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Anaerobic digestion of biomass and waste: current trends in mathematical modeling

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2011年第1期44卷 5024-5033页

作者： Raf Dewil Joost Lauwers Lise Appels Geert Gins Jan Degrève Jan Van Impe Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control Section Department of Chemical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit Leuven W. De Croylaan 46 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium (Tel: +32-16-322675)

Abstract Although anaerobic digestion is a widely applied technology, the process is not yet fully understood because of its high complexity, and an optimization of the current technology is still needed. The design and control of digester systems is still generally performed by rule-of-thumb since no tools are currently available for an accurate evaluation of performance. The application of mathematical models is a prerequisite to improve digester performance and hence much attention is focused on the development of accurate models. This paper critically reviews the current state of the art about mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion models. Moreover, the main trends in optimization of the existing models and the development of new models are discussed.

关键词： anaerobic digestion ADM1 modeling

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Brittle Fracture in the Context of Fatigue Testing

Brittle Fracture in the Context of Fatigue Testing

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第69届世界铸造会议暨2010中国铸造活动周

作者： Maria MAJ Chair of Foundry Process Engineering Section of Machines and Casting DesignFaculty of Foundry EngineeringAGH University of Science and TechnologyCracowPoland

ISBN: (纸本)9781622762866

Wide variety of cast material applications and efforts to find optimum fields for casting operation are the reasons why it is so important to collect as many data on the properties of materials as *** problem of primary importance is to know how these materials will behave under the normally and rapidly changing loads,in other words-to know their fatigue *** methods to investigate and evaluate this phenomenon are being improved all the time. There are many achievements related with new fatigue models and criteria（mainly within the area of HCF and LCF）, and all of them help us to predict the life of different materials and products when operating under the conditions of uniaxial and multiaxial mechanical loads,applied at ambient or high temperatures. This study gives a short characteristic of fatigue tests and compares various data collected during measurements of the Low-cycle fatigue strength coefficient K with the values of constant K,representing fracture ***,the Low-cycle fatigue research enabled preliminary validation of both LCF and MLCF. The results of the investigations described here have revealed some important correlations that exist between the total elongation A and the proposed brittleness criterion B,conventional stress K,and fracture toughness *** important from the cognitive point of view is also a correlational relationship between the proposed brittleness criterion B and fracture toughness *** important aspect of the proposed brittleness criterion is that it enables collecting data on the properties of a relatively large material volume,while the results of fracture toughness measurements refer only to a small volume of the tested material,usually surrounding the notch *** the fact that the results of a comparative analysis of the LCF and MLCF tests give hope for a wide - spread application of the latter technique in fatigue testing of materials,its development to include the brittleness

关键词： fatigue resistance Low-cycle fatigue test(LCF) brittle fracture material constants

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Effect of sinter layer porosity distribution on flow and temperature fields in a sinter cooler

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2009年第3期16卷 265-272页

作者： Jik-chang Leong Kai-wun Jin Jia-shyan Shiau Tzer-ming Jeng Chang-hsien Tai Department of Vehicle Engineering Pingtung University of Science and Technology Iron Making Process Development Section Steel & Aluminum Research & Development Department Department of Mechanical Engineering Air Force Institute of Technology

When sinters are filled into the sinter cooler from the sintering machine, it is commonly seen that, due to segregation effects, sinters of larger size usually accumulate closer to the inner wall of the sinter cooler, whereas those of smaller size are to the outer wall. This nonuniform distribution of sinters has led to uneven cooling effect throughout the cooler. This causes the sinters leaving the cooler at a large temperature difference. This undesired temperature difference leads to the deformation and even the destruction of the conveyors. The computational fluid dynamics （CFD） technique was used in the present work to investigate the heat and fluid flow phenomena within the sinter cooler corresponding to the different distribution of sinter layer porosity, which was highly dependent on the arrangement and orientation of sinters within the sinter cooler. It is confirmed that a high mass flow rate within the sinter layer causes a low temperature region and vice versa. The flow fields for vertically reducing porosity distribution and random distribution are almost identical indicating the relative insignificance of convective heat transfer mechanism.

关键词： steel plant sinter cooler sinter porosity heat transfer packed bed

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Describing the heterogeneous heat response of E. coli with a subpopulation type model

Describing the heterogeneous heat response of E. coli with a...

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15th IFAC Symposium on System Identification, SYSID 2009

作者： Van Derlinden, E. Van Impe, J.F. BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control Section Department of Chemical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit Leuven W. de Croylaan 46 B-3001 Leuven Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9783902661470

Previous work showed that the exponential growth phase of E. coli K12 MG1655, grown in Brain Heart Infusion broth at temperatures close to its maximum temperature for growth is disturbed. Based on plate count data, microscopic images and literature, the existence of a heat resistant subpopulation was hypothesized [21]. This hypothesis is here mathematically validated by means of a heterogeneous modeling approach. Two subpopulations are considered: one sensitive population and one population with increased heat tolerance. A large fraction of the initial population inactivates while the remaining smaller fraction is able to resist (or adapt to) the inimical temperature and grows. A heterogeneous model that encloses growth (resistant population) and inactivation (sensitive population) is used to describe the global population dynamics. Most experimental data can be predicted when taking into account parameter uncertainty via Monte Carlo simulation. The heterogeneous modeling approach yields accurate description of disturbed growth curves at super optimal temperatures, except for high initial cell densities. This study confirms the existence of a (small) heat resistant subpopulation in typical inoculum cultures of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655. © 2009 IFAC.

关键词： Escherichia coli

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Describing the heterogeneous heat response of E. coli with a subpopulation type model

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2009年第10期42卷 1253-1258页

作者： E. Van Derlinden J.F. Van Impe BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control Section Department of Chemical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit Leuven W. de Croylaan 46 B-3001 Leuven (Belgium)

关键词： system identification complex systems models parameter estimation Monte Carlo simulation

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Optimization of protein extraction from fish waste using response surface methodology

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Journal of Applied Sciences 2009年第17期9卷 3121-3125页

作者： Nurdiyana, H. Siti Mazlina, M.K. Department of Process and Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia Section of Bioengineering Technology Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology Universiti Kuala Lumpur Lot 1988 Bandar Vendor Taboh Naning 7800 Alor Gajah Melaka Malaysia

The aim of present study was to optimize protein extraction from Fish Waste (FW), sardine (Sardina pilchardus) using enzymatic method. In this study, enzymatic method involved two combinations of enzymes which were alcalase and protamex. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study the effect of independent variables, namely temperature (35-55°C), rotation speed (100-300 rpm), time (60-1440 min) and enzyme:substrate ratio (0.5-1.5) on protein extraction from FW. From RSM-generated model, the optimum conditions for extraction of protein from FW were identified to be at temperature 35°C in 1429 min reaction time, with rotation speed of 171 rpm and enzyme:substrate ratio of 1.50. At the optimum conditions, predicted protein yield in the extraction process was 80.75 mg mL-1. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

关键词： Enzymes

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Comparison of thermal fatigue reliability of SnPb and SAC solders under various stress range conditions

Comparison of thermal fatigue reliability of SnPb and SAC so...

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International Conference on (ICEPT) Electronic Packaging technology

作者： Chaoran Yang Yuen Sing Chan S. W. Ricky Lee Yuming Ye Sang Liu Department of Mechanical Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China Process Technology Section of Manufacture Technologies Center Huawei Industrial Base Bantian Longgang Huawei Technologies Company Limited Shenzhen China

Most accelerated temperature cycling (ATC) tests reported the observations that SnAgCu (SAC) solders have better thermal fatigue reliability than SnPb solders due to their lower creep strain rate. But material studies revealed that this is true only when stress level is below a certain level. When the stress level in the solder increases, eventually the creep strain rate of SAC solder may outgrow that of the SnPb solder. Therefore, lead-free soldering under thermal cyclic loading may lead to more reliability concern than people expected. Further investigations on ATC tests with various stress ranges are still in demand. In the present study, by making use of distance-from-the-neutral-point (DNP) effect, a simple but effective custom-designed dummy package with various solder joint spacing is designed and manufactured to evaluate the thermal fatigue reliability of SnPb and SAC solders under different stress levels. It was found that SnPb solder could outperform SAC solder under a higher stress level condition. For the lower stress level condition, although the ATC test is still in progress, based on the present preliminary result, it is reasonable to predict that SAC solder would be better than SnPb solder in this case. The finite element analysis using the same package configuration was also conducted. The computational creep strains in the solders agreed with the ATC test results. Further discussion on the thermal fatigue life prediction is also presented in this paper.

关键词： Thermal stresses Fatigue Testing Creep Capacitive sensors Environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques Lead Soldering Packaging Life estimation

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Influences of homogenizing temperature and excess Si on age-hardening behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloys

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Keikinzoku/Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 2009年第6期59卷 305-309页

作者： Sakurai, Takeo Komatsu, Shin-Ya Kono, Norio Material and Process Research Section Aluminum Sheets and Coils Research Department Kobe Steel Ltd. 15 Kinugaoka Moka-shi Tochigi 321-4367 Japan Faculty of Chemistry Materials and Bioengineering Kansai University Suita-shi Osaka Japan Faculty of Engineering Chiba Institute of Technology Narashino-shi Chiba Japan

Influences of homogenizing temperature and excess Si on age-hardening behavior of Al-0.93%Mg2Si alloy were investigated. From size distribution obtained by image analysis of secondary phase particles on SEM micrographs, amount of Mg-Si compound in the excess Si alloy was decreased from that in the as-cast state by homogenization at 823 K for 7.2 ks. The amount of Mg-Si compound after homogenization at 773 K lays between those in the as-cast and 823 K homogenized states. Estimating from the analyzed chemical composition, complete dissolving temperature of Mg and Si of the excess Si alloy is 782 K. Conductivity IACS% was decreased with elevating temperature of homogenization, confirming the decrease in amount of the Mg-Si compound and increase in solute concentration. Though the complete dissolving temperature of Mg and Si is elevated, excess addition of only 0.18%Si brings about a strengthening larger than the previously reported alloy containing 0.47 %Cu.

关键词： Silicon alloys

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Rolling of aluminum

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Keikinzoku/Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 2008年第9期58卷 473-485页

作者： Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Masahide Process Engineering Department Rolled Products Division Rolling Technology Section 21-1 Kurome Mikuni-cho Sakai-shi Fukui 913-8588 Japan

No abstract available

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Development of gauge control technology on tandem cold rolling mill combined with pickling line

SEAISI Quarterly (South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute)

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SEAISI Quarterly (South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute) 2008年第3期37卷 48-52页

作者： Sano, Kenichi Kobayashi, Masanori Morimoto, Yoshio Yanagi, Shusuke Murakami, Akira Process Engineering Development Section Kakogawa Works Kobe Steel Ltd. Kakogawa Japan Mechanical Working Research Section Technical Development Group Kobe Steel Ltd. Kobe Japan Control Technology Research Section Technical Development Group Kobe Steel Ltd. Kobe Japan

In 1972, the tandem cold mill (TCM) at Kakogawa Works was started up as 5-stand batch type mill. In 1999, to respond the customers' severe request for gauge accuracy, the multi valuable automatic gauge control system (MVAGC) was installed and high accuracy of gauge control has been achieved. In 2002, to improve the productivity and the quality of cold-rolled products, the TCM line was combined with the pickling line and the threading and tailing off operations do not have been required. Before the combination, the mill operator corrected the pass schedule to apply MVAGC at threading. After that, the mill operator could not find operating time to correct the pass schedule calculated by the process computer, and the MVAGC was not usually applied. In order to use the MVAGC at the combined pickling and tandem cold mill, we have reconstructed the pass schedule setting method and the prediction model of rolling load for the pass schedule setting. As a result, MVAGC has been applied form head to tail of coil and off-gauge length has been successfully reduced. This paper describes the outline of the MVAGC system, the newly developed pass schedule setting method, prediction model of rolling load and the actual operation in TCM.

关键词： Cold rolling

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