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First comparison of composite 0.52-55 keV ENA spectra observed by IBEX and Cassini/INCA with simulated ENAs inferred by proton hybrid simulations downstream of the termination shock

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Gkioulidou, Matina Opher, Merav Kornbleuth, M. Dialynas, K. Giacalone, J. Richardson, J.D. Zank, G.P. Fuselier, S.A. Mitchell, D.G. Krimigis, S.M. Roussos, E. Baliukin, I. Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University LaurelMD20723 United States Astronomy Department Boston University BostonMA02215 United States Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University CambridgeMA United States Office of Space Research and Technology Academy of Athens Athens10679 Greece Lunar & Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Department of Space Science The University of Alabama in Huntsville 4 HuntsvilleAL35805 United States Southwest Research Institute San AntonioTX78228 United States University of Texas at San Antonio San AntonioTX78249 United States Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3 GoettingenD-37077 Germany Space Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Profsoyuznaya Str. 84/32 Moscow117997 Russia Moscow Center for Fundamental and Applied Mathematics Lomonosov Moscow State University GSP-1 Leninskie Gory Moscow119991 Russia HSE University Moscow Russia

We present a first comparison of Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) heliosheath measurements, remotely sensed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission and the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) on the Cassini mission, with modeled ENA inferred from interstellar pickup protons that have been accelerated at the termination shock, using hybrid simulations. The observed ENA intensities are an average value over the time period from 2009 to the end of 2012, along the Voyager 2 trajectory. The hybrid simulations parameters for the solar wind, interstellar pickup ions (PUIs), and magnetic field upstream of the termination shock, where Voyager 2 crossed, are based on observations. We report an energy dependent discrepancy between observed and simulated ENA fluxes, with the observed ENA fluxes, being consistently higher than the simulated ones, and discuss possible causes of this discrepancy. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pickups

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The InSight-HP3 mole on Mars: Lessons learned from attempts to penetrate to depth in the Martian soil

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Spohn, Tilman Hudson, Troy L. Witte, Lars Wippermann, Torben Wisniewski, Lukasz Kedziora, Bartosz Vrettos, Christos Lorenz, Ralph D. Golombek, Matthew Lichtenheldt, Roy Grott, Matthias Knollenberg, Jörg Krause, Christian Fantinati, Cinzia Nagihara, Seiichi Grygorczuk, Jurek International Space Science Institute Bern Switzerland DLR Institute of Planetary Research Berlin Germany Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena United States DLR Institute of Space Systems Bremen Germany Astronika Warsaw Poland Department of Civil Engineering University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory LaurelMD20723 United States DLR Institute of System Dynamics and Control Oberpfaffenhofen Germany DLR Microgravity User Support Center Cologne Germany Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University Lubbock United States

The NASA InSight lander mission to Mars payload includes the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3 to measure the surface heat flow. The package was designed use a small penetrator - nicknamed the mole - to implement a vertical string of temperature sensors in the soil to a depth of 5 m. The mole itself is equipped with sensors to measure a thermal conductivity- depth profile as it proceeds to depth. The heat flow would be calculated from the product of the temperature gradient and the thermal conductivity. To avoid the perturbation caused by annual surface temperature variations, the measurements would be taken at a depth between 3 m and 5 m. The mole had been designed to penetrate cohesionless soil similar in rheology to Quartz sand which was expected to provide a good analogue material for Martian sand. The sand would provide friction to the buried mole hull to balance the remaining recoil of the mole hammer mechanism that drives the mole forward. Unfortunately, the mole did not penetrate more than roughly a mole length of 40 cm. The failure to penetrate deeper was largely due to a cohesive duricrust of a few tens of centimeter thickness that failed to provide the required friction. Although a suppressor mass and spring as part of the mole hammer mechanism absorbed much of the recoil, the available mass did not allow designing a system that would have eliminated the recoil. The mole penetrated to 40 cm depth benefiting from friction provided by springs in the support structure from which it was deployed. It was found in addition that the Martian soil provided unexpected levels of penetration resistance that would have motivated to designing a more powerful mole. The low weight of the moIe support structure was not enough to guide the mole penetrating vertically. It is concluded that more mass would have allowed to design a more robust system with little or no recoil, more energy of the mole hammer mechanism and a more massive support structure. In additio

关键词： Friction

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Stephan Prantner's sunspot observations during the Dalton Minimum

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Hayakawa, Hisashi Uneme, Shoma Besser, Bruno P. Iju, Tomoya Imada, Shinsuke Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research Nagoya University Nagoya4648601 Japan Institute for Advanced Researches Nagoya University Nagoya4648601 Japan UK Solar System Data Centre Space Physics and Operations Division RAL Space Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford Oxfordshire DidcotOX11 0QX United Kingdom Nishina Centre Riken Wako3510198 Japan Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sciences Graz8042 Austria Institute of Physics University of Graz Graz8010 Austria National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Mitaka1818588 Japan

In addition to regular Schwabe cycles (≈ 11 years), solar activity also shows longer periods of enhanced or reduced activity. Of these, reconstructions of the Dalton Minimum provide controversial sunspot group numbers and limited sunspot positions, partially due to limited source record accessibility. We analysed Stephan Prantner's sunspot observations from 1804-1844, the values of which had only been known through estimates despite their notable chronological coverage during the Dalton Minimum. We identified his original manuscript in Stiftsarchiv Wilten, near Innsbruck, Austria. We reviewed his biography (1782-1873) and located his observational sites at Wilten and Waidring, which housed the principal telescopes for his early and late observations: A 3.5-inch astronomical telescope and a Reichenbach 4-feet achromatic erecting telescope, respectively. We identified 215 days of datable sunspot observations, which are twice as much data as his estimated data in the existing database (= 115 days). Prantner counted up to 7-9 sunspot groups per day and measured sunspot positions, which show their distributions in both solar hemispheres. These results strikingly emphasise the difference between the Dalton Minimum and the Maunder Minimum as well as the similarity between the Dalton Minimum and the modern solar cycles. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Solar energy

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A development and application of maintainability evaluation system using immersive VR 7

A development and application of maintainability evaluation ...

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7th International Multi-Conference on Engineering and technology Innovation 2018, IMETI 2018

作者： Wang, Meihui Li, Yongxiang Lyu, Chuan Liu, Xi School of Reliability and Systems Engineering Beihang University China State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology System Beihang University China Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China Xi'An Modern Control Technology Research Institute Xi'an710065 China

Immersing into virtual reality (VR) is a perception of being physically present in a non-physical world. Using immersive VR in maintenance brings great conveniences. For example, using virtual human operating in hazardous environment before the real person, which can prevent being hurt. In this paper, a system of immersive virtual maintenance (IVM) is presented. It is divided into three parts. The first part is Input, which contains the maintenance task and maintenance design. The second part is Method, with which making the virtual human and the users act in a unified way. The key to build IVM system is the interface between the motion capture system and virtual simulation software. The third part is Output, which presents the maintainability evaluation results. This paper focuses on how to build IVM system, the difficulties and solutions also be detailed. At last, a simple application is given. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Maintainability

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Mapping hydroxyl variability throughout the global remote troposphere via synthesis of airborne and satellite formaldehyde observations (vol 116, pg 11171, 2019)

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF scienceS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2019年第26期116卷 13144-13144页

作者： Wolfe, Glenn M. Nicely, Julie M. St Clair, Jason M. Hanisco, Thomas F. Liao, Jin Oman, Luke D. Brune, William B. Miller, David Thames, Alexander Abad, Gonzalo Gonzalez Ryerson, Thomas B. Thompson, Chelsea R. Peischl, Jeff McKain, Kathryn Sweeney, Colm Wennberg, Paul O. Kim, Michelle Crounse, John D. Hall, Samuel R. Ullmann, Kirk Diskin, Glenn Bui, Paul Chang, Cecilia Dean-Day, Jonathan Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21228 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21228 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 Universities Space Research Association Columbia MD 21046 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16801 Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16801 Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16801 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Cambridge MA 02138 Chemical Sciences Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory Boulder CO 80305 Chemical Sciences Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory Boulder CO 80305 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 Chemical Sciences Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory Boulder CO 80305 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of

The hydroxyl radical (OH) fuels tropospheric ozone production and governs the lifetime of methane and many other gases. Existing methods to quantify global OH are limited to annual and global-to-hemispheric averages. Finer resolution is essential for isolating model deficiencies and building process-level understanding. In situ observations from the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission demonstrate that remote tropospheric OH is tightly coupled to the production and loss of formaldehyde (HCHO), a major hydrocarbon oxidation product. Synthesis of this relationship with satellite-based HCHO retrievals and model-derived HCHO loss frequencies yields a map of total-column OH abundance throughout the remote troposphere (up to 70% of tropospheric mass) over the first two ATom missions (August 2016 and February 2017). This dataset offers unique insights on near-global oxidizing capacity. OH exhibits significant seasonality within individual hemispheres, but the domain mean concentration is nearly identical for both seasons (1.03 ± 0.25 × 10⁶ cm⁻³), and the biseasonal average North/South Hemisphere ratio is 0.89 ± 0.06, consistent with a balance of OH sources and sinks across the remote troposphere. Regional phenomena are also highlighted, such as a 10-fold OH depression in the Tropical West Pacific and enhancements in the East Pacific and South Atlantic. This method is complementary to budget-based global OH constraints and can help elucidate the spatial and temporal variability of OH production and methane loss.

关键词： hydroxyl formaldehyde ATom OMI troposphere

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A global product of fine-scale urban building height based on spaceborne lidar

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Ma, Xiao Zheng, Guang Xu, Chi Moskal, L. Monika Gong, Peng Guo, Qinghua Huang, Huabing Li, Xuecao Pang, Yong Wang, Cheng Xie, Huan Yu, Bailang Zhao, Bo Zhou, Yuyu School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China International Institute for Earth System Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China School of Environment and Forest Sciences University of Washington Box 352100 SeattleWA98195 United States Urban Systems Institute Department of Geography and Earth Sciences University of Hong Kong 999077 Hong Kong Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing100871 China Zhuhai519082 China College of Land Science and Technology China Agricultural University Beijing100083 China Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing100091 China Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100094 China College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration Tongji University Shanghai200092 China School of Geographic Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai200241 China Department of Geography University of Washington Smith Hall 408 Box 353550 SeattleWA98195 United States

Characterizing urban environments with broad coverages and high precision is more important than ever for achieving the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as half of the world's populations are living in cities. Urban building height as a fundamental 3D urban structural feature has far-reaching applications. However, so far, producing readily available datasets of recent urban building heights with fine spatial resolutions and global coverages remains a challenging task. Here, we provide an up-to-date global product of urban building heights based on a fine grid size of 150 m around 2020 by combining the spaceborne lidar instrument of GEDI and multi-sourced data including remotely sensed images (i.e., Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-1) and topographic data. Our results revealed that the estimated method of building height samples based on the GEDI data was effective with 0.78 of Pearson's r and 3.67 m of RMSE in comparison to the reference data. The mapping product also demonstrated good performance as indicated by its strong correlation with the reference data (i.e., Pearson's r = 0.71, RMSE = 4.60 m). Compared with the currently existing products, our global urban building height map holds the ability to provide a higher spatial resolution (i.e., 150 m) with a great level of inherent details about the spatial heterogeneity and flexibility of updating using the GEDI samples as inputs. This work will boost future urban studies across many fields including climate, environmental, ecological, and social sciences. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Optical radar

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Microstructure modification of AISI1045 steel induced by high-current pulsed pseudospark electron beam

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Procedia CIRP 2020年 95卷 972-975页

作者： Yulei Fu Jing Hu Wansheng Zhao Fujun Peng Weijie Huo Xiaotong Cao Shanghai Institute of Aerospace System Engineering Space Structure and Mechanism Technology Laboratory of China Aerospace Science and Technology Group Co.Ltd NO. 3888 Yuanjiang Road Shanghai 201109 China School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University No. 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China

Pseudospark electron beam is a kind of high-current pulsed electron beam. It is characterized by high current (hundreds of amperes to thousands amperes), short pulse duration (hundreds of nanoseconds to thousands nanoseconds), high frequency (hundreds Hz to thousands Hz) and self-focused beam diameter (typically 0.5-5 mm), which are more favorable for metal surface treatment compared with the conventional thermal-emission electron beam diode. The pseudospark electron beam is easy to achieve high rate of beam energy rise, plasma quenching and to obtain fast and stable repetitive operation. Some unique properties of material processing applications have been induced by the pseudospark electron beam treatment. In this paper, the mechanism and microstructure modification of AISI1045 steel by pseudospark electron beam surface treatment have been investigated. Surface microstructure and chemical composition of AISI 1045 steel pre and post pseudospark electron beam treatment are investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that the average depth of the treated layer is several microns. The melt interface is not straight, indicating a non-uniform melting process. Besides, material’s grain size is significantly reduced after pseudospark treatment, especially in sublayer. The average grain size in the sublayer is smaller than in the top-layer. The relatively finer grain size in the sublayer is attributed to the temperature-induced dynamic thermal stress fields and the highest temperature gradient in the subsurface layer instead of on the top layer. Furthermore, the amorphous phase is observed on the surface of melted layer.

关键词： Pseudospark electron beam AISI 1045 steel Microstructure revolution Grain refinement

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LSTM-based Frequency Hopping Sequence Prediction

LSTM-based Frequency Hopping Sequence Prediction

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International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)

作者： Gao Li Jianliang Xu Weiguo Shen Wei Wang Zitong Liu Guoru Ding Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China Science and Technology on Communication Information Security Control Laboratory No.36 Research Institute of CETC Jiaxing China College of Communications Engineering Army Engineering University China

ISBN: (数字)9781728172361

ISBN: (纸本)9781728172378

The continuous change of communication frequency brings difficulties to the reconnaissance and prediction of non-cooperative communication. The core of this communication process is the frequency-hopping (FH) sequence with pseudo-random characteristics, which controls carrier frequency hopping. However, FH sequence is always generated by a certain model and is a kind of time sequence with certain regularity. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network in deep learning has been proved to have strong ability to solve time series problems. Therefore, in this paper, we establish LSTM model to implement FH sequence prediction. The simulation results show that LSTM-based scheme can effectively predict frequency point by point based on historical HF frequency data. Further, we achieve frequency interval prediction based on frequency point prediction.

关键词： Predictive models Time-frequency analysis Frequency control Training Time series analysis Logic gates Spread spectrum communication

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ANTARCTICA AND THE SOUTHERN OCEAN

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BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2022年第8期103卷 S312-S340页

作者： Clem, K. R. Raphael, M. N. School of Geography Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand Department of Geography University of California-Los Angeles Los Angeles California Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado Earth Science and Observation Center CIRES University of Colorado Boulder Colorado Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service Buenos Aires Argentina NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton University Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton New Jersey and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado British Antarctic Survey Cambridge United Kingdom Science Systems and Applications Inc. Lanham Maryland and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) DeBilt Netherlands Department of Geography Ohio University Athens Ohio Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorodo Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division and University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland Department of Physical Sciences School of Arts and Sciences Madison Area Technical College and Space Science and Engineering Center University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and Princeton University Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton New Jersey Australian Antarctic Division Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP) and Austral

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean were dominated by below-average pressure and stronger than average circumpolar westerly winds through much of 2021, resulting in many new low-pressure records set across the continent. The low pressure that gripped the polar cap extended vertically through the troposphere and stratosphere and was accompanied by a persistently strong and stable polar vortex. This helped deliver the coldest winter on record to the South Pole (see Sidebar 6.1) and also helped maintain one of the longest-lived ozone holes on record (second only to the 2020 ozone hole), which did not close until 23 December. Despite the long duration of the ozone hole, its size and the minimum ozone concentrations did not reach exceptional levels, and its slow growth rate in 2021 is consistent with ongoing recovery trends. © 2022 American Meteorological Society.

关键词： Ozone

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The Fibre Resolved opticAl and Near-ultraviolet Czerny-Turner Imaging Spectropolarimeter (francis)

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Jess, David B. Grant, Samuel D.T. Bate, William Liu, Jiajia Jafarzadeh, Shahin Keys, Peter H. Vieira, Luís E.A. Lago, Alisson Dal Guarnieri, Fernando L. Christian, Damian J. Gilliam, Doug Banerjee, Dipankar Astrophysics Research Centre School of Mathematics and Physics Queen’s University Belfast BelfastBT7 1NN United Kingdom Department of Physics and Astronomy California State University Northridge NorthridgeCA91330 United States Deep Space Exploration Lab School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3 Göttingen37077 Germany Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics University of Oslo P.O. Box 1029 Blindern Oslo0315 Norway São José dos Campos São Paulo12227-010 Brazil Big Bear Solar Observatory 40386 North Shore Lane Big Bear CityCA92314 United States National Solar Observatory University of Colorado Boulder 3665 Discovery Drive BoulderCO80303 United States Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences Uttarakhand Nainital263000 India

The solar physics community is entering a golden era that is ripe with next-generation ground- and space-based facilities, advanced spectral inversion techniques, and realistic simulations that are becoming more computationally streamlined and efficient. With ever-increasing resolving power stemming from the newest observational telescopes, it becomes more challenging to obtain (near-)simultaneous measurements at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions, while operating at the diffraction limit of these new facilities. Hence, in recent years there has been increased interest in the capabilities integral field units (IFUs) offer towards obtaining the trifecta of high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions contemporaneously. To date, IFUs developed for solar physics research have focused on mid-optical and infrared measurements. Here, we present an IFU prototype that has been designed for operation within the near-ultraviolet to mid-optical wavelength range, which enables key spectral lines (e.g., Ca ii H/K, Hβ, Sr ii, Na i D1/D2, etc.) to be studied, hence providing additional spectral coverage to the instrument suites developed to date. The IFU was constructed as a low-budget proof-of-concept for the upcoming 2 m class Indian National Large Solar Telescope and employs circular cross-section fibres to guide light into a Czerny-Turner configuration spectrograph, with the resulting spectra captured using a high quantum efficiency scientific CMOS camera. Mapping of each input fibre allows for the reconstruction of two-dimensional spectral images, with frame rates exceeding 20 s−1 possible while operating in a non-polarimetric configuration. Initial commissioning of the instrument was performed at the Dunn Solar Telescope, USA, during August 2022. The science verification data presented here highlights the suitability of fibre-fed IFUs operating at near-ultraviolet wavelengths for solar physics research. Importantly, the successful demonstration of this type o

关键词： Fibers

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