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Influence of oil viscosity on oil-water core-annular flow through a horizontal pipe

Petroleum 2019年第2期5卷 199-205页

作者： Erik van Duin Ruud Henkes Gijs Ooms m.burgerscentrum delft university of technologyfaculty of mechanicalmaritimeand materials engineering(3me)laboratory for aero-&hydrodynamicsmekelweg 22628 sc delftthe netherlands shell projects and technology po box 380001030 bn amsterdamthe netherlands

An experimental study has been made of oil-water core-annular flow in a horizontal pipe with special attention for the influence of the oil viscosity on the pressure *** that purpose a heating system has been installed and configured that is able to control the oil temperature,such that the oil viscosity could be varied between 3000 cSt at 20C and 400 cSt at 50*** oil flow rate was kept at a constant value of 0.35 l/s,whereas the watercut was varied between 9%and 25%.The measured pressure drop is scaled with the calculated pressure drop of only oil flowing at the same flow rate and *** main conclusion is that for a large oil viscosity the scaled pressure drop is almost independent of the watercut,whereas with decreasing viscosity the scaled pressure drop becomes strongly dependent on the *** of the oil-water interface shows a more irregular wave shape with smaller wave lengths when the viscosity is *** is very good agreement between the predictions of the model of Ullmann&Brauner for the scaled pressure drop and the measurements.

关键词： viscosity flow annular

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The effect of a surfactant on slugs in a flowline-riser system 11

The effect of a surfactant on slugs in a flowline-riser syst...

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11th North American Conference on Multiphase technology

作者： Pronk, E.J. Ellepola, J.H. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Delft University of Technology Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

Based on the success of foam in subsurface applications it is of interest to investigate whether foam can also help overcome liquid management problems in surface flowlineriser systems. Therefore, flow experiments were carried out in the flow loop at the shell technology Centre Amsterdam. The facility consists of a 100 m long horizontal flowline (with 50.8 mm diameter) followed by a 16.8-m vertical riser (with 44 mm diameter). Air and water are the working fluids, and operation is at atmospheric outlet pressure. Foam is created by adding "DreftTM" (a dishwashing detergent) in various concentrations to the water/air flow. Experiments were taken both without and with foam. Various measurement techniques were used: differential pressure sensors, flow visualization, and Distributed Acoustic Sensors (DAS) (fibre optics). The focus is on (growing) slugs in the horizontal flowline, and severe slugging in the flowline-riser. It can be concluded from the small-scale lab experiments that adding a surfactant mitigates (growing) slugs in (nearly) horizontal flowlines, whereas the severe slugging cycle in a flowline-riser configuration cannot be broken. © 11th North American Conference on Multiphase technology. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surface active agents

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158 Embracing climate change and an evolving world! Discover global OEHS perspectives in a world cafe conversationGet access

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Annals of Work Exposures and Health 2024年第SUPPLEMENT_1期68卷 1–1页

作者： Alban, Ashton Hiddinga, Andrea Farid, Marina Zainal Laszcz-Davis, Chris Marín, David Rodríguez Anya, Ifeyinwa (Okafor) EA Engineering Science and Technology Inc. Hunt Valley USA AHOH-projects Sint Pancras Netherlands PETRONAS Group HSSE Kuala Lumpur Malaysia The Environmental Quality Organization Lafayette USA Innovare EHS S.A. de C.V. Mexico City Mexico Shell Port Harcourt Nigeria

Exacerbating novel and known occupational hazards, climate change is threatening the occupational setting and OEHS professionals are being forced to adapt to the quickly changing world. Faced with the question of how to minimize workers exposure to the hazards, many professionals are left wondering if there are others facing similar issues to collaborate with. In this workshop, OEHS professionals from around the world will participate in a world cafe by rotating through 5 tabletop conversations exploring the most pressing challenges addressing climate change exacerbated hazards in the occupational setting. Each table will be representative of a different region of the world and facilitated by an OEHS professional from that region. Facilitators will share their experiences and encourage others to share their experiences and ideas in addressing the hazards. Dialogue will promote collaboration, knowledge sharing that will leave participants with a network of support and new ideas to enact in their workplace. The concerns and ideas taken from the conversation will be used to develop a summary presenting the discussed major occupational hazards exacerbated by climate change and ideas to address occupational hygiene and worker health protection through the minimization of worker exposure to those discussed hazardous agents.

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Fracture toughness assessment of the susceptibility for sulfide stress corrosion cracking in high strength carbon and low alloy steels: A review

Fracture toughness assessment of the susceptibility for sulf...

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Corrosion Conference and Expo 2018

作者： Case, Raymundo Gonzalez, Manuel National Corrosion and Material Reliability Center Texas A and M University College StationTX United States Inc. Shell Projects and Technology HoustonTX United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510864405

High strength carbon steels typically used as oil country tubular goods can be susceptible to sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) when in service in environments that contain H2S. In the last 25 years, linear-elastic fracture mechanics has been used to understand both the mechanistic aspects of this form of cracking and to quantify the susceptibility to SSC of different OCTG steel grades. This paper presents a review on the evolution of the Double Cantilever Method (DCB) as a standard practice to assess the threshold stress intensity parameter (KISSC), evaluating the capabilities and limitations of this testing method to describe the conditions associated with crack propagation. The review study indicates that new testing methods based on the energy required for crack propagation such as JIc might be required to overcome the limitations of the static conditions implied in the KIc evaluation approach, which limited to linear fracture mechanics, cannot address the dynamic nature of the crack propagation and its interaction with the aggressive environment. © 2018 by NACE International.

关键词： Sulfur compounds

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How to Discover a Storage Resource: Following the Principles of the SPE-SRMS What is Required to Classify as Storage Resource as ‘Discovered’?

SSRN

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SSRN 2019年

作者： Seldon, Lesley R. Tucker, Owain Thibeau, Sylvain Canal Vila, Jacobo Masserano, Franco Shell UK Ltd Altens Farm Road AberdeenAB12 3FY United Kingdom Shell Projects and Technology Total Avenue Larribau Pau64018 France Repsol Technology Center Paseo de Extremadura Mostoles28935 Spain ENI Via Emilia San Donato Milanese 20097 Italy

How can we know that a developable storage resource exists at a given location – i.e. it is discovered? Is the presence of a permeable rock sufficient? How does a developer, financier or policy maker gain sufficient confidence that CO2 can be stored at an injection site to proceed with a project? The SPE have released the SRMS (Storage Resource Management System) which can clarify communication of storage resource confidence, using a consistent set of principles for classification (of resource maturity and ‘certainty’) and associated storage resource estimation methodology. There are strong similarities between the exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources and storage resources, and hence between the PRMS and SRMS. A notable difference is the additional requirement to demonstrate an expectation of long-term containment of the injected CO2 for a storage resource. A resource could not be classified as a discovered contingent resource until the expectation of a competent seal (to contain the injected CO2) is demonstrated (with direct supporting evidence) over the entire reservoir area where the injected CO2 plume might migrate in the long-term. The predicted pressure footprint may be permitted to extend beyond the discovered seal area. Many estimates in the literature take the pore volume of a formation and multiply this by a storage efficiency, but they do not critically assess the storage efficiency factor with containment in mind, in particular the containment of a migrating CO2 plume. The OGCI has reviewed publicly available CO2 storage resource assessments for the Captain Sandstone formation (UK Central North Sea), against the SRMS framework of principles. The potential classification of the storage resource estimates reviewed (both regional and site-specific) are discussed based on the available information. This focuses on allocating the resource estimates to either the discovered contingent resource class, or the undiscovered prospective resource cla

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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Development of speed controlled pigging for low pressure pipelines 18

Development of speed controlled pigging for low pressure pip...

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18th International Conference on Multiphase Production technology, MPT 2017

作者： Hendrix, M.H.W. IJsseldijk, H.P. Breugem, W.-P. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Delft University of Technology Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

In this study we investigate the development of a speed controlled pig in a low pressure pipeline. This is known to be a challenge due to the compressibility of the gas which can induce velocity surges of the pig. In order to reduce these velocity surges, a speed controlled pig with active by-pass control has been designed, fabricated and subsequently tested on a laboratory scale. The experimental setup consists of a 52 mm diameter pipe with a length of 62 meter. The working fluid is air. The speed controlled pig has an adjustable by-pass valve which can provide the right amount of by-pass to regulate the by-passing fluid force. First test runs show that the velocity surges can indeed be reduced, which demonstrate the feasibility of realizing fully autonomous control for bypass pigs in low pressure pipelines. © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017.

关键词： Speed

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MATERIALS AND FABRICATION : Foreword

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels a...

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP 2022年 1卷

作者： Jacobs, Peter Gill Pillot, Sylvain Shim, Do Jun Doddihal, Preeti Lam, Poh-Sang Scarth, Doug Hojo, Kiminobu Coules, Harry Mourad, Abdel-Hamid I. Donato, Gustavo Henrique B. de Jesus, Abílio Manuel Pinho Lam, Jessica Kalyanam, Sureshkumar Ronevich, Joe Marchi, Chris San Xu, Steven Korinko, Paul Krentz, Tim Briottet, Laurent James, Peter Marie, Stephane Nicak, Tomas Wiersma, Bruce Cohn, Marvin Ren, Weiju Kirchhofer, Rita Chen, Xiang Gill, Peter Uddin, Mohammed Li, Yinsheng James, Peter Zhu, Xian-Kui Park, Dong-Yeob Kirk, Mark Yamamoto, Masato Server, William L. Sharples, John Uddin, Mo Rudland, Dave Mertiny, Pierre O’Dowd, Noel P. Shi, Jianfeng Cooper, Adam Davies, Catrin Mair Qian, Haiyang Kim, Yun-Jae Kirchhofer, Rita Brust, Frederick Bud Messner, Mark McMurtrey, Michael Brongers, Michiel Duncan, Andrew Davies, Catrin Chakraborty, Arindam Mandeville, Kevin McMurtrey, Michael Brongers, Michiel Lesiuk, Grzegorz Cameron, Jay Penso, Jorge Li, Yinsheng Huang, Yifan Shargay, Cathleen Brongers, Michiel Walton House Birchwood Park Warrington EPRI Kinectrics Inc. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries University of Bristol United Kingdom United Arab Emirates University United Arab Emirates Centro Universitário da FEI University of Porto Portugal Ontario Power Generation Canada Sandia National Labs Savannah River National Lab ArcelorMittal French Energies & Atomic Energy Commission Jacobs Framatome Savannah River National Laboratory Intertek AIM Oak Ridge National Laboratory Exponent Inc. Structural Integrity Associates Atomic Energy Agency CanmetMaterials Natural Resources Canada CRIEPI ATI Consulting USNRC University of Alberta University of Limerick Zhejiang University U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Wood Imperial College London GE Power Korea University Exponent Argonne National Laboratory Idaho National Laboratory Virtual Integrated Analytics Solutions DNV GL Maritime Exponent Failure Analysis Associates Wroclaw University of Science and Technology The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. Shell Projects and Technology Japan Atomic Energy Agency Candu Energy Inc. SNC-Lavalin Nuclear Fluor Corp.

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Simulating interaction between level ice and conical structures with a2d lattice model 24

Simulating interaction between level ice and conical structu...

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24th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, POAC 2017

作者： Van Vliet, Renate Metrikine, Andrei V. Shell Projects and Technology Rijswijk Netherlands Delft University of Technology Netherlands

Structures with a downward sloping waterline shape in Arctic or sub-Arctic regions experience reduced loading from ice on the structure and its foundation compared to vertical structures as the slope causes the ice to fail in bending. For the design of these structures, a numerical model is desired that can predict the loading from the ice on the structure by simulating the physical processes that occur when the ice fails. A numerical 2D lattice model has been developed to simulate level ice behavior. The model is composed of masses and interconnecting springs, taking into account deformation in tension, compression, bending, shear and torsion in the ice sheet. Deformation and failure criteria in the model are based on first principles, enabling a physically sound simulation of breaking processes. In addition, the discrete lattice model avoids stress singularities in fracture modeling since the model only describes displacements and forces in the connections and no stresses are present. In this paper interaction between ice and a downward sloping conical structure is simulated with the lattice model and compared with data from scale model tests. From the model test results it was observed that level ice and larger ice floes fail in sequential bending during interaction with a structure, giving a repetitive load pattern. Smaller ice floes split and break in bending into smaller parts and a sequential breaking pattern does not develop. The lattice model is capable of simulating failure in bending, splitting and combinations of these. In contrast, predictions of the model presented herein suffer from limitations of the contact model between the ice and the structure, the lack of a clearing mechanism and the use of a regular lattice mesh.

关键词： Sea ice

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Estimation of oil-rim thickness with analogue data in the absence of definite fluid contacts: A case study from onshore Niger delta

Estimation of oil-rim thickness with analogue data in the ab...

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SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition 2017

作者： Fouzdar, Amit Kilic, Cem Das, Anindya Shell Projects and Technology United States Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited Nigeria

ISBN: (纸本)9781510846807

One of the major challenges in field development is to estimate the possible oil-rim thickness, when only known contact is Gas-Down-To (GDT) or Oil-Down-To (ODT), and where seismic analysis cannot resolve the uncertainty. A reliable, repeatable, and practical technique to estimate the ranges of possible oil-rim thickness with the regional analogue would allow for making development decisions, as well as meeting the local regulatory requirements. An analog database with numerous proven hydrocarbon (gas and oil) column heights provides a trend for "gas-to-oil column ratio" by depth, which can be used for predicting possible oil-rim thickness at specific reservoirs with the contact uncertainty. For all the analog reservoirs, fluid thicknesses have been tabulated and a "gas-to-oil column ratio" has been calculated. A simple plot between the "gas-to-oil column ratio" and reservoir depth reveals a certain trend of increasing "gas-to-oil column ratio" by depth. In addition, database also provides a cumulative distribution of regional column heights, which could be used to constrain the maximum estimated hydrocarbon column thicknesses. The trend of increasing "gas-to-oil column ratio" by depth indicates that gas-columns gets much bigger compare to oil-columns as the reservoir depth increasing. With given depth information and estimated "gas-to-oil column ratio" from the database, it is possible to estimate possible range of oil-rim thickness. By investigating the scatter in the trend, it is also possible to estimate a range of "gas-to-oil column ratios". With the help of this methodology, in absence of any definite fluid contact, it is possible to estimate a range of oil-rim thicknesses, which has an impact on field development scenarios;i.e. "gas-only", "oil-then-gas", or "concurrent oil-and-gas" development options. In addition, it could also help field development plan to meet the regulatory requirements;i.e. providing a strong case not to develop or appraise the oil rim

关键词： Gases

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Learnings from the shell Peterhead CCS Project Front End Engineering Design

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Energy Procedia 2017年 114卷 5663-5670页

作者： Alissa Cotton Lilian Gray Wilfried Maas Shell Projects and Technology

Commercial-scale demonstration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is required to advance wide-spread implementation of CCS technology across a range of carbon-intensive industries, in order to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to atmosphere. Capturing the learnings from leading demonstration projects is key for design optimisation, technology development and in turn, cost reduction. The importance of knowledge sharing and dissemination of learnings is of particular importance for CCS in order to maximise the cost-competitiveness of the technology across industry and energy markets and help reduce the overall costs to society for decarbonisation. shell led the development of the Peterhead CCS (PCCS) project in the UK, from which the learnings from the completed front end engineering design (FEED) phase of the project have been identified and captured. In line with the agreement with the UK government, who sponsored part of the FEED phase, the learnings have been shared publically for the benefit of future follow on projects. The project completed FEED in 2015, the same year in which the project was cancelled due to UK Government withdrawal of funding for the UK CCS Commercialisation Competition. The Peterhead CCS project FEED phase comprised design work for CO 2 capture from the Peterhead gas fired power station using shell Cansolv technology. The project design also encompassed pipeline transport of the CO 2 through an existing pipeline to the CO 2 subsurface storage site in the North Sea Goldeneye reservoir, utilising the existing offshore platform. This paper provides an overview of learnings from across both the technical and non-technical spectrums, including key technical CCS specific topics, as well as learnings from engagement with stakeholders, and development of regulatory frameworks. The learnings shared can be applied to the design of future CCS projects to reduce costs, optimise the technology, and realise public and regulatory support. The

关键词： Carbon Capture and Storage Peterhead CCS Project Lessons Learnt Demonstration Front End Engineering Design

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