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Behaviour-diverse automatic penetration testing:a coverage-based deep reinforcement learning approach

Frontiers of Computer science 2025年第3期19卷 15-24页

作者： Yizhou YANG Longde CHEN Sha LIU Lanning WANG Haohuan FU Xin LIU Zuoning CHEN Zhongguancun Laboratory Beijing 100081China Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou 311121China National Research Centre of Parallel Computer Engineering and Technology Wuxi 214000China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Reinforcement Learning(RL)is gaining importance in automating penetration testing as it reduces human effort and increases ***,given the rapidly expanding scale of modern network infrastructure,the limited testing scale and monotonous strategies of existing RLbased automated penetration testing methods make them less effective in practical *** this paper,we present CLAP(Coverage-Based Reinforcement Learning to Automate Penetration Testing),an RL penetration testing agent that provides comprehensive network security assessments with diverse adversary testing behaviours on a massive *** employs a novel neural network,namely the coverage mechanism,to address the enormous and growing action spaces in large *** also utilizes a Chebyshev decomposition critic to identify various adversary strategies and strike a balance between *** results across various scenarios demonstrate that CLAP outperforms state-of-the-art methods,by further reducing attack operations by nearly 35%.CLAP also provides enhanced training efficiency and stability and can effectively perform pen-testing over large-scale networks with up to 500 ***,the proposed agent is also able to discover pareto-dominant strategies that are both diverse and effective in achieving multiple objectives.

关键词： network security penetration testing reinforcement learning artificial intelligence

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Improving the ductility of laser directed energy deposited borated stainless steel by increasing laser power

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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 2025年 145卷 494-507页

作者： Huang, Sheng Li, Qingyu Zhang, Xiaoyu Cui, Bin Li, Dichen Zhang, Anfeng Miao, Kai State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory Nuclear Power Institute of China Chengdu610213 China Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Yuncheng University Yuncheng044000 China Co. Ltd. Chengdu610091 China

Borated stainless steels (BSSs) are extensively applied in the nuclear energy industry due to boron's excellent thermal neutron absorption capacity, but large and brittle borides formed during casting result in a low ductility. Here, a BSS was produced by laser directed energy deposition, and an investigation was conducted to analyze the impact of laser power on both the microstructure and mechanical properties of the deposited material. Fibrous borides with relatively low volume fraction in the overlapping zone resulted in higher ductility, while lamellar borides with relatively large volume fraction in the non-overlapping zone led to higher strength. As the laser power increased from 180 W to 330 W, the size of fibrous and lamellar eutectic borides and austenite increased significantly, the width of the soft overlapping zone increased by 2.27 times, and the elongation increased by 2.03 times, although yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased by 46.3 % and 31.7 %, respectively. As a result, these findings confirmed the feasibility of significantly improving the ductility of the as-deposited BSS by increasing the laser power. The work here provides a way to tailoring the mechanical properties of BSS produced by laser additive manufacturing. © 2025 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers

关键词： Ductility

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Graph attention based on contextual reasoning and emotion-shift awareness for emotion recognition in conversations

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Complex and Intelligent systems 2025年第7期11卷 1-20页

作者： Yang, Juan Wei, Puling Du, Xu Shen, Jun College of Computer Science and Technology Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430065 China Hubei Province Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-Time Industrial System Wuhan 430081 China National Engineering Research Center for E‑Learning Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China School of Computing and Information Technology University of Wollongong 2522 NSW Australia

Emotion recognition in conversations has recently emerged as a hot research topic owing to its increasingly important role in developing intelligent empathy services. Thoroughly exploring the conversational context and accurately capturing emotion-shift information are highly crucial for accurate emotion recognition in conversations. However, existing studies generally failed to fully understand the complex conversational context due to their insufficient capabilities in extracting and integrating emotional cues. Moreover, they mainly focused on the speaker’s emotion inertia while paying less attention to explore multi-perspective emotion-shift patterns. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel multimodal approach, namely, GAT-CRESA (Graph ATtention based on Contextual Reasoning and Emotion-Shift Awareness). Specifically, the multi-turn global contextual reasoning module iteratively performs contextual perception and cognitive reasoning for efficiently understanding the global conversational context. Then, GAT-CRESA explores emotion-shift information among utterances from both the speaker-dependent and the global context-based perspectives. Next, the emotion-shift awareness graphs are constructed for extracting significant local-level conversational context, where edge relations are determined by the learnt emotion-shift labels. Finally, the outputs of graphs are concatenated for final emotion recognition. The loss of emotion prediction task is combined together with those of two perspective’s emotion-shift learning for guiding the training process. Experimental results show that our GAT-CRESA achieves new state-of-art records with 72.77% ACC and 72.81% wa-F1 on IEMOCAP, and 65.44% ACC and 65.04% wa-F1 on MELD, respectively. The ablation results also indicate the effectiveness and rationality of each component in our approach. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Contextual reasoning Emotion recognition in conversations (ERC) Emotion-shift Graph attention

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S2Gait: RGB-based Gait Recognition with Style Feature Sampling Data Augmentation

S2Gait: RGB-based Gait Recognition with Style Feature Sampli...

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2025 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on system Integration, SII 2025

作者： Yoshino, Koki Nakashima, Kazuto Ahn, Jeongho Iwashita, Yumi Kurazume, Ryo Kyushu University Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Japan Kyushu University Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Japan California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331531614

Gait is unique to individuals and can be acquired from a distance, making it difficult to disguise. Gait videos also contain many elements unrelated to gait, which make gait recognition challenging. Departing from common approaches that use preprocessing such as silhouette extraction, the RGB-based method extracts gait features directly from RGB gait videos. RGB-based methods leverage the difference between two inputs with different attributes to separate gait-related/unrelated features, but their separation performance depends on the diversity of the dataset. To increase the amount and diversity of training data, we focus on the latent space of gait-independent features (style features), which are usually not needed for gait recognition. In this paper, we propose S2Gait (Style feature Sampling Gait), which augments the training data online with images generated from gait-dependent features of the input images and sampled style features. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method surpasses existing RGB-based methods on almost all metrics for both generated image quality and identification accuracy. We also explore the relationship between the amount of data augmentation and performance taking advantage of our method's flexibility to generate a wide variety of gait images. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： RGB color model

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Ultra-low-light visible–near-infrared position-sensitive detector based on femtosecond laser nitrogen-hyperdoped silicon

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Optics Express 2025年第8期33卷 17393-17402页

作者： Huang, Yurui Dong, Binbin Wang, Wenjing Li, Hua Li, Yuan Zhao, Li Zhuang, Jun Shanghai Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing Engineering Center Department of Optical Science and Engineering School of Information Science and Technology Fudan University Shanghai200433 China State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics Department of Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China

We introduce position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) based on femtosecond laser-structured sulfur-doped, nitrogen-doped, and S-N co-hyperdoped black silicon. In contrast to crystalline silicon, black silicon-based PSDs exhibit linear lateral photovoltage dependent on the light spot position. Thermal annealing at 873 K induces a tenfold enhancement in the position sensitivity of nitrogen-doped black silicon, reaching 129 mV/mm under white light irradiation. The device exhibits spectral response to 460–1150 nm wavelengths, achieving 99.7 mV/mm sensitivity with © 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

关键词： Infrared devices

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High-performance ethanol gas sensing using surfactant-assisted Bi2MoO6 nanosheets with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity

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Journal of Materials science: Materials in Electronics 2025年第14期36卷 1-20页

作者： Wen, Jun Rui, Yiting Yi, Zichuan Zhang, Xiaowen Lin, Zhidong Liu, Liming School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu610054 China Zhongshan Branch of State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices Zhongshan Institute University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan528402 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan430073 China School of Materials Science and Engineering & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin541004 China Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology Institute of Electronic Paper Displays South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics South China Normal University Guangzhou510006 China

Herein, we report the facile hydrothermal synthesis of Bi2MoO6 nanosheets, achieved through the combined use of surfactant-assisted and pH-controlled conditions. A comparative analysis of different types and concentrations of surfactants was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for synthesis. The resulting Bi2MoO6 features a mesoporous architecture composed of interconnected nanosheets with an average pore size of approximately 3 nm. Characterization results reveal that this dual approach of surfactant addition and pH control effectively modulates the morphology and optimizes the band gap energy levels of bismuth molybdate materials, significantly enhancing the specific surface area. Notably, Bi2MoO6 synthesized with 0.2 mmol of L-Tartaric acid (TA) achieved an exceptionally high response value of 118 to 100 ppm ethanol at an operating temperature of 200 °C, and the sensor demonstrated a practical detection limit as low as 20 ppb (S = 4.13), showcasing its high sensitivity. Additionally, the sensors demonstrated remarkable selectivity for ethanol, outperforming other gases in the concentration range of 100 ppm to 20 ppb. These findings underscore the promise of Bi2MoO6 gas sensors prepared via surfactant addition and pH control for the rapid and sensitive detection of low ethanol concentrations at low temperatures. This method could have significant implications for environmental monitoring and industrial safety applications, where the detection of trace levels of ethanol is critical. This Bi2MoO6-based sensor, with its combination of high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, stands out as a valuable tool for advanced gas sensing applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Nanosheets

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Decoupling the nonthermal effect of current by electrically assisted crystal plasticity modeling of Ni-based single crystal superalloys

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材料科学技术（英文版） 2025年第1期204卷 91-103页

作者： Jia Gao Hongwei Li Xin Zhang Guangda Shao Zhiyu Xiang Xinxin Sun State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Forming Technology and Equipment Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Forming Technology and Equipment Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Aeroengine Technology Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China

The electrically assisted(EA)deformation process has received considerable attention in recent years,ac-companied by research on current-induced deformation ***,there are still challenges in eliminating thermal effects,which have prevented a comprehensive understanding of the underlying current-induced *** for a single crystal(SC)in research provides advantages in decou-pling the nonthermal effect of electric current at smaller scales and eliminating the complex interactions that exist in polycrystalline ***,the innovation of this work lies in decoupling the non-thermal effect of electric current and conducting a comprehensive analysis of anisotropic deformation and mechanisms within a Ni-based SC with different crystallographic axes and various current directions dur-ing electrically assisted tensile simulation.A significant tension axis direction in the SC during EA tension was induced by the combination of a higher current direction factor(|cos θ|)and a dimensionless factor for the current density(Jα/Jα0|)along the[100]*** stress drop within the SC due to the nonthermal effect of electric current generally increased with increasing current *** was attributed to the increased dislocation density differences and decreased *** increased stress anisotropy of the SC at a current direction of 45° was attributed to fewer activated(111)slip systems and the pinning effect of more dislocations within these *** study advances our understanding of the thermal and nonthermal effects of electric current and offers valuable insights for the informed application of EA deformations in industrial and aerospace settings with SC superalloys.

关键词： Electrically assisted(EA)tension Single crystal superalloys Nonthermal effect Anisotropy Tension axis Current direction

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Enhancing Routing Performance Through Trajectory Planning With DRL in UAV-Aided VANETs

IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and ...

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IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking 2025年 3卷 517-533页

作者： Chen, Jingxuan Huang, Dianrun Wang, Yijie Yu, Ziping Zhao, Zhongliang Cao, Xianbin Liu, Yang Quek, Tony Q. S. Oliver Wu, Dapeng Beihang University School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing100191 China State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM Beijing100191 China Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design Information System Technology and Design Pillar Somapah Rd 487372 Singapore Yonsei University Yonsei Frontier Laboratory Seoul03722 Korea Republic of City University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science Kowloon Hong Kong

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have gained significant attention as a key enabler for intelligent transportation systems, facilitating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Despite their potential, VANETs face critical challenges in maintaining reliable end-to-end connectivity due to their highly dynamic topology and sparse node distribution, particularly in areas with limited infrastructure coverage. Addressing these limitations is crucial for advancing the reliability and scalability of VANETs. To bridge these gaps, this work introduces a heterogeneous UAV-aided VANET framework that leverages uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as autonomous aerial vehicles, to enhance data transmission. The key contributions of this paper include: 1) the design of a novel adaptive dual-model routing (ADMR) protocol that operates in two modes: direct vehicle clustering for intra-cluster communication and UAV/RSU-assisted routing for inter-cluster communication;2) the development of a modified density-based clustering algorithm (MDBSCAN) for dynamic vehicle node clustering;and 3) an improved UAV trajectory planning method based on a multi-agent soft actor-critic (MASAC) deep reinforcement learning algorithm, which optimizes network reachability. Simulation results reveal that the UAV trajectory optimization method achieves higher network reachability ratios compared to existing approaches. Also, the proposed ADMR protocol improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) while maintaining low end-to-end latency. These findings demonstrate the potential to enhance VANET performance, while also providing valuable insights for the development of intelligent transportation systems and related fields. © 2025 The Authors.

关键词： Vehicular ad hoc networks

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Deliberate design of MOF-based pre-catalyst rationalizing the structural reconstruction toward efficient oxygen evolution reaction

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science China Chemistry 2025年第6期68卷 2388-2398页

作者： Yunhui Chen Meng Tian Zhongqi Zhang Guangzhao Wang Yan Guo Jing Wu Dawei Qi Zhenhua Yan Xiangyu Liu Xi Liu State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNingxia University Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology of Chongqing School of Electronic Information Engineering Yangtze Normal University Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry Nankai University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering In-situ Center for Physical Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesShanghai Jiao Tong University

Metal-organic frameworks（MOFs）, that have emerged as promising electrocatalysts in oxygen evolution reaction（OER）,usually undergo structural reconstruction to form metal hydroxides as active sites. However, it remains a great challenge to design and synthesize ideal MOF-based pre-catalysts for properly cognizing and utilizing the reconstruction process toward efficient OER activity. Herein, the well-defined MOF-808 is post-modified by 2-hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid（HPAA） to form a micro-adsorber that enables to capture of metal ions effectively. Fe3+and Ni2+ions are synergistically anchored into the microadsorber, developing a Fe/Ni-containing pre-catalyst that can be dynamically electrooxidized to be an active and stable dual-site electrocatalyst denoted by R-MOF-HPAA@Fe Ni with abundant metal sites. As a result, R-MOF-HPAA@Fe Ni exhibits an excellent OER performance with a low overpotential of 272 m V and Tafel slope of 35.9 m V dec-1, as well as long-term stability over 300 h at 10 m A cm-2. Experiments and theoretical calculations suggest the resulting catalyst mainly follows a lattice oxygen mechanism（LOM） of dual-metal-site mechanism（DMSM）. Owing to the chelating role of HPAA, the post-synthesized MOFHPAA behaves as a trap to uniformly and firmly adhere Fe3+and Ni2+ions, leading to a functionalized MOF-based pre-catalyst which can be structurally evolved into atomic level-distributed OER electrocatalysts.

关键词： metal-organic frameworks functionalization electrochemical reconstruction electrocatalyst oxygen evolution reaction

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A Consolidated Game Framework for Cooperative Defense Against Cross-Domain Cyber Attacks in Satellite-Enabled Internet of Things

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第9期12卷 12853-12868页

作者： Huang, Linan Liu, Peilong Chen, Xu Jiang, Chunxiao Kuang, Linling Lu, Jianhua Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Beijing100084 China Tsinghua University Department of Electronic Engineering Beijing100084 China Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications Beijing100084 China Tsinghua University Department of Electronic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications Beijing100084 China

As the adoption of satellite-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) continues to rise, its intricate multidomain architecture becomes increasingly susceptible to cross-domain cyber threats. Attackers can exploit compromised IoT devices, inject malicious packets into data streams aggregated at the IoT gateway for satellite backhaul, and potentially endanger the satellite network during transmission by exploiting the hardware, software, and protocol vulnerabilities. Compared to single-domain defenses, cooperative defense at the IoT devices, IoT access network, and satellite transmission network provides fine-granularity defense against cross-domain intelligent attacks. However, quantifying cross-domain impacts and tilting incentive misalignment among different participants remain significant challenges, making systematic cooperative defense development a complex task. To address this, we develop a tripartite security game framework to characterize the impacts of attacks and defense methods across both the terrestrial and satellite domains. Leveraging this game model, we devise flow pricing to optimally motivate the IoT network operator (IoT-NO) to prevent malicious packet infiltration into the satellite domain. Subsequently, we propose efficient learning algorithms enabling both the IoT-NO to ascertain their ideal flow sampling strategies and the satellite service provider (SAT-SP) to determine optimal flow pricing. The simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the consolidated game in counteracting cross-domain cyber attacks and facilitating cooperative defense between the IoT-NO and the SAT-SP with nonaligned incentives. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Cyber attacks

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