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Effects of cold-rolling operation parameters on the surface quality of stainless steel and titanium strips with oil pits

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International Journal of Advanced manufacturing Technology 2023年第3-4期127卷 1811-1821页

作者： Jeng, Yeau-Ren Aoh, Jong-Ning Lee, Jian-Ting Liu, Lee-Cheng Tsai, Ping-Chi Huang, Pay-Yau Mechanical Engineering Department National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Ming-Hsiung Township Chia-Yi62102 Taiwan Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University 1 University Road Tainan City70101 Taiwan Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing National Cheng Kung University 1 University Road Tainan City70101 Taiwan Iron & Steel Research & Development Department China Steel Corporation 1 Chung Kang Road Hsiao Kang Kaohsiung81233 Taiwan Mechanical Engineering Department Wu Feng University 117 Section 2 Jianguo Road Ming-Hsiung Township Chia-Yi621303 Taiwan

The leading quality indicators of cold-rolled strip products include surface roughness and surface finish. The present study investigates the effects of the reduction ratio and lubrication condition (dry or lubricated) on the surface roughness and surface gloss of S304 stainless steel strips and titanium grade 1 strips processed at room temperature with a rolling speed of 0.33 m/s. The results show that for both materials, the contact ratio between the workpiece and the roller increases with an increasing reduction ratio and gives rise to a higher surface gloss. Moreover, the surface gloss obtained under dry conditions is higher than that obtained under lubricated conditions. The peak cross-sectional and pit cross-sectional areas for both materials decrease as the reduction ratio increases. The corresponding improvement in the surface gloss is particularly apparent under dry conditions due to the absence of oil in the oil pits on the rolled surface. The titanium workpiece has a low yield strength of 170 MPa, and hence a high surface gloss can be obtained under a relatively low reduction ratio of 7%. By contrast, the S304 workpiece has a high yield strength of 215 MPa. As a result, a reduction ratio of at least 17.7% is required to flatten the oil pits and obtain a better surface finish. This study identifies the critical operating parameters of cold rolling affecting surface roughness and glossiness and provides insights into enhancing surface finish. Furthermore, it pinpoints that the valley cross-section area is a critical factor in determining the gloss of a surface with noticeable defects. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

关键词： Cold rolling

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Corrosion resistance and conductivity behavior of Cr-Al-N MAX phase coatings prepared by magnetron sputtering technology

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Thin Solid Films 2024年 793卷

作者： Su, Y.L. Kao, W.H. Horng, J.H. Hsueh, H.C. Cian, Y.C. Hsieh, T.C. Department of Mechanical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan701 Taiwan Department of Automation Engineering & Institute of Mechatronoptic Systems Chienkuo Technology University Changhua500 Taiwan Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National Formosa University Yunlin633 Taiwan Smart Machine and Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center National Formosa University Yunlin633 Taiwan Micro/Meso Mechanical Manufacturing R&D Department Surface Engineering & Heat Treatment Section Metal Industries Research and Development Centre Kaohsiung811 Taiwan

Chromium aluminum nitride (CrAlN) coatings containing Cr2AlN phase were prepared by unbalanced magnetron sputtering followed by annealing at 1000 °C. The crystal structures, X-ray diffraction patterns, and selected area electron diffraction patterns of the Cr2AlN phase were modeled using computer software and compared with experimental observations. A good agreement was found between the two sets of results, thereby confirming the presence of Cr2AlN phase in the coatings. While previous studies have demonstrated the formation of Cr2AlN phase theoretically, this study presents experimental evidence of its physical existence. The potentiodynamic polarization results and interfacial contact resistance measurements show that the CrAlN coating with Cr2AlN phase has excellent corrosion resistance (a corrosion current density of 5.35 × 10−7 A/cm2 and electrical conductivity of 5.5 mΩ·cm2) and is thus a promising candidate for the protection of fuel cell bipolar plates. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Chromium compounds

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Tribological properties and corrosion resistance properties of nbn/tin multilayer, tinb-nx single-layer and coatings that are doped with carbon 4th

Tribological properties and corrosion resistance properties ...

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4th International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, PST 2021, and the 2nd International Conference on engineering Tribology and Applied Technology, ICETAT 2020

作者： Kuo, Kun-Lin Su, Yen-Liang Kao, Wen-Hsien Mao, Yin-Hsiang Liang, Tang-Wei Metal Industries Research & Development Centre Micro/Meso Mechanical Manufacturing R&D Department Surface Engineering & Heat Treatment Section National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan Department of Automation Engineering Institute of Mechatronoptic Systems Chienkuo Te chnology University Changhua Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9783035715286

NbN/TiN, TiNb-NX and CH-TiNb-N12 coatings are deposited by RF magnetron sputtering to determine the corrosion resistance. ‘x’ is the flux rate for nitrogen and ‘CH’ signifies the addition of acetylene. In terms of the corrosion resistance, all the coatings have a similar corrosion potential and NbN/TiN multilayer coatings exhibit the lowest corrosion current. The NbN/TiN multilayer has a low pitting potential so severe pitting corrosion is observed on the surface. The results for this study show that a TiNb-N12-CH coating has the best corrosion resistance. It will be applied to corrosion wear resistance field. © 2021 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

关键词： Corrosion resistance

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Degradation Behavior of Chromium-Coated Zirconium Cladding Under High-Temperature Oxidation According to the Coating Microstructure

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Jung, Tae-Sik Jang, Hoon Cho, Yong Ki Jang, Dongchan Materials Development Section Nuclear Fuel Technology Department KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Daejeon34057 Korea Republic of Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon34141 Korea Republic of Customized Manufacturing R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Seohaean-ro Gyeonggi-do Siheung-si113-58 Korea Republic of

In 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami caused a hydrogen explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, which exposed radioactive materials to the atmosphere and had a very negative impact on the nuclear power industry. Since then, efforts have intensified around the world to make nuclear power safer. Accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) is being developed to prevent the rapid oxidation of zirconium cladding, which directly causes hydrogen explosions. ATF research can be divided into two main approaches: changing the cladding material, or coating the surface of the cladding. Coatings are easier to commercialize and apply to existing nuclear power plants, so most vendors have focused on this approach. Chromium is a popular coating medium because of its superior properties such as a low oxidation rate and excellent adhesion. Therefore, research has been focused on suppressing the rapid oxidation of zirconium cladding in the event of an accident by adding a chromium coating with an appropriate thickness in terms of both economy and effectiveness. Even if the thickness of the coating is fixed, the penetration of oxidizing substances can be further delayed by improving the microstructure of the chromium coating, such as by reducing the grain boundary area. In this study, chromium-coated zirconium cladding tubes were fabricated by the arc ion plating process. The microstructure of the chromium coating was adjusted by varying the negative voltage (0–125 V), which in turn controlled the velocity at which the chromium ionic particles hit the surface of the cladding tube. Experiments were then performed in a high-temperature steam environment to determine the optimal microstructure for high-temperature oxidation resistance. The development of various material degradation phenomena that occurred during high-temperature oxidation was observed to identify the oxidation mechanism and the main factors of the microstructure that affect the zirconium oxidation rate. ©

关键词： Thermooxidation

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Corrosion Behaviour of Fe-Rgo Composites in Two Different Solutions for Bone Scaffold Applications

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Bahrudin, Mohammad Taufiq Al Hakim Zulkarnaini, Nor Amira Syairah Ulum, Mokhamad Fakhrul Nur, Hadi Mohd Szali Januddi, Mohd Al Fatihhi Yusop, Abdul Hakim Md Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Malaysia Department of Materials Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Malaysia School of Human Resource Development and Psychology Faculty of Social Science and Humanities Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Johor Bharu Malaysia Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Negeri Malang Malang Indonesia Universitas Negeri Malang Malang Indonesia Section Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology Johor Masai Malaysia Institut Pertanian Bogor Indonesia

Iron has been increasingly studied over the past decade as a potential material for biodegradable bone implants due to its favorable mechanical strength and degradability. However, its slow corrosion rate in both in vitro and in vivo environments poses a challenge to its use as a temporary medical implant. In this study, the effects of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) addition on the corrosion behavior of an Fe matrix were assessed in two different solutions: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and protein-containing cell culture medium (RPMI-Pro). The results indicate a significant difference in the corrosion rate and behavior of Fe-rGO composites, with notably faster degradation observed in RPMI-Pro. Electrochemical and immersion tests revealed that rGO enhances the in vitro corrosion of Fe scaffolds, primarily due to its high surface area and favorable electrical conductivity, which accelerate redox reactions within the scaffolds. The Fe-0.5rGO sample immersed in RPMI-Pro exhibited a higher corrosion rate, as the adsorbed fetal bovine serum (FBS) proteins facilitated Fe dissolution by complexing with Fe ions, thereby preventing the formation of a low-solubility, dense Fe-based oxide passive layer. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Redox reactions

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Calculation method between heat treatment simulation and computer fluid dynamics

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Materials Performance and Characterization 2018年第2期8卷

作者： Sugimoto, Tsuyoshi Taniguchi, Kouichi Yamada, Shigenori Matsuno, Toshiyuki Sonobe, Masaru Ju, Dong-Ying Department of Material Engineering Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. 560-2 Okatsukoku Atsugi Kanagawa243-0192 Japan Department of Engineering Saitama Institute of Technology Fuseiji 1690 Fukaya Saitama369-0293 Japan Parts Process Engineering Department Machining Process Engineering Section No. 2 JATCO Ltd. 700-1 Imaizumi Fuji Shizuoka417-8585 Japan Environmental Material and Manufacturing Engineering Development Department Suzuki Motor Corp. 300 Takatsuka-cho Minami-ku Hamamatsu Shizuoka432-8611 Japan Fujikoshi Co. Ltd. 176 Okake Namerikawa Toyama936-0802 Japan

For vehicle drivetrain system parts such as gears, case hardening heat treatment with carburizing is well used to improve wear and rolling contact fatigue properties. However, distortion would occur during heat treatment processes, which may be a problem in improving the precision of the gear shape. Predicting distortion behavior accurately by heat treatment simulation method could help us achieve a good heat treatment quality and parts' shape accuracy. In this article, heat treatment simulation that is the predicting method from cooling situation to heat treatment distortion and computer fluid dynamics that is the predicting method from flow condition to cooling phenomena are combined. This combined method can estimate heat treatment quality on mass production treatment, especially in stable flow condition or some cooling conditions. However, especially for a continuously variable transmission pulley quenched in high-speed flow oil condition, the accuracy of heat treatment simulation is lower than other conditions. We estimated this to be the effect of turbulence generated in the flow. © 2018 by ASTM International.

关键词： Cooling

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2022年第7期6卷 e586-e600页

作者： Burkart, Katrin Causey, Kate Cohen, Aaron J Wozniak, Sarah S Salvi, Devashri Digvijay Abbafati, Cristiana Adekanmbi, Victor Adsuar, Jose C Ahmadi, Keivan Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alipour, Vahid Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amegah, Adeladza Kofi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Ansari, Fereshteh Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Aripov, Timur Babaee, Ebrahim Banach, MacIej Barnett, Anthony Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Bedi, Neeraj Behzadifar, Masoud Béjot, Yannick Bennett, Derrick A Bensenor, Isabela M Bernstein, Robert S Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bijani, Ali Biondi, Antonio Bohlouli, Somayeh Breitner, Susanne Brenner, Hermann Butt, Zahid A Cámera, Luis Alberto Cantu-Brito, Carlos Carvalho, Felix Cerin, Ester Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chauhan, Bal Govind Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Chu, Dinh-Toi Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Daryani, Ahmad Davletov, Kairat De Courten, Barbora Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Duncan, Bruce B El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Eskandarieh, Sharareh Fareed, Mohammad Farzadfar, Farshad Fattahi, Nazir Fazlzadeh, Mehdi Fernandes, Eduarda Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A Freitas, Marisa Ghashghaee, Ahmad Gill, Paramjit Singh Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Gopalani, Sameer Vali Guo, Yuming Gupta, Rajat Das Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie Hamadeh, Randah R Hamidi, Samer Hankey, Graeme J Hasanpoor, Edris Hassen, Hamid Yimam Hay, Simon I Heibati, Behzad Hole, Michael K Hossain, Naznin Househ, Mowafa Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Jaafari, Jalil Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kasaeian, Amir Kaydi, Neda Khader, Yousef Saleh Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khatab, Khaled Khater, Amir M Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kivimäki, Mika Knibbs, Luke D Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A Koyanagi, Ai Defo, Barthelemy Kuate Kugbey, Nuworza Lauriola, Paolo Lee, Paul H Leili, Mostafa Lewycka, Sonia Li, Shanshan Lim, Lee-Ling Li Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA United States Research Insights and Innovation Seattle WA United States Health Effects Institute Boston MA United States School of Public Health Boston University Boston MA United States Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Sport Science Department University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis MO United States Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Community and Family Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast) Barranquilla Colombia Research Group in Health Economics University of Cartagena Cartagena Colombia Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Cardiology Department Ca

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Am

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Low Cost, High Density Interposers in Aluminum Oxide Films

Low Cost, High Density Interposers in Aluminum Oxide Films

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IEEE Electronic Components and Technology Conference

作者： Hsiang-Yu Chan Dogukan Yildirim G. P. Li Chisa Fukuda Mark Bachman Materials and Manufacturing Technology University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA Development Section OM Sangyo Co. Ltd. Okayama Japan Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA Integra Devices LLC Irvine CA USA

In this paper, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is introduced as a potential new material for making interposers, and a low cost process for building high density interposers is demonstrated. Hard anodic process was used to create thick anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films containing high density vertical nanopores on aluminum substrates. Silicon dioxide (SiO_2) deposition by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was performed to form a hard mask against deep etching by a hydroxide based solution. Wet hydroxide etch produced nearly vertical openings in the AAO due to the highly anisotropic nature of the AAO material. Vias were metallized by bottom-up copper electroplating directly from the aluminum substrate, which acted as both a structural material and a seed layer for electroplating. After via plating, the top surface was polished to reach submicron surface roughness;the bottom surface was polished after etching away the aluminum carrier substrate to produce a final AAO interposer. This interposer benefits from high density vertical vias, low cost, and ease of manufacture.

关键词： Anodic aluminum oxide Hard anodization Interposer Wet chemical etch Electroplating

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Design of an interdisciplinary engineering elective scoped around collaboration with Small Medium Sized enterprises (SME) 42

Design of an interdisciplinary engineering elective scoped a...

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SEFI 2014: 42nd Annual Conference

作者： Christiansen, N. Ulrich, M. Pontoppidan, M.L. Section for Manufacturing Engineering and Development Technical University of Denmark Ballerup Denmark Process and Innovation Engineering Programme Technical University of Denmark Ballerup Denmark Section for Mechanical Engineering and Design Technical University of Denmark Ballerup Denmark

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