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Human systems integration and advanced technology in engineering department workload and manpower reduction

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2003年第1期115卷 57-65页

作者： Lively, KA Seman, AJ Kirkpatrick, M KENNETH A. LIVELY graduated from the University of Colorado with a BS in applied mathematics and an MS in mathematics in 1976 and from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with an MS in electrical engineering and the degree ocean engineer in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1984. He retired from the U.S. Navy in 1989 after 23 years of service. Assignments included electrical officer on the USS Constellation (CV 64) project engineer for the DDG 51 machinery control system (NAVSEA) and DDG 51 Technical Director (NAVSEA). He was vice president of the PDI Division of Bird-Johnson Company from July 1989 to November 1998 where he managed various gas turbine and machinery controls related development projects. He joined Anteon Corporation's Systems Engineering Group as senior controls engineer in December 1998 where he provided technical support to the integrated power systems program (NAVSEA PMS 510) and managed the Office of Naval Research Afloat Laboratory. DR. MARK KIRKPATRICK is currently an independent consultant in human factors and work-load/manning analysis and modeling. He holds a Ph.D. degree in experimental psychology from The Ohio State University and has 34 years of experience in applied human factors. From 1982 through 2000 Dr. Kirkpatrick served as the senior vice president of Carlow International. Prior to joining Carlow in 1982 Dr. Kirkpatrick served as a member of the technical staff at North American Rockwell's Missiles Division and as a project director and vice president for Essex Corporation. His areas of expertise include workload simulation task analysis operator-in-the-loop simulation human performance experimentation statistical analysis and human factors T&E. He has directed and/or participated in human factors projects for the U.S. Navy U.S. Army NASA Department of Transportation the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and private industry. ANTHONY J. SEMAN III is the technical manager for the reduced ship's crew by virtual presence (RSVP) advanced technology d

Aboard current ships, such as the DDG 51, engineering control and damage control activities are manpower intensive. It is anticipated that, for future combatants, the workload demand arising from operation of systems under conditions of normal steaming and during casualty response will need to be markedly reduced via automated monitoring, autonomous control, and other technology initiatives. Current DDG 51 class ships can be considered as a manpower baseline and under Condition III typical engineering control involves seven to eight watchstanders at manned stations in the Central Control Station, the engine rooms and other machinery spaces. In contrast to this manning level, initiatives such as DD 21 and the integrated engineering plant (IEP) envision a partnership between the operator and the automation system, with more and more of the operator's functions being shifted to the automation system as manning levels decrease. This paper describes some human systems integration studies of workload demand reduction and, consequently, manning reduction that can be achieved due to application of several advanced technology concepts. Advanced system concept studies in relation to workload demand are described and reviewed including. Piecemeal applications of diverse automation and remote control technology concepts to selected high driver tasks in current DDG 51 activities. Development of the reduced ship's crew by virtual presence system that will provide automated monitoring and display to operators of machinery health, compartment conditions, and personnel health. The IEP envisions the machinery control system as a provider of resources that are used by various consumers around the ship. Resource needs and consumer priorities are at all times dependent upon the ship's current mission and the availability of equipment pawnbrokers.

关键词： Naval warfare

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Design decision support system for the engineering/re-engineering of complex naval systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第4期109卷 23-33页

作者： Graham, JH Ragade, RK Shea, J James H. Graham:is the Henry Vogt Professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Louisville. Previous professional employment includes positions at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and General Motors Corporation. He received his master's and doctoral degrees at Purdue University and his bachelor's degree at Rose-Hulman Institute of Ethnology. His research interests include artificial intelligence robotics and paraliel computing. Rammohan K. Ragade:is professor of engineering mathematics and computer science at the University of Louisville. He received his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology at Kampur in 1968. He has been a faculty member at the University of Waterloo and held an engineering position with Bell Northern Research. His research interests include human-computer interaction decision support systems object-oriented simulation and modeling distributed database systems and fuzzy logic. John G. Shea Jr.:served until 1995 as a project manager in the Phalanx Engineering Section of Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Louisville Station. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Speed Scientific School at the University of Louisville. He was a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers.

Hybrid simulation includes both functional computer software models and actual hardware subsystems operating as an integrated whole. A ''hot test bed'' or a ''hybrid simulator-emulator'' enables design engineers to evaluate conceptual models in a more realistic real-lime context, but places increased cognitive demands on the designer. This paper describes an architecture, and results from a prototype implementation, for a design decision support system to allow a designer to make more productive and cost effective use of a test bed system.

关键词： Decision support systems

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USING VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF SHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 91-106页

作者： JONS, OP RYAN, JC JONES, GW Otto P. Jons:received a Diplom Ing. in shipbuilding from the Technical University of Hanover W. Germany and an MS in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT. He then joined Litton Ship Systems where he was responsible for the preliminary design of the DD-963 hull structure and then for ship system integration as manager LHA ship systems engineering department. From 1972 to 1974 he was the principal research scientist at Hydronautics. In 1974 as technical director he helped establish the Crystal City office of Designers and Planners. Mr. Jons was one of the co-founders of Advanced Marine Enterprises Inc. in 1976 where he serves as corporate vice president engineering. J. Christopher Ryan:earned his bachelors and masters degrees in naval architecture from Webb Institute and MIT respectively. He spent three years at the advanced marine technology division of Litton Industries working on the DD-963 class ship design and related computer aided design projects. He subsequently went to the Navy Department concentrating on early stage design of surface combatants for twelve years including work on the FFG-7 Sea Control Ship CSGN and CVV aircraft carrier projects. He then shifted focus and became the Technical Director for the Computer Supported Design Program in NavSea for five years. Mr. Ryan has served in several supervisory positions within the Ship Design Group in NavSea since that time. He is currently the director of the future ship concepts division. Gary W. Jones:graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1971 with a BS in mechanical engineering and followed up with graduate work at George Washington University and the University of Maryland. Mr. Jones was with the Naval Sea Systems Command from 1971 until 1988 where he was a naval architect in the submarine section of the hull form design division. In 1988 he was detailed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) where he became the program manager for the advanced submarine technology program's hydrodynamic hydroac

A major contributor to the expense and length of time to design, build, and test new systems has been the need to build and test hardware prototypes to determine their effectiveness in meeting operational requirements. Recent and dramatic advances in computer simulation technologies hold forth the promise of revolutionizing design and acquisition strategies by providing the means to validate end users' requirements prior to hardware construction. By designing and operationally testing virtual prototypes in a virtual environment, these technologies will soon offer naval architects the ability to build and launch ships in computer-based cyberspace in lieu of the shipbuilder's ways. The authors of this paper provide the background for these developments, explore the significance and ramifications of these technologies to the current process of ship and system design, outline challenges lying ahead, and present their vision and recommendations for future development.

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Guest Editorial: Focus on Digital Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Space Communications

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European Transactions on Telecommunications 1993年第1期4卷 9-10页

作者： Gaudenzi, Riccardo De Elia, Carlo Harris, Robert A. Rimrdo De Gaudend was born in Rosignano Mmo Italy in 1960. He received the Doctor En- gineer degree (cum Laude) in Electronic Engineering from the University of Pisa. Italy in 1985. From 1986 he was with the European Space Agency (ESA). Stsliow and Communications Engineering Department. Darmrtadt (RFA) where he was involved in satellite telecommunication ground systems design and testing. In particular he followed the development of two new ESA's satellite tracking systems. In 1988 be joined the ESA's Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC). Noordwijk. The Netherlands where is holding a position as releeommunication enginm in the Electrical System Department. He is presently responsible for the definition and development of advanced satellite communication systems. His mull intenst b ddyrducd with effacnt digital modulation and access techniques for fued and mobile wtdlite services synchronization topics and communication systems simulation techniques. Carlo Elia (S'89) was born in Trepuzzi. Italy in 1964. He received the Doctor Engineer degree in Electronic Engineering from Politecnico di Torino. Torino. Italy. in 1989. He his now attending a Doctorate program at PolitanieO di Torino. S i 1990. he has been with the Eurpean Space Agency (ESA) in the Electrical System Department as Tdeeommunications Syrtcm Engineer. His main areas of interest are related to rdvanccd digital modulation and access techniques and channel equalization. R.A. (Bob) Harris (S'69–M'70) received the PhD from the University of Southampton. England in 1971. In 1970 he joined the European Space Agency (then ESRO). based at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) Noordwijk. The Netherlandswas working on telemetry and telecommand systems. Since 1978 he has been Head of the Transmision Techniques Section in the Directorate of Telecom munications. He was involved in the transmission design of the OTS ECS Olympus and European Data Relay systems. He has worked on a wide range of analogue and digital transmission topics wit

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OPPORTUNITIES FOR PACIFIC FLEET FF-1052 CLASS SHIPS TO SAVE ENERGY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 315-321页

作者： PEHLIVAN, H KENYON, CW Hasan Pehlivan:received his BS in marine engineering from the Merchant Marine Academy (Turkey) in 1971 and his MS degree from Old Dominion University (Norfolk) in 1975. He was employed by D.B. Cargo Line (Turkey) as an engineering officer on ocean-going cargo vessels from 1971 to 1973. After receiving his masters degree in power engineering in 1975 he was employed by J.J. Henry Co. Inc. in Washington DC where he was involved in supporting the DTNSRDC Shipboard Energy Conservation Program which included the development of the steam system simulation (STMSYS) heat balance computer program for FF-1052/1078 class frigates. In addition he was cognizant engineer for various fluid systems designs for PCG and CSGN. In 1978 he joined M. Rosenblatt & Sons Inc. where he was cognizant engineer for various fluid systems designs for CVV DDG-51 and ARS-50. He was also leading engineer in support of DTNSRDC for the development of innovative machinery options for the baseline DD-963. In 1980 he joined NKF Engineering Inc. where he directs and performs DTNSRDC ship energy conservation analyses for frigates cruisers destroyers and aircraft carriers. He has been assisting the NAVSEA energy office in directing and performing Ship Energy Conservation Assist Team (SECAT) surveys aboard Navy ships since 1982. Mr. Pehlivan is currently manager of ship auxiliary systems in charge of the design and development of fluid systems pollution abatement distilling plants etc. He is a member of ASNE. Clarence W. Kenyon:graduated from the State University of New York Maritime College in 1960 and sailed on a third assistant engineer's license with Isbrandtsen Steamship Company before accepting an engineering position with the Long Beach Naval Shipyard in 1961 where he worked in the Steam Propulsion and Auxiliaries Section and the Mechanical and Hydraulic Section. He also taught a course in engineering fundamentals to engineering technicians in the evenings. In 1963 he accepted a position with the Space Division of North American Avia

The shipboard energy conservation assist team (SECAT) program was introduced to the US Pacific Surface Fleet (SURFPAC) in 1983 following one year testing in the US Atlantic Surface Fleet (SURFLANT). Experiences aboard SURFLANT ships had provided the basis for improvements which could also be applied to SURFPAC ships. Chief among these improvements were simple fuel measurement, fuel curve development methods, an energy survey checklist, and an equipment status board which identifies economic machinery alignments. The first SURFPAC ship to receive a SECAT visit was a FF-1052 class ship. Fuel consumption was significantly higher on this ship than the six FF-1052/1078 class SURFLANT ships previously visited. SECAT immediately looked for reasons for this increase in fuel consumption. Three significant changes received by this ship and not received by the six SURFLANT ships were identified. They were a new design economizer, Navjet vice Wallsend burners, and removal of overload control valves on the forced draft blowers. Another SURFPAC frigate with the same three changes was visited to validate the results obtained from the first ship. This paper discusses recent improvements to the SECAT program. It also examines the differences in fuel consumption observed between SURFLANT and SURFPAC FF-1052/1078 class ships. The economics of potential solutions to the higher fuel consumption problem aboard SURFPAC ships is analyzed with special emphasis on alternative burner designs and forced draft blower changes. Recommendations are made to reduce fuel consumption both by equipment changes and expanded energy initiatives.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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JTIDS AIRBORNE ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第3期92卷 119-128页

作者： COLEMAN, EW HEFFNER, WH Mr. Ernest W. Coleman is a Project Engineer in the Microwave Technology Branch Radar Division Sensors & Avionics Technology Directorate. of the Naval Air Development Center (NADC). Warminster. Pa. He began his professional career at NADC in 1971 after receiving his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Tennessee Technological University. He has held several engineering positions in the areas of Design. Development. Simulation and Test & Evaluation of both antenna systems and avionics systems. He did his graduate study in Electromagnetics at Ohio State University and has authored several technical papers and numerous reports. Currently. he is Project Engineer for the development of an Adaptive Array Antenna to be used with future communication systems such as JTIDS. Mr. W. Herbert Heffner Jr. is Head of the Microwave Technology Branch at NADC Wurminster. Pa. He received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Drexel University in 1962. and since then has held several design and development engineering positions at NADC and in the Naval Material Command. He attended Ohio State University during 1964 and 1965 receiving his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering upon completion of his studies. For the past fourteen years he has been involved in the analysis. design development. and evaluation of aircraft antenna systems. radonies. and radar cross-section reduction techniques. In 1976. he was temporarily assigned as Program Element Administrator Surface and Aerospace Target Surveillance. under the Deputy Chief of Naval Material for Development. Naval Material Command. In his four years since returning to NADC. his responsibilities have included developing antennas for future Electronic Warfare and Communication Electronic Counter-Countermeasure applications as well as digital computer antenna analysis techniques and radar camouflage of tactical aircraft.

The Navy is developing an airborne adaptive array antenna for the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS). JTIDS is a Tri-Service multi-channel, multi-function system to provide an advanced communication, navigation, and identification (CNI) capability for a wide variety of uses. JTIDS terminals perform multiple digital voice/data functions and relative navigation as well as the standard TACAN and IFF transponder functions. The system uses a low-duty cycle, spread-spectrum waveform and advanced coding techniques to provide secure, jam-resistant, and low probability of exploitation CNI functions. Among the important factors which determine the ultimate utility of a JTIDS terminal is the performance of the antenna system. Inadequate antenna performance could seriously degrade and possibly even negate the primary platform mission. Recent advances in antenna and data processing techndogiea promise to provide JTIDS with adequate gain and pattern coverage as well as substantial AJ (Anti-Jam) margin to complement JTIDS signal processing. The desired improvement in AJ protection can be achieved by capitalizing on the spatial filtering properties of adaptive array antennas. This paper presents the “trade-offs” which must be addressed in the design of an adaptive array antenna for airborne JTIDS terminals and the design philosophy currently in development by the Navy.

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SYSTEM engineering STATE-OF-ART EQUAL TO MODERN WARSHIP DESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1978年第2期90卷 130-136页

作者： ECKHART, M USN (RET.) The Authoris currently Chief Scientist in the Autonetics Marine Systems Division Rockwell International concentrating in Digital Simulation Applications in System Engineering. A graduate of the U. S. Naval Academy in 1945 he served in various surface assignments until 1950. Subsequent thereto after being designated an Engineering Duty Officer (ED) he had Type Commander Staff Laboratory ESO and Naval Shipyard assignments until 1962 when he became the Miltary Chairman Electrical Science at the U. S. Naval Academy. In 1965 he became the Head Electrical/Electronics Design Branch Bureau of Ships remaining in this assignment until 1967 when he assumed the responsibilities of Director Ship Concept Design Division Naval Ship Engineering Center. Upon retiring from the U. S. Naval Service in 1970 he joined Rockewell International and the following year became the Manager of the Integration Programs Group involved in Model—Based Systems Analysis EM Effectiveness Submarine Control and Ship Data Miltiplexing. His education includes a BS degree from the U. S. Naval Academy a BS degree in Electrical Engineering received from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1949 and a MS degree in Electrical Engineering received from The George Washington University in 1967. A former ASNE Council Member he has been active in ASNE at both the National and Local Section levels since 1967.

The general systems engineering state—of—the—art has not been equal to the functional diversity of modern multimission warships, nor to the more complex system relationships that are characteristically involved in their design. Resultant dependence upon qualitative assessments of higher level relationships in warship definition and design has been and is a critical impediment to the Navy's corporate purposes, both in prosecuting its vital rebuilding campaign and in dealing with the technological pace of naval warfare. A design methodology development, first reported on ASNE Day 74, has provided the basis for removing this impediment. The threshold criterion of system engineering, quantification, and correlation of total system design objectives, can be satisfied for warship definition and design. Further, the basic elements of an exploitive system engineering practice have been developed sufficiently to confirm their validity. This work is interpreted in terms of the system engineering structure that can be expected to emerge; first, because it can be done, and second, because its payoffs are so urgently needed by the Navy.

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A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A COGAS PROPULSION PLANT

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Naval Engineers Journal 1977年第6期89卷 19-34页

作者： ABBOTT, JACK W. McINTIRE, JOHN G. RUBIS, C. JOSEPH Mr. Jack W. Abbott:is Head of the Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Ship Design Division Naval Ship Engineering Center. He received his BSME degree from Stanford University in 1960 and his ME A degree from The George Washington University in 1975. He is a Lieutenant Commander USNR (Ret.) having served during his active duty period as Engineering Officer aboard a U. S. destroyer for 3 years and also a registered Professional Engineer in the State of California. In addition to holding several U.S. Patents he annually instructs courses in the Design of Naval Surface Ships at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology including the concept of total energy systems. He is a member of SNAME and has been a member of ASNE and a frequent contributor to the Journal since 1966 most recently having been a co—recipient of the “Jimmie Hamilton” Award for the best paper published in 1976. Mr. John G. Mclntire:received his BS and MS degrees from the University of California at Berkeley where he did his graduate studies in the field of Automatic Control Systems Design. He was employed by the Naval Ship Engineering Center in 1971 as a Mechanical Engineer and is currently serving as Acting Head of the Machinery Control Systems Section Machinery Systems Division. He is a member of the NA VAIR/NA VSEA Association of Scientists and Engineers the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National Society of Professional Engineers. Mr. C. Joseph Rubls:isPresident of Propulsion Dynamics Inc. Annapolis Md. where he is engaged in simulation and analytical studies of ship propulsion and automation systems. Previous to his present position he was a Scientific Consultant and Head of the Control Systems Branch David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research & Development Center Annapolis Laboratory where he was employed over a 10–year period. His other employment experience includes the Martin—Marietta Company as Senior Systems Engineer for Guidance Radar and for Communications Systems the U.S. Naval Academy American Universi

The paper provides a dynamic analysis of a COGAS Propulsion Plant, including mathematical modeling and simulation, and concludes with the results of a COGAS simulation which indicates encouraging conclusions regarding...

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TRANSIM‐A GENERAL PURPOSE PROBLEM SOLVING TOOL

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Naval Engineers Journal 1973年第5期85卷 79-92页

作者： McMICHAEL, DAVID L. ORLEANS, BEATRICE S. Mr. David L. McMichael:is Senior Development Engineer on the Project TRANSIM Staff at the University of California at Los Angeles. He is widely experienced in the application of quantitative analytical methods in particular computer simulation to the solution of real-world problems. Prior to joining the UCLA Staff he was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy and was assigned to the Naval Ship Systems Command as a system analyst engaged in the introduction of quantitative analysis methods in the Navy management decision-making process. He has also been Senior Systems Analyst ASSET Inc. Industrial Engineer with the Surface Combustion Corp. and Speiser Engineering Inc. and a lecturer in Mathematics at North Virginia Community College. He received his MS degree in Operations Research at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School having specialized in gaming and simulation and his BSME degree at Tri-State College Angola Indiana. Miss Beatrice S. Orleans:holds a BA degree in Mathematics and Statistics from Hunter College and a MS degree in Statistics from Columbia University-Graduate School of Business. She has also completed graduate courses at Columbia George Washington and American Universities. Prior to her present position she was employed by the International Statistical Bureau as an economic statistician the Educational Testing Service as a research assistant the Air Force Human Resources Research Laboratory as an aviation psychologist and Head of the Statistics Section and CNO Aviation Plans and Programs as a mathematical statistician. For the past 20 years she has been with the Bureau of Ships and now the Naval Ship System Command in what is known as the Statistical Engineering Branch of which she has been the Branch Head for the last 10 years. She also has worked in the areas of Statistical Quality Control and Design of Experiments and Reliability and in addition has taught a number of sessions of a course in Introduction to Statistical Inference for the Navy the Laboratories and the Army.

This paper describes TRANSIM simulation a a method for solving problems. There is a brief discussion of modeling and its importance. TRANSIM is compared with other general purpose simulators, special purpose simulation, and network analysis techniques such as PERT/CPM. Data requirements for TRANSIM applications are discussed, and a few examples of specific Navy applications are described in a general fashion. In conclusion, the paper details the latest TRANSIM development work in project analysis and output formats for project risk, resource allocation and scheduling. © 1973 American Society of Naval Engineers

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