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8th North American Conference on Multiphase technology

作者： Van Nimwegen, A.T. Portela, L.M. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Delft University of Technology Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781855981294

Experiments for air-water flow with and without added foamers were performed in a 50 mm diameter 12 m long vertical pipe at ambient pressure. It was observed that adding foamers to water will lead to a lower pressure drop at superficial gas velocities below the transition limit from annular flow to churn annular flow (which is around 15 m/s) and at superficial liquid velocities between 0.5 and 2 cm/s. Visualisation of the flow with a high speed camera indicates that the decrease in the pressure drop is due to the more regular nature of the flow when the water is foaming: churning of the flow is suppressed by the foam. This is confirmed by the decrease of the pressure oscillations in the presence of foamers. These experiments give insight into why and how liquid loading in gas wells is prevented by the addition of foamers. © BHR Group 2012.

关键词： High speed cameras

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Reactive transport modeling for CO2 storage in a depleted North Sea gas field

Reactive transport modeling for CO2 storage in a depleted No...

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3rd EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop: Understanding the Behaviour of CO2 in Geological Storage Reservoirs

作者： Snippe, J. Wei, L. Lovelock, C. Tucker, O. Shell United Kingdom Shell China Ltd China Projects and Technology Aberdeen United Kingdom

The key subsurface selection criteria for a CO2 storage candidate are capacity, injectivity and containment. There are many factors that influence these selection criteria. The factor addressed in this paper is the geochemical interaction between CO2 and the rock minerals. Each of the criteria can be affected by these interactions. For Goldeneye, a depleted gas reservoir in the Central North Sea, we have simulated the potential geochemical interactions with and without coupling to fluid flow. For the standalone interactions we used a standard geochemical modeling package (PHREEQC), using dissolution/precipitation rate formulas. For the coupled interactions we used our in-house reservoir simulator coupled to PHREEQC. The reservoir simulator was run in Equation of State mode so that it takes into account the phase behaviour between the gas (including CO2 - hydrocarbon mixing), oil (thin oil rim) and water. We also considered diffusion models through the caprock. The conclusion is that for Goldeneye the CO2-induced reactions tend to decrease porosity in the caprock as well as in the reservoir. Therefore it is considered unlikely that the geochemical interactions would create leak paths in the caprock. The porosity decrease in the reservoir is not likely to have a significant impact on injectivity.

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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25 Years of process design + Manufacturing + R&D and still don't know what i want to be when i grow up

25 Years of process design + Manufacturing + R&D and still d...

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2012 AIChE Spring Meeting and 8th Global Congress on Process Safety, 12AIChE

作者： Allawi, Ahmed J. Innovation R and D Shell Projects and Technology Houston TX United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780816910717

The author spent most of his career in the Engineering and Construction industry (E&C) where he worked in process & environmental engineering, technology support, and project & department management. After 20 years in this industry, he took a leap of faith and joined one of his client companies to manage the manufacturing support functions at a major petrochemical complex. Two years later, he moved to his present role where he leads a regional Research & Development group within the same company. The author shares his first-hand experience of working in these numerous roles in three different industries. In addition, he discusses the value of advanced degrees in engineering and/or business in each of the industries in which he worked. The author's main goal for the paper is to provide practical career guidance to young engineers as they consider their options for professional development and advancement.

关键词： Construction industry

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Investigation and actions after an internal air compressor filter fire

Investigation and actions after an internal air compressor f...

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2012 AIChE Spring Meeting and 8th Global Congress on Process Safety, 12AIChE

作者： McAllister, Paul M. Dyche, John L. Graves, Russell C. CRI/Criterion Inc. Shell Projects and Technology 3333 Highway 6 South Houston TX 77082 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780816910717

In November 2005, an internal fire occurred in a filter downstream of a dual headed diaphragm compressor. Subsequent investigation revealed that the compressor diaphragms had been punctured after failure of a check valve allowed debris to impact the diaphragms. The puncture extended through three separate diaphragms allowing compressor oil to be pumped into the air stream on the process side. The compressor continued to operate, oil collected in a downstream filter, and ignition occurred resulting in an internal fire. Discoloration of the filter housing indicated a temperature in excess of 700 °F occurred in this filter housing. Fortunately, there was no loss of containment and the fire was extinguished without operator intervention. This presentation will focus on the investigation into the causes of the equipment failure, how the ignition may have occurred, and the actions taken to prevent future incidents. Implementation of improved shutdown systems, more frequent maintenance, and changes to reduce possible causes of the fire were implemented and the compressors have operated without another incident since 2005.

关键词： Pilot plants

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Analysis of horizontal wellbore stability in clay shale

Analysis of horizontal wellbore stability in clay shale

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46th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2012

作者： Akl, S.A. Whittle, A.J. Shell Exploration and Production Company - Projects and Technologies Houston TX United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cambridge MA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781622765140

This paper examines how the predicted mechanisms of horizontal wellbore stability are related to the constitutive model describing the mechanical behavior of the geologic formation around the wellbores. Two critical state soil models are used: Modified Cam Clay [1] and MIT-E3 [2]. The horizontal wellbores are modeled by a 2D plane strain model with horizontal and vertical axes of symmetry using non-linear finite elements. The paper considers wellbores drilled in cross-anisotropic saturated porous formation of unlithified hard clay/soft shale. Short-term wellbore instability during drilling in low permeability formations is analyzed assuming undrained conditions. The paper compares the MCC and MIT-E3 predictions of critical mud pressures at which failure occurs;and deformations and shear strains around the wellbore at a reference mud pressure. For the horizontal wellbore, the MIT-E3 model predicts failure due to a local increase in inward deformations at the cavity wall and higher critical mud pressure than the underbalanced drilling limit. The MIT-E3 model predicts lower magnitudes of shear strains around the wellbore but higher critical mud pressure at failure than that predicted by the MCC model. The more sophisticated MIT-E3 with an asymmetric yield surface gives a more accurate prediction of failure in horizontal wellbores. Copyright 2012 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association.

关键词： Finite element method

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Application of ultra high capacity shell ConSep* tray for de-bottlenecking of a Crude Distillation Unit

Application of ultra high capacity shell ConSep* tray for de...

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2012 AIChE Spring Meeting and 8th Global Congress on Process Safety, 12AIChE

作者： Majumder, Kaushik Mosca, Giuseppe Mahon, Kent Shell Projects and Technology Bangalore India Sulzer Chemtech Ltd. Winterthur Switzerland New Zealand Refining Co. Ltd. Whangarei New Zealand

ISBN: (纸本)9780816910717

The main fractionator of the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU-1) in Whangarei refinery of The New Zealand Refining Company Limited (NZRC) was retrofitted with high capacity internals to increase the unit throughput from 8500 ton/day to 13000 ton/day. shell ultra high capacity ConSep trays were applied in the most capacity constrained HGO pump-around (mid circulating reflux) section of the column as no other first generation high capacity tray was found adequate to debottleneck this section. By the application of ConSep trays, capex savings of the order of USD 5.5 - 6 million was achieved compared to other conventional debottlenecking options. This was the first application of ConSep trays in a CDU main fractionator and the post revamp test run established the realization of the expected performance.

关键词： Distillation

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Evaluation of variable gas saturation on acoustic log data from the Haynesville Shale gas play, NW Louisiana, USA

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Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK) 2011年第3期30卷 300-311页

作者： Lucier, Amie M. Hofmann, Ronny Bryndzia, L. Taras Shell International Exploration and Production Projects and Technology United States

Many technical challenges must be overcome to ensure the economic development of a shale gas resource including: (1) making an accurate assessment of gas distribution and saturation, (2) identifying target zones that optimize the impact of hydraulic fracture stimulation and completion, and (3) drilling safe and cost-effective wells. In order to meet these challenges, it is necessary to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the shales. Sonic logs provide important data about the rock and fluid properties that can be used for this characterization. One motivation for this work was to determine how sonic logs in gas-bearing shales can be used to characterize rock properties, derive mechanical properties, and estimate in-situ stresses. © 2011 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Test methods for hydraulic media

Test methods for hydraulic media

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作者： Guven, Ahmet K. Shell Projects and Technology United States

The main purpose of a hydraulic fluid is the efficient transmission of hydraulic power, but it has additional related functions in respect of lubrication, protection;reliable, long life system performance, cooling and sealing. To meet these requirements satisfactorily, a hydraulic fluid has to perform to certain standards set by industry organizations, equipment manufacturers, ultimately customers themselves. This paper will try to summarize the core chemical and mechanical hydraulic tests and their correlations with key aspects of a hydraulic fluid in service. Developing a premium anti-wear hydraulic fluid is a complex process and requires a strong technical skill base. Paper reflects the experience of shell Lubricants both in development and also in application of hydraulic fluids. Will help users to select the suitable hydraulic fluid while going through hydraulic fluid specifications.

关键词： Hydraulic fluids

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Assessing potential value of R&D opportunities via explicit assumption vs. implicit experience- or learning-curve models

Assessing potential value of R&D opportunities via explicit ...

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2011 AIChE Annual Meeting, 11AIChE

作者： Powell, Joseph B. Chheda, Juben N. Shell Projects and Technology Houston TX United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780816910700

In summary, experience and learning curves are useful for commercial technologies in predicting rates of future cost reductions and improvements. They are not useful at the R&D or project "select" phase as a generic "it will improve in the future" concept, which sometimes is erroneously used for investment decisions. If technology improvements such as higher mass and energy yields, lower capex due to larger- scale plants are already considered explicitly in future economic scenarios, arbitrary inclusion of additional future generic "learning curve" improvements of unknown origin, can be redundant, and can lead to incorrect, overly optimistic assessment. Costs will come down due to manufacturing experience and learning (especially upon expansion of scale), but only for viable commercial processes. Margins will also likely be eroded due to competition, such that assumption of generic future learnings improvements of unknown origin are unlikely to be a valid premise for investment in what appears to be an borderline uneconomic project.

关键词： Cost reduction

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Adsorption-based structural characterization of intake valve deposits

Adsorption-based structural characterization of intake valve...

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SAE 2011 World Congress and Exhibition

作者： Costa, Jose Sarkisov, Lev Seaton, Nigel Cracknell, Roger Univ. of Edinburgh United Kingdom Shell Projects and Technology

There is widespread evidence in the literature that carbonaceous deposits can accumulate on the rear of intake valves and can adversely affect engine performance. For port fuel injected engines, a number of authors have suggested that the porous nature of these intake valve deposits (IVDs) means that they can act like a "sponge", thereby preventing the correct amount of fuel from entering the combustion chamber during transient operation, especially when the engine is cold. A combination of experimental gas adsorption measurements and computational molecular simulations were used to characterize the porous structure of a sample of IVD. Molecular simulation was then used to predict the equilibrium adsorption of various hydrocarbons, including isooctane, in IVDs. The results support the theory that adsorption of fuel components in IVDs could perturb the mixture preparation. © © 2011 shell Research Limited.

关键词： Fuels

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