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SSRN 2019年

作者： Espie, Tony Tucker, Owain Thibeau, Sylvain Ask, Karen BP International BP Group Technology Chertsey Road Sunbury-on-ThamesTW16 7LN United Kingdom Shell Projects and Technology Altens Farm Road AberdeenAB12 3FY United Kingdom Total Avenue Larribau Pau64018 France Equinor ASA Arkitekt Ebbells veg 7053 Ranheim Trondheim Norway

关键词： Greenhouse gases

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CFD for multiphase flow in vertical risers 18

CFD for multiphase flow in vertical risers

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18th International Conference on Multiphase Production technology, MPT 2017

作者： Tocci, F. Bos, F. Henkes, R. Politecnico di Milano Italy Dynaflow Research Group Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands Delft University of Technology Netherlands

Simulation tools are used extensively for the design and for the improved operations of oil and gas production systems. Most of these simulations are carried out with steady and transient one-dimensional tools, such as PIPESIM, OLGA and LedaFlow. For some applications, however, such as flow in bends, flow in splitters, flow in headers to facilities etc. the one-dimensional assumption limits the prediction accuracy. As an alternative, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used, either for two-dimensional and three-dimensional configurations. The study as presented in this paper is focused on the verification and validation of CFD results for multiphase flow of gas and liquid through vertical pipe sections. The open source CFD framework OpenFOAM has been used for this purpose, employing two different multiphase flow methods. The Volume of Fluid method can be used for the capturing of the liquid-gas interfaces, while the two fluid model approach is typically used for dispersed phases. In the present study these two models were combined in a hybrid model and validated using two representative test cases for the vertical pipe. For these two test cases CFD and experimental results are available in the literature, particularly results with Fluent, as presented at a previous BHR conference [1], and with Star-CCM+ as presented in [2]. © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017.

关键词： Computational fluid dynamics

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The CO2 Storage Resources Management System (SRMS): Toward a Common Approach to Classifying, Categorizing, and Quantifying Storage Resources

SSRN

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SSRN 2019年

作者： Frailey, Scott M. Koperna, George J. Tucker, Owain Illinois State Geological Survey Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 615. E. Peabody Dr. ChampaignIL61820 United States Adanced Reserouces International Inc. 4501 Fairfax Dr. Suite 910 ArlingtonVA22203 United States Shell Projects and Technology 1 Altens Farm Road Aberdeen United Kingdom

Several international oil and gas exploration and production companies who have recognized the importance of capturing and storing CO2 identified that the global community would benefit from an accepted and recognized system in which CO2 storage resources could be quantified, categorized, and classified. In early 2016, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) agreed to sponsor and support the development of a system built from the well-established Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS). The carbon capture, utilization, and storage technical section (CCUS-TS) of the SPE agreed to lead this effort. This group represents companies, governments, national labs, consulting firms, research institutes, and academia. To benefit from the experience in developing and using the PRMS, several individuals with recognized oil and gas classification expertise were recruited to the SRMS committee. The SRMS classification of a storage quantity is project based, which means that a higher degree of certainty of a geologic formation being used for storage is completely dependent on the certainty that the injection project will be funded through site screening, selection, and active injection. The premise is that the highest classification of confidence in an estimate of storage is from active CO2 injection. The broadest two classifications, Discovered and Undiscovered Storage Resources, are based on data available. Discovered Storage Resources require the presence of a wellbore with adequate data to assess a geologic formation for storage, which includes CO2 containment potential. Undiscovered Storage Resources are entirely exploratory and do not require a wellbore. For this reason, Undiscovered is called Prospective Storage Resource. Discovered Storage Resources are further classified as Contingent Storage Resources and Storage Capacity. The primary difference is that the project associated with the storage quantity classified as Contingent Storage Resources is temporarily not ex

关键词： Risk assessment

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The use of surfactants for gas well deliquification: A comparison of research projects and developed models

The use of surfactants for gas well deliquification: A compa...

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18th International Conference on Multiphase Production technology, MPT 2017

作者： van't Westende, J.M.C. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Ajani, A. Kelkar, M. TNO Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics Netherlands Delft University of Technology Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands University of Tulsa United States

This paper compares three recent different independent research projects on experiments and modelling of the use of surfactants to create a foam for deliquification of wet gas wells. The research groups involved are TNO, Delft University of technology and the University of Tulsa. The various experimental setups that are used and their outcome (trends and correlations) are described. In each project, a model was developed to predict the pressure gradient under foam flowing conditions. These models are discussed here and they are applied to representative well conditions. © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017.

关键词： Surface active agents

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Statistics of extreme ocean environments: Non-stationary inference for directionality and other covariate effects

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Jones, Matthew Randell, David Ewans, Kevin Jonathan, Philip Department of Mathematical Sciences Durham University DurhamDH1 3LE United Kingdom Shell Projects & Technology ManchesterM22 0RR United Kingdom Sarawak Shell Bhd Kuala Lumpur50450 Malaysia

Numerous approaches are proposed in the literature for non-stationarity marginal extreme value inference, including different model parameterisations with respect to covariate, and different inference schemes. The objective of this article is to compare some of these procedures critically. We generate sample realisations from generalised Pareto distributions, the parameters of which are smooth functions of a single smooth periodic covariate, specified to reflect the characteristics of actual samples from the tail of the distribution of significant wave height with direction, considered in the literature in the recent past. We estimate extreme values models (a) using Constant, Fourier, B-spline and Gaussian Process parameterisations for the functional forms of generalised Pareto shape and (adjusted) scale with respect to covariate and (b) maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference procedures. We evaluate the relative quality of inferences by estimating return value distributions for the response corresponding to a time period of 10× the (assumed) period of the original sample, and compare estimated return values distributions with the truth using Kullback-Leibler, Cramer-von Mises and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics. We find that Spline and Gaussian Process parameterisations estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo inference using the mMALA algorithm, perform equally well in terms of quality of inference and computational efficiency, and generally perform better than alternatives in those respects. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational efficiency

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The CO2 storage resources management system (SRMS): toward a common approach to classifying, categorizing, and quantifying storage resources 14

The CO2 storage resources management system (SRMS): toward a...

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14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT 2018

关键词： Storage management

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Delivering LNG mega projects: What got us here wont get us There. What needs to change? 18

Delivering LNG mega projects: What got us here wont get us T...

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18th International Conference and Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas 2016, LNG 2016

作者： Mercer, Hilary Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781510845398

Mega-project delivery is inherently complex and, as we look into the future, it'll remain challenging. shell and its partners have a strong track record of delivering LNG mega-projects around the world: from Oman to Sakhalin in Russia's far east. But the landscape of LNG mega-project development and delivery is changing. The stakeholders involved are more varied with different needs and aspirations;the partnerships created to deliver the opportunity are more disparate;new geographic locations are being explored;the impact of non-technical risks on project delivery continues to rise;and more technology advances are available to deploy. But has the recipe for developing LNG mega-projects become too complex: are they still affordable? What is the right amount of technological development to deploy? Is the industry creating the best environment to develop the next generation of LNG Project Delivery Professionals? What sorts of contractor relationships are needed to ensure safe, high quality, reliable and affordable Project Delivery? What can be learnt from the past that will help or hinder development in the future? This paper will look at these questions and, drawing on personal experience gained whilst delivering LNG mega projects, shell will provide insight into how LNG-mega projects are being developed using a thematic approach, how technical and nontechnical risks are managed, what is being done to work with contractors to continually improve construction capability and how the next generation of Project Delivery Professionals is being developed.

关键词： Contractors

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Frictional forces during pigging of multiphase pipelines 10

Frictional forces during pigging of multiphase pipelines

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10th North American Conference on Multiphase technology 2016

作者： Hendrix, M.H.W. Den Heijer, A. Breugem, W.-P. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Delft University of Technology Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781510828896

In this study the frictional force between a pig and the pipe wall is studied by investigating the properties of the sealing disk of the pig. This is done by subjecting the sealing disk to a wall normal force and a frictional force in a lab facility. The experimental results are compared with values obtained by Finite Element Analysis and by a simplified mechanistic model. The obtained results are important for estimating the steady state pig velocity in a pipeline, and thus for the arrival time of the pig. In addition, the results can be used to improve 10 transient pig modelling in a pipeline, where the frictional force is an input parameter. © BHR Group 2016.

关键词： Pipelines

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Europa umbilical retermination

Europa umbilical retermination

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Offshore technology Conference 2016, OTC 2016

作者： Levar, Jason Seah, Han Hsien Shell Projects and Technology United States Shell Exploration and Production Company United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510824294

The Europa Chemical Injection (CI) umbilical was installed at the Mars platform in 1999. Over the past 16 years, many of the umbilical tubes were taken out-of-service due to leaks in the topside termination assembly. The umbilical was reterminated from the Mars platform during July and August of 2015. As a result, 6 out-of-service tubes were restored and the life and functionality of the umbilical was extended. In addition to the operational gains, the effort provided significant savings by mitigating the need for a replacement umbilical and simplifying a future abandonment operation. This is believed to be the industry's first ever topside retermination of an in service, steel tube umbilical. The success of this offshore operation is significant to shell and the greater operations community due to anticipated maintenance of aging, steel tube umbilicals like the Europa umbilical. shell has several other umbilicals which were manufactured and installed in this same time period which may benefit learnings from this activity. It is believed based on engagement with the Europa operating partners that the learnings from this operation may also benefit other deepwater operators. This first-of-its-kind operation established a best practice procedure to conduct a retermination of an aging umbilical from the platform. A new friction/squeeze clamp design was developed and qualified to 3 times the design load. The allowable squeeze limit of the umbilical was well above the calculated and recommended values. A unique chemical displacement strategy was utilized to partially displace the umbilical to accommodate cutting and welding activities. This strategy utilized S-traps along the umbilical route to prevent chemical backflow which drastically reduced the displaced volume of chemical. In the current economic climate, operators are looking for ways to prolong the life of their aging assets. This operation is an example of a unique, cost-effective solution to maturing brownfield

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Reducing breakdown pressure and fracture tortuosity by in-plane perforations and cyclic pressure ramping 50

Reducing breakdown pressure and fracture tortuosity by in-pl...

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50th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2016

作者： Falser, Simon Mo, Weijian Weng, Dingwei Fu, Haifeng Lu, Yongjun Ding, Yunhong Wong, Sau-Wai Shell Projects and Technology Beijing China RIPED-Langfang of PetroChina Langfang China Shell International Exploration and Production Houston United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510828025

Formation breakdown failures were early on identified as technical risk in hydraulic fracturing treatments of wells in the Sichuan basin, China. This study focuses on reducing the breakdown pressure while improving near-wellbore fracture geometries by a variety of perforation geometries as well as cyclic pressure ramp-ups. A total of six large scale polyaxial experiments on isotropic cement samples were conducted, in which the principal stresses were set to represent a horizontal wellbore in a normally faulted stress regime. The results show that breakdown pressures can be reduced by 25% with in-plane perforations or cyclic pressure ramping. The results further indicate that open hole and conventional plug-and-perf completions lead to more near wellbore fracture tortuosities, while transverse fractures can be initiated from the in-plane perforation geometry. Copyright 2016 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association.

关键词： Fracture

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