frequency band. It begins by highlighting the significance of high-precision positioning technologies. Additionally, it provides background on the advantages and challenges associated with millimeter-wave frequencies. The study introduces a novel method to enhance positioning accuracy. This method extends the baseline using reflecting surfaces and eliminates time discrepancies between Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) signals. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through a Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) analysis. This analysis compares single-panel and dual-panel systems under various conditions, including considerations of transceiver delay. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the dual-panel system significantly improves positioning accuracy compared to the single-panel system. This improvement is consistent regardless of transceiver delay. The results indicate that the dual-panel system effectively mitigates multipath effects and NLOS conditions. As a result, there is enhanced positioning stability and accuracy. These findings provide valuable insights and methodologies for advancing indoor positioning technologies. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Transceivers

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TDOA Estimation Method Based on Frequency Domain Decimation 16

TDOA Estimation Method Based on Frequency Domain Decimation

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Zhai, Jingyu Wang, Chenchen Jiao, Yang Liu, Yipeng Wan, Qun Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

The estimation of Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) stands as a pivotal aspect of TDOA localization. This paper explores the TDOA estimation method utilizing decimation compression sampling for general signals and introduces a decimation compression sampling technique grounded in convex optimization. Simulation outcomes reveal that for signals possessing limited frequency domain sparsity, the data compression methodology advocated in this paper, in contrast to the traditional decimation compression method predicated on amplitude spectrum sorting, notably mitigates the root mean square error (RMSE) performance loss in Time Difference Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Mean square error

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Comparison of CRB on TOA Estimation of LOS Path between Incoherent and Coherent processing of Two Subbands CSI Measurements 16

Comparison of CRB on TOA Estimation of LOS Path between Inco...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Fan, Yiting Liu, Yi Sun, Luyao Liu, Yipeng Wan, Qun Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

Compared with the Wi-Fi received signal strength (RSS) commonly used in indoor localization, channel state information (CSI) contains physical layer information such as amplitude and phase of each subcarrier during signal transmission. Therefore, the indoor localization based on (CSI) can achieve higher accuracy, which has been widely used. However, when bandwidth is insufficient, it is challenging to distinguish the multiple-path components in CSI. In order to further improve the estimated accuracy of the line of sight (LOS) path time of arrival (TOA), multiple subbands are considered. In this paper, the Cramer-Rao Bounds (CRBs) of multiple-path TOA estimation for coherent and non-coherent processing of two subbands are derived. In addition, a concise approximate of CRB on TOA of LOS path is given, which can directly reveal the effect of key variables, such as time delay and phase difference between two subbands. Through simulation, the performance of single subband, coherent and non-coherent processing of two subbands are compared, and the hyper-coherent effect on LOS path TOA estimation with two subbands is verified. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Cramer-Rao bounds

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Position Determination from CSI Measurements of Multiple UEs under Unaware Environment 16

Position Determination from CSI Measurements of Multiple UEs...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Wang, Chenchen Ma, Yubin Yu, Fangrui Wen, Hao Liu, Weiyu Wan, Qun Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

In urban environment, communication signals encompass non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths that contain environmental information. This paper investigates utilizing NLOS component signal to estimate the environment parameters, and uses these environmental parameters to achieve blind UEs (User Equipment) positioning. Specifically, this paper first analyzes the relationship between environmental parameters and the time of arrival (TOA) of NLOS signals. Second, an algorithm is proposed that utilizes the TOA of one-order NLOS signals in uplink signals between distributed UEs and base stations (BS) to estimate environmental parameters via maximum likelihood estimation. Subsequently, leveraging the obtained environmental parameters, achieving the positioning of blind UEs. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Reflection Non line of sight propagation Mirrors Reconstruction algorithms Environmental sensing Mirror surfaces Point clouds LIDAR Monte Carlo methods Numerical simulations

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A Novel Environment Reconstruction Method based on Distributed NLOS signals 16

A Novel Environment Reconstruction Method based on Distribut...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Yu, Fangrui Li, Junlin Xie, Wei Zhang, Kehao Wan, Qun School of Information and Communication Engineering Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) is a rapidly evolving field with extensive application prospects. Environmental reconstruction (ER) is an important content of ISAC. Existing ER techniques often require large sample sizes or specific signals, which significantly limit their application. User Equipments (UEs) widely distributed in the environment and their communication signals provide an adequate measurement basis. However, there are challenges in utilizing communication signals due to limited research, and difficulties in identifying and extracting Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) signals. This paper proposes a distributed ER algorithm based on Angle of Arrival (AOA) and Time of Flight (TOF) information of NLOS signals, enabling identification and utilization of various order NLOS signals under complex NLOS conditions. A series of simulation delays validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Non line of sight propagation Reflection Reconstruction algorithms Mirror pointing signal processing Environmental sensing Wireless communications

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Performance Bound on blind Estimation of Environmental Parameters and Radiation Source Locations with Misspecified Multipath TOA Measurements 16

Performance Bound on Blind Estimation of Environmental Param...

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Wen, Hao Jiao, Yang Zhang, Kehao Peng, Xiangyu Wan, Qun Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

Multipath propagation has attracted extensive attention due to its inclusion of environmental information. However, it is difficult to match multipath with the environment without a priori knowledge, making it challenging to exploit multipath. This paper focuses on the performance bound of the estimation problem in a rectangular room. Due to the lack of parameter information of the room in base station (BS), the estimation of environmental parameters and locations of user equipment (UE) distributed in the room are blind estimation problems. Measurements are the time of arrival (TOA) of first-order non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths and line-of-sight (LOS) path between the BS and UEs, but the specific pairing between NLOS paths and the environment remains unknown. The paper first describes the pairing problem, which causes misspecified multipath TOA measurements, and subsequently derives the likelihood function and the performance bound known as the misspecified Cramer-Rao bound (MCRB) under various pairing conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that only under correct pairings or just a few wrong pairings, the MCRB will significantly less than the other case. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Cramer-Rao bounds

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Pseudo-linear Approach to Joint LOS and NLOS Localization 16

Pseudo-linear Approach to Joint LOS and NLOS Localization

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16th International Conference on signal processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Lv, Meng Rou Li, Bei Ning Chang, Xuan Yu Qin, Hao Wan, Qun School of Information and Communication Engineering Nation Key Laboratory on Blind Signal Processing University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Chengdu611731 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

Wireless indoor positioning currently has a wider range of application, and high-precision positioning is considered a key capability after 5G. Angle-of-Arrival (AOA) and Time-of-arrival (TOA) positioning techniques has received widespread attention because it requires only two base stations and does not need synchronization time to complete the positioning. However, the disadvantage is that a small angle measurement error will have a large impact on the positioning accuracy. In this paper, an approach to joint line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) localization based on TOA and AOA measurements of both direct and reflected paths was proposed. In addition, a pseudo-linear algorithm was used to provide a closed form solution for localization. The effect of measurement errors on pseudo-linear estimation was analyzed to enhance estimation accuracy and compare it with maximum likelihood estimation and CRLB (Cramér-Rao Lower Bound). Simulation results indicate that the positioning model and error analysis employed in this study are feasible and meet the requirements for high-precision positioning. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Time of arrival

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