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MODELING NON-HOMOGENEOUS VARIANCE TIME-SERIES - AN APPLICATION TO SULFUR-DIOXIDE DATA

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1988年第2期10卷 123-131页

作者： RAO, HG TERRY, WR KUMAR, A Scientific/Technical Section Illinois Pollution Control Board Chicago USA Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Ohio University Athens USA Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo Toledo USA

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INTEGRATED MACHINERY control - THE WAY OF THE FUTURE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 117-127页

作者： TAYLOR, B KHAN, R Barry Taylor:attended the Royal Military College of Canada graduating in 1968 with a BSc. After completing naval training he obtained a Bridge Watchkeeping Certificate with subsequent employment as communications officer. Upon completion of his Engineering Certificate of Competency his appointments encompassed the following: engineering officer in several HMC ships various engineering positions in Defence Headquarters and HMC dockyards and officer-in-charge of the Engineering Division Halifax. His last naval appointment in Defence Headquarters was as section head responsible for machinery controls interior communications and navigation systems he was also project manager for the Shipboard Integrated Machinery Control System (SHINMACS). In 1987 he took up the position of manager technical development at CAE Electronics Ltd. Montreal Canada. Rashid Khan:obtained an honors degree in electrical and electronics engineering at Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic England in 1973. After graduation he worked as a software design engineer on various real-time systems before joining a large packet switching project in Belgium. He was responsible for optimisation and integration of the Network Management Center. He emigrated to Canada in 1981 and joined CAE Electronics Ltd. where he has worked in a supervisory capacity on several real-time control systems. He is currently the manager control system software development.

The shipboard integrated machinery control system (SHIN-MACS) has been under development since 1977. It has moved from an idea, through a paper study, a wooden mock-up, a demonstrator console, to an advanced development model, and will first be operational in the Canadian patrol frigate (CPF) in 1988. The development of this integrated control system, particularly the latter part, has not been without its problems. However, through redesign and evaluation, the system is now real-time capable and should provide a marked improvement over traditional control systems, particularly in the area of operator interaction with the plant. The integrated machinery control system (IMCS) for the Canadian Patrol Frigate Program is the same design as the IMCS that is being retrofitted into the DDH-280 class of destroyers under the Tribal Class Update and Modernization Program (TRUMP). The IMCS is a microprocessor based distributed control system which provides automatic control and monitoring of the ship's machinery and systems. The system will have the most technologically advanced man-machine interface yet to be seen in a warship. The IMCS communicates with all of its components over a triple redundant data bus using redundant digital propulsion controllers. It also has an equipment health monitoring capability designed to assist in the reduction of life cycle cost of the machinery. The IMCS in the CPF has a significant growth potential. The IMCS is a software based system, and thus lends itself readily to modifications and adaptation to other vessels. This technology will impact on the operation of a modern warship by catering to reduced manning; it will also provide assistance in the implementation of on-condition based maintenance through the gathering of data electronically. The Canadian patrol frigate IMCS will be the first fully digital machinery control system to utilize data bus technology for all control and monitoring functions.

关键词： MACHINERY

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HISTORY OF COAST-GUARD SURFACE EFFECT SHIP PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 237-250页

作者： LARIMER, G MCCOLLUM, J SCHAUB, B VANLIEW, D WHIPPLE, C Gary Larimer:received his B.S. (1974) and M.S. (1975) degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. He has worked with the Bechtel Professional Corporation the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center and the United States Coast Guard. He is a member of SNAME ASNE ABYC and IMTI. He is the author of “Reaction Fin Applications In Marine Propulsion” which documented the use of asymmetric pre-swirl vanes to increase propulsion efficiency aboard a 41-ft Coast Guard utility boat. It was presented on 5 March 1987 at the Hampton Roads section of SNAME and was nominated for the section paper of the year award. CWO3 Joe Bobby McCollum USCG: iscurrently engineering officer of the Surface Effect Ship Division Seventh Coast Guard District Key West Florida. Prior to this assignment he was assistant engineering officer on the USCGCUte.His other duty tours included engineering assignments on theCape Currenta 95-foot patrol boat on the USCGCUnimak a 311-foot cutter CG Loran Station Upolo Point Hawaii and CG Station Sabine Pass Texas. CWO McCollum was responsible for modifying and repairing the SESs and contributed many unique problem solving ideas which resulted in much improved operation of the Coast Guard Surface Effect Ship Division. Benton H. Schaub:is a senior engineer with Maritime Dynamics Inc. He has a bachelor of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Schaub has fifteen years of experience working as a test engineer project engineer and design engineer on advanced marine vehicle projects and is a recognized authority in the areas of hull structure seal system and machinery design for surface effect ships. He has participated in virtually every USN SES design development and test evaluation program including: XR-5 XR-10 SES-100A SES-100A1 and the SES-200. He is currently responsible for performing detailed design and analysis in support of the seal system for the Germa

During the early 1980s the United States Coast Guard took delivery of three surface effect ships (SES) from Bell Halter, Inc. These 136-ton, 30-knot plus, aluminum hulled cutters were to be used primarily for drug interdiction in the southeastern United States. By early 1985, however, the full load weight of these cutters had grown to 150 long tons, and their top speed had dropped to below 23 knots in calm water. By mid-1985, operation of all three SESs was suspended to prevent possible catastrophic failure of their main engines. At this point, the USCG joined ranks with Textron Marine systems (then Bell Aerospace), and Detroit Diesel to analyze what had gone wrong, and to propose solutions to the problems encountered. From that beginning, the performance of the Coast Guard's SESs has steadily and dramatically improved until at present all three cutters are able to exceed their original performance specifications. This paper discusses the problems experienced with the SESs, including engine overloading, vibration, ride quality, seal wear, poor lift system performance, and metal cracking, along with the corrective actions taken to solve them. The cooperation between government and private industry, which made this dramatic turn-around in performance possible, is also explored. Lessons learned about SES technology are viewed in relation to the general experience of the Coast Guard with other types of high performance hull forms.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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NTDS - A PAGE IN NAVAL HISTORY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 53-61页

作者： SWENSON, EN MAHINSKE, EB STOUTENBURGH, JS Capt. Erick N. Swenson USNR (Ret.):is a project manager for special projects in the Surface Ship Systems Division Hughes Aircraft Company Fullerton Calif where he has been employed since his retirement from the U.S. Navy in 1975. Originally trained as an electronics technician during WWII in the Captain Eddy program he later received a BS degree in electrical engineering from the University of Rochester Rochester N. Y. in 1950. Subsequent engineering education was received at the University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Penn. and the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey Calif. After commissioning he was ordered to duty as the electronics division officer on the USSMissouri(BB-63) and electronics ships superintendent at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard San Francisco Calif. When the design of the Naval Tactical Data System began in the mid-1950s Lt. (j.g.) Swenson was ordered to the Bureau of Ships Navy Department Washington D.C. as the junior engineering duty only officer assigned to the project. From 1962 to 1965 LCdr. Swenson was assigned as the BuShips technical representative on the program at Remington Rand Univac St. Paul Minn. For the next ten years he returned to BuShips/NavSea/NAVSEC as the NTDS project officer. During this time the project expanded considerably foreign military sales were heavily involved and interoperability with other services and countries were established. His final effort on active duty was to instigate the redesign of the previousSpruanceclass destroyers into the newerAdmiral Kiddclass improvement program. He is a registered professional electrical engineer in the State of California listed inWho's Who in the Worldis a life member of ASNE and chairman of the Long Beach/Greater LA Section. Capt. Edmund B. Mahinske USN (Ret.):is an alumnus of the U.S. Naval Academy the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Business School. His technical background is in electronics and he specialized in the management of programs involving the application of comp

A little over thirty years ago, a group of naval engineers were assembled by the Bureau of Ships to develop a new system approach to the combat information center (CIC). The CIC of World War II, with its “grease pencil” plots and voice telling of tactical information from sensors and other ships, could no longer provide the timely, coordinated reaction to postwar threats. This project group led the Navy into the new world of large-scale, high-speed digital electronics and into a new mode of conducting naval warfare as well. There were no off-the-shelf computers of the requisite capability, size and reliability; what were available were monstrous vacuum tube computers. There were no display equipments that were “conversant” in both the digital language of the computer and the analog language of the sensors and the weapon systems. Who ever heard, at that time, of a computer running a tactical communication net automatically? It was hard enough to find sufficient numbers of engineers who knew what a digital computer was. This paper, by three naval engineers in the implementing engineering office, depicts the evolvement of the Naval Tactical Data systems (NTDS) as they saw it. It discusses the problems that stemmed from the transition from the old world of analog into the new digital world, the system concepts that steered the development; the key decisions that were made; new electronic equipment and processes that became necessary; and the need of the mangagement to face the real world of deadlines, ship schedules and operational requirements.

关键词： NAVAL WARFARE

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Multi-Microcomputer Robot control System Using a Special Robot-Arithmetic-Processor for Advanced Applications of Robot Manipulators

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1987年第4期20卷 179-184页

作者： K. Rathgeber M. Schnell Section Control Systems Theory Institute of Control Engineering Technical University of Darmstadt Schlossgraben 1 D-6100 Darmstadt Federal Republic of Germany

The performance of complex and advanced applications of industrial reports requires large computational power. The control system presented in this paper is designed as a multi-microcomputer system. The main purpose of this system is to create a pleasant environment for present and further studies in robotic research. The Advanced Robot control System (ARC) uses multiple microcomputers based on iAPX 8086 processors. A local bus of each processor allows additional memory and Input/output expansions for increased throughput. Nevertheless, the rising calculation effort for the kinematic and dynamic relations shows the insufficient computing power of standard microprocessors. Therefore a fast floating-point processor has been developed. This Robot Arithmetic Processor (RAP) is built up with bipolar bit-slice components, special arithmetic modules and hardware control mechanisms for on- and off-line diagnostic functions.

关键词： Special purpose computers Microprocessors Hierarchical systems Multiprocessing systems Microprogramming Diagnostic on Chip Computer Architecture Robots Closed Loop systems Real-Time control Cartesian Robot control

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Self-Tuning Cross Profile control for a Paper Machine

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1987年第4期20卷 219-224页

作者： A. Gräser W. Neddermeyer Lippke GmbH and Co. Wilhelm-Leuschner-Str. 12 D-5450 Neuwied 1 Federal Republic of Germany Section Control Systems Theory Institute of Control Engineering Technical University of Darmstadt Schlossgraben 1 D-6100 Darmstadt Federal Republic of Germany

The paper discusses a self tuning control algorithm for a multivariable plant applied to a grammage cross profile control of a paper machine. The plant model represents the steady-state couplings as well as the dynamics behaviour of the system. The control algorithm handles special situations including the case where the numper of measurments is not equal to the numper of actuators and the case where special actuators are locked. The whole identification algorithm with a specical filter and an estimation of the required measurment accuary for a succesful identification of the steady-state couplings will be discussed. The paper shows how to proof the stability of the control system including the cases of locked actuators and identification errors. Finally, the whole conrol system is verified by in house simulations and at a real plant. The obtained control results are discussed.

关键词： Computer control Direct Digital control Paper Industry Paper Cross Profile control Multivariable control systems Decoupling Stability

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DOCTRINAL AUTOMATION IN NAVAL COMBAT systems - THE EXPERIENCE AND THE FUTURE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 74-79页

作者： GERSH, JR The authoris a principal staff engineer at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory where he supervises the AAW Operations Section of the Combat Direction Group. Since joining JHU/APL in 1980 he has been involved in the specification development and testing of advanced surface combat direction systems specializing in the application of rule-based control mechanisms to command and control problems. In 1985-86 he chaired the Doctrine Working Group of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Combat Direction System Engineering Committee. Mr. Gersh served in the U.S. Navy from 1968 to 1977 as a sonar technician and as a junior officer (engineering and gunnery) aboard Atlantic Fleet frigates and as a member of the U.S. Naval Academy's Electrical Engineering faculty. He was educated at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology receiving S. B. S. M. and E. E. degrees in electrical engineering from the latter. He holds certificates as a commercial pilot and flight instructor and is a member of the U.S. Naval Institute the IEEE Computer Society and the American Association for Artificial Intelligence.

For the last four years the most advanced surface combat direction system (CDS) of the U.S. Navy has employed a limited knowledge-based control mechanism. Implemented in the Aegis Weapon System's command and decision element, this capability is called control by doctrine, and is a foundation for the Ticonderoga class cruisers' exceptional performance. control by doctrine allows CIC personnel to direct that certain CDS functions be performed automatically upon tracks with specified characteristics. In effect, these CDS functions, from identification to engagement, can now be controlled through the specification and activation of general system response rules rather than by individual operator actions. The set of active rules, called doctrine statements, forms a system knowledge-base. The Advanced Combat Direction System, Block 1, successor to today's Naval Tactical Data System, will also employ control by doctrine. As part of a larger effort investigating Aegis/ACDS commonality issues, a Doctrine Working Group was chartered to consider, among other things, implications for force-wide interoperability of multiple systems with such rule-based control mechanisms. The working group produced a set of design objectives for doctrine statement standardization across CDSs. Principal features of these objectives are described. The prospect of several such ships operating together in a battle group has raised questions as to the methods by which the actions of ships with those doctrinally-automated systems can best be coordinated. Related questions deal with specific design features for the support of such coordinated action. Work is now being carried out to investigate these questions. Combat system automation through doctrine statements is only one kind of rule-based control. Much work in the area of artificial intelligence deals with the use and maintenance of complex systems of rules, usually in non-real-time problem solving applications. Such systems are just now beginning

关键词： WARSHIPS

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APPLICATION OF TITANIUM IN SHIPBOARD SEAWATER COOLING systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 124-134页

作者： ADAMSON, WL SCHUTZ, RW Wayne L. Adamson:is currently head of the Fluid Systems and Machinery Analysis Branch of the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center Annapolis Maryland. Mr. Adamson has conducted and directed research and development of heat exchangers condensers desalination equipment pumps and piping systems. He has been employed at DTNSRDC since 1957. During the past 10 years he has been actively involved in the development of titanium for shipboard machinery particularly for application in heat exchangers and steam condensers and in the evaluation of fouling and fouling control methods for piping and heat exchanger systems. Mr. Adamson is a member of ASME and ASNE having previously served as secretary for the Flagship Section and as a member of the ASNE Day Papers Committee. He has had several technical papers published in the Naval Engineers Journal as well as in other technical journals and books. He holds a bachelor of mechanical engineering degree (1962) and a master of science in mechanical engineering degree (1966) from Georgia Institute of Technology and a master of science in governmental administration from George Washington University (1969). He is a registered professional engineer in the State of Maryland. Ronald W. Schutz:received his B. S. (Cum Laude) and M. S. degrees in inorganic electrochemistry from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy New York. He is a recipient of the 1981 A. B. Campbell Award for young authors from the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. He has eleven years experience with corrosion research product development and industrial application of titanium alloys. He has presented and published more than twenty technical papers including reference handbook articles on the subject of titanium corrosion behavior and related application guidelines. He currently holds position of supervisor industrial product development and corrosion research at TIMET Corp. Division of TMCA Henderson Nevada. Mr. Schutz is a member of ASTM and NACE.

Titanium alloys are evaluated as an alternative to the current copper-nickel components now employee in U.S. Navy surface ship seawater cooling systems. Titanium offers a solution to the accelerated seawater corrosion and erosion related attack being experienced in seawater systems aboard CG-47 class cruisers as well as other ship classes and can provide a means for extending service life and substantially improving reliability. Both the positive and potentially negative aspects of utilizing titanium in piping and heat exchangers are reviewed. Titanium's excellent resistance to corrosion and erosion attack, good yield strength and relatively low density permit use of thinner-walled, reduced diameter piping and heat exchanger tubing (relative to copper-nickel) and thus offer reduced system weight and volume. System design strategies are discussed for eliminating or greatly mitigating the adverse effects of galvanic corrosion and marine biofouling, the two major concerns when applying titanium in seawater piping and heat exchanger systems. An overall assessment of titanium versus copper-nickel alloys is provided with regard to piping and heat exchanger fabrication, cost, performance, design criteria, piping component (valves, pumps, etc.) selection criteria, and operational limitations. Specific topics addressed as part of that assessment include: (1) shipyard fabricability of titanium piping systems and onboard repair; (2) biofouling experience and biofouling control techniques with titanium in seawater; (3) galvanic corrosion effects when titanium is coupled to active (less noble) metals and the strategies for eliminating the risk of galvanic attack. The viability of titanium for surface ship seawater systems is summarized, and areas of future work are discussed with the intent of providing guidance for successful application of titanium in shipboard seawater systems.

关键词： TITANIUM AND ALLOYS

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TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM DRY SO2 control PROCESSES

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS 1986年第4期5卷 234-239页

作者： KATZBERGER, SM RYMARCZYK, WJ Sargent & Lundy 55 East Monroe Chicago Illnois 60603 S.M. Katzberger:is the Supervisor of the Emission Control Section of Sargent & Lundy's Mechanical Analytical Division where he is responsible for all air quality control system engineering studies. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Thermal and Environmental Engineering from Southern Illinois University. W.J. Rymarczyk:is a Senior Emission Control Specialist in the Mechanical Analytical Division of Sargent & Lundy where he is involved in the specification evaluation and selection of air quality control systems for coal-fired power plants. He earned his B.S. degree in Physics at Manhattan College and an M.S. degree from the University of Chicago.

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) control processes which produce dry waste products have attracted increased interest in recent years based on economic and environmental considerations. This paper compares the chemical composition and physical properties of fly ash and dry waste products from existing SO 2 control processes with the properties of dry waste from emerging technologies such as furnace sorbent injection and fluidized bed combustion. Based on this information, design features are revieweded for material handling systems and for dry waste landfill sites. Environmental impacts from dry waste handling and disposal are discussed. The potential for commercial utilization of dry wastes from emerging SO 2 control technologies is also addressed.

关键词： GAS PURIFICATION

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WARSHIPS AND COST CONSTRAINTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第2期98卷 41-52页

作者： HOPE, JP STORTZ, VE Jan Paul Hope a native of Northern Virginia received his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia in 1969. Upon graduation he began his career in the Department of the Navy with the Naval Ship Systems Command in the acquisition of patrol craft mine sweepers and submarine rescue ships. In January 1971 he transferred to the ship arrangements branch of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He was selected for the long-term training program at George Washington University in 1974 and completed the program in February 1976 with the degree of master of engineering administration. While at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Mr. Hope was general arrangement task leader on the AO-177 CG-47 CSGN CSGN (VSTOL) CGN-9 (Aegis) and CGN-42 and he also assisted in the landmark Naval Sea Systems Command civilian professional community study. In 1978 he was selected as acting head of the damage control section and subsequently was selected as acting head of the surface ship hydrodynamic section. In February 1980 he was promoted to head of the surface combatant arrangements design section. Mr. Hope was selected for the first class of the NA VSEA commander's development program. While on the program he served in the DDGX combat systems engineering division and the DDGX project office of NA VSEA was the assistant director for ship design in the office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics and was the director of weight engineering and the director of systems engineering for the DDG-51 project in NA VSEA. Upon completion of the program Mr. Hope was assigned as the deputy director of the boiler engineering division to create a new division as a major fleet support initiative by NA VSEA. In June 1985 he joined the staff of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics. Mr. Hope was presented the Department of the Navy meritorious civilian service medal in June 1983 for his service with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the

This paper discusses the need and processes for designing warships to meet cost constraints and for managing warship acquisition programs during the design phase to assure effective adherence to production cost constraints by the design team. The resource control methodology used during the contract design of the Arleigh Burke class destroyer, DDG-51, is examined as a potential model for controlling the cost while maintaining the combat effectiveness of warships. The paper begins with a summary of the basic issue — the relationship among unit cost, unit capability, force level numbers, and force capability — showing recent trends in destroyer costs and force levels. This introduction also includes a discussion of the cost constraint for the DDG-51 in relation to historical trends and ship construction funding allocation. The resource control methodology used to reduce and control costs of the DDG-51 is discussed with a summary of the approach, key concepts and tools, chronology of key events, examples, and results achieved. A number of observations on this methodology are then made which are followed by comments on life cycle costs. The paper concludes with remarks on the future application of the resource control methodology and areas for further work to improve future resource control efforts.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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