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Offshore technology Conference Asia 2020, OTCA 2020

作者： Zhang, Tingting Rahim, Mohd Helmi Abd Kim, Igor Ting, Angelina Moronkeji, Dee Hardikar, Nikhil Prakash Funes, Daniel A. Sabah Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd. Sarawak Shell Berhad Shell Projects and Technology Baker Hughes Company

ISBN: (纸本)9781613996812

In a typical waterflooding philosophy, water injection is often constrained by the in-situ stress of the overlying geological seal, in order to avoid out-of-zone injection and ensure reservoir fluid containment. Direct measurement of in-situ stress from wireline Micro-frac testing is insightful as compared to a conventional leak-off test (LOT) conducted at the casing shoe, due to the smaller volume and lower injection rate used. Unlike the conventional LOT, Micro-frac tests can be performed at discrete and multiple intervals in one wireline run, away from the casing shoe. In 2017, shell Malaysia Exploration and Production (SMEP) conducted the first wireline Micro-frac test in a caprock shale, in a deepwater injector well, offshore Malaysia. The job was successfully executed with an improved design of the flowback mechanism, using a combination of a small volume pump and a drawdown chamber. While the small volume pump provided the advantage of accurate volume/rate measurement, the modified drawdown chamber setup provided a constant flow rate, to aid in a more accurate fracture closure pressure interpretation. The improved setup was the first successful application of this device for the purpose of Micro-frac. Both the methodologies showed good and comparable results, thereby adding higher confidence to the interpretation of fracture closure pressure. A workflow has been developed to ensure successful execution of the logging job. Pre-job modeling was completed using offset well data to derive formation mechanical properties as well as in-situ stress profile. This information was then used to characterize formation breakdown pressure, selection of test intervals and optimum straddle packer positioning. Learnings from the test conducted at the first depth station were used to optimize the number of cycles for the subsequent stations. In addition, an operational decision tree was developed to assess the number of cycles required and contingency criteria. The paper prese

关键词： Offshore oil well production

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Residual Stress in 347H Weldments: Influence of Various Thermal Treatment on Residual Stress Reduction

Residual Stress in 347H Weldments: Influence of Various Ther...

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ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, PVP 2024

作者： Yang, Yi Gao, Yanfei Feng, Zhili Bunn, Jeffrey R. Payzant, E. Andrew Penso, Jorge Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Tennessee KnoxvilleTN37996 United States Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O BOX 2008 Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Neutron Scattering Division High Flux Isotope Reactor Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O BOX 2008 Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Shell Projects and Technology P.O. Box 4327 HoustonTX77210 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780791888513

Residual stresses play a pivotal role in influencing the structural integrity of welded structures, a consequence inherent to the welding process itself. In scenarios involving cyclic thermal and mechanical loading during operation, the dynamic transformation of residual stress patterns arises from multiple influencing factors. In addition to thermomechanical considerations, the evolution of the microstructure significantly contributes to this intricate and interconnected phenomenon. The selection of 347H austenitic stainless steel stands out as an optimal choice due to its exceptional resistance to creep and corrosion. Nonetheless, unforeseen failures continue to pose significant challenges in meeting design criteria. Residual stress remains the primary factor for predicting the lifetime of welded components, and a reliable measurement method for this purpose is still lacking. In this research paper, we present a comprehensive series of measurements conducted on lab-made plate welds subjected to different thermal treatment conditions. Simultaneously, we employ and compare two distinct calculation methodologies to assess the disparities and the feasibility of applying the plane stress methodology to thick service pipe welds. Through a meticulous measurement plan encompassing both As-Welded and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) lab-made plate welds, which aim to determine the impact of PWHT on the redistribution and relaxation of the residual stress field. Additionally, both plate welds undergo 361.5 hours of thermal aging (TA) at 650℃ to mimic as practical as possible service conditions. The validation of both methodologies is subsequently established across four distinct thermal treatment conditions. Consequently, the reliable application of the plane stress methodology to service-grade thin/thick pipes becomes apparent. © 2024 by The United States Government and shell Global Solutions.

关键词： Austenitic stainless steel

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Structural design and validation of prelude's marine loading arms 39

Structural design and validation of prelude's marine loading...

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ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2020

作者： Auburtin, Erwan Paquet, Stéphane van Haaften, Ewoud van Schalkwijk, Olaf Morilhat, Eric Raissi, Abdeslam Postma, Tieneke TechnipFMC Paris France TechnipFMC Sens France Shell Global Solutions International Rijswijk Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Rijswijk Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780791884317

Prelude Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) facility reached a significant milestone in June 2018 when gas was introduced onboard for the first time as part of the facility start-up process, loaded from an LNG carrier moored in side-by-side (SBS) configuration. This first offshore LNG SBS operation allowed Prelude's utilities to switch from running on diesel to running on gas. SBS mooring is the base case configuration for offloading both LNG and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) into product carriers using Marine Loading Arms (MLA) once the Prelude FLNG facility is fully operational. These complex and weather sensitive operations are expected to take place on a weekly basis. This means critical decisions about weather-window and timing should be supported as much as possible by predictive analysis and modelling of environment forecasts to reduce the risks. Prelude Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) is designed to offload Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) to carrier vessels moored in a side-by-side (SBS) configuration, using Marine Loading Arms (MLA) technology. For onshore terminals or small/medium FLNG, the traditional design of MLA (Double Counterweight Marine Arm - DCMA), featuring a vertical riser, can be used. However due to the exceptional freeboard of Prelude a new type of MLA was designed, namely the Offshore Loading Arm Footless (OLAF), without vertical riser in order to reach the LNG or LPG manifolds located as far as about 16 meters below the MLA base. Thanks to the OLAF design, the length and weight of the articulated MLA sections is reduced in comparison with conventional DCMA, and so are the dynamic loads applied by the MLA on the vessel manifold, which was mandatory to remain below the acceptable stress limit of standard LNG/LPG carrier manifolds. OLAF employs the field proven targeting system (TS) allowing the connection and disconnection of the MLA to the vessel manifold in dynamic conditions. This paper describes the a

关键词： Liquefied natural gas

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Water intake riser – hydrodynamic damping modelling for fatigue assessment

Water intake riser – hydrodynamic damping modelling for fat...

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Offshore technology Conference Asia 2020, OTCA 2020

作者： Minguez, Matthieu Zhao, Wenhua Gao, Zhenguo Efthymiou, Mike GENESIS Nîmes TechnipFMC Subsidiary University of Western Australia Australia Shell Projects and Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9781613996812

The Prelude experience has underlined the potential strong impact of both the hydrodynamic damping and any potential superimposed current to properly assess the Water Intake Riser life time, refer to Minguez & al. (2020). This effect, resulting from the considered hydrodynamic modelling, remains qualitatively suggested within the different riser design standards (e.g. either the DNV-GL-RP-C205 2017 or the ISO-13628-7 and ISO 19902 2007) but no quantitative recommendations agree on the way to properly address such a topic. The proposed numerical developments underlined the gap between the different Best Practices and the impact in terms of fatigue assessment. The different recommended damping models are considered and experienced to assess the quantitative impact on fatigue assessment. Based on this critical review, a large-scale model test focusing on a simple riser response is proposed to position the different existing hydrodynamic models. This has been done by imposing forced motions to a rigid cylinder mounted under a spring system. The system, free to move, is plunged within a basin in which different current speed and direction are imposed. Both loads and dynamic responses of the model have been monitored. The numerical developments proposed in the frame of this research suggest both any damping and drag empirical formulation to properly address such fatigue concern from engineering point of view. This work finally recommends that caution be exercised when the DNV guidelines and the International Standard are followed due to the contradiction of the recommendations with the experimental evidences reported in this study. Copyright 2020, Offshore technology Conference

关键词： Damping

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Measurement of time histories of stable intermediates during first stage ignition of n-heptane and its two isomers in a shock tube 38th

Measurement of time histories of stable intermediates during...

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38th International Symposium on Combustion, 2021

作者： Choudhary, Rishav Girard, Julian J. Clees, Sean Johnson, Sarah E. Shao, Jiankun Davidson, David F. Hanson, Ronald K. Aradi, Allen A. Department of Mechanical Engineering Stanford University 418 Panama Mall Room 104 Stanford CA 94305 United States Shell Projects and Technology Development Houston TX 77082 United States

The first shock tube measurements of formaldehyde during the first stage ignition of n-heptane, 2-methylhexane, and 3,3-dimethylpentane were performed in highly diluted fuel/oxygen mixtures in the pressure range of 7–10 atm and temperature range of 700–880 K. Combined time histories of all carbonyl (–C = O) species, CO, and fuel were also measured simultaneously to study the impact of fuel structure on the concentration and the rate of evolution of first stage ignition products. Of the three isomers considered, n-heptane was the fastest, while 3,3-dimethylpentane was the slowest. The differences in the time scale of formation, and plateau concentration of the intermediates between the isomers across the entire range of test conditions suggested a strong dependency of the measured time histories to fuel structure. These species act as markers of the Negative Temperature Coefficient behavior of fuels and could be used as targets for developing semi-empirical, hybrid chemistry models of complex, multi-component petroleum derived gasoline, and jet fuels.

关键词： Heptane

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A New Chronostratigraphic Datum for the Permian Delaware Basin and Beyond

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Pickering, Jennifer Morris, Natasha Driskill, Brian Auchter, Neal Laycock, Dallin Center for Applied Earth Science and Engineering Research University of Memphis MemphisTN38152 United States Caldera Connect CalgaryAB Canada Shales US Shell Exploration and Production Company HoustonTX United States Projects and Technology Shell International Exploration and Production Inc. HoustonTX United States ConocoPhillips Canada CalgaryAB Canada

Altered volcanic ash, preserved as bentonite clay within sedimentary depositional units, can facilitate regional stratigraphic correlation. While many bentonite ash beds have been documented in core extracted over decades of hydrocarbon exploration in the Delaware Basin, a particular ~1 cm-thick bentonite has been identified at a distinct stratigraphic position, near a facies transition from thin-bedded calciclastic turbidites to thick-bedded siliciclastic turbidites, roughly coinciding with the top of the Wolfcamp formation. A comparison of geochemical analyses of the ash and bounding strata from 2 cores and petrophysical correlations across 8 wells were conducted to test regional correlation of the ash at log resolution. Despite diagenetic alteration since seafloor deposition of the ash (~280 Ma based on its stratigraphic position relative to previously dated ash deposits), nearly identical geochemical trends between incompatible elemental subsets, including light and heavy rare earth elements, large ion lithophiles and high field strength elements, suggest that these 2 ash deposits came from the same volcanic center. Detailed lithostratigraphic correlations across 3 cores confirm that the ash bed is bound by correlative quiescent deepwater strata. Based on the chemical composition and stratigraphic chronology, we speculate that the Las Delicias Arc produced this ash, and it was transported and deposited into the Delaware Basin deep marine environment, most likely by wind. This discovery highlights an outstanding question of the existence of the ash marker in other cores within Late Paleozoic western equatorial Pangea, e.g. in deep marine deposits of the Midland Basin and outcropping deposits around the Greater Permian Basin and beyond. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stratigraphy

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Asset wide optimisation: How a real-time integrated production system model for optimisation keeps the lights on in Brunei

Asset wide optimisation: How a real-time integrated producti...

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SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition 2019, APOG 2019

作者： Abdullah, Zulfikri Briers, Jan Jamil, Mariana Sahu, Sambit Tan, Jun Xian Zainal-Abidin, Hadini Brunei Shell Petroleum Brunei Shell Projects and Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9781613996478

Brunei shell Petroleum (BSP) has a complex production gathering network that comprises of multiple onshore and offshore Assets. Gas and oil is produced under different pressure regimes, and with varying compositions. The production from each asset can be routed in multiple ways to different customers, each with their own compositional requirements. Crude oil and gas is routed to Brunei Liquified Natural Gas (BLNG) and Seria Crude Oil terminal (SCOT) for further processing before export to external customers. Apart from export, other customers include BMC (Brunei Methanol Company), Brunei shell Refinery (BSR) and Department of Electrical Services (DES), fueling Brunei's vehicles, homes and local industries. Currently this complex production network is managed by a dedicated Operations Control Centre (OCC). The central OCC team coordinates, monitors and controls the hydrocarbon activities to meet customers' quality and quantities demand by engaging with the 4 individual Asset Operation teams, as well as customers, to optimize production at the Pan-BSP system level. With the introduction of the Integrated Production Monitoring and Optimisation System (IPMOS) tool, the Pan-BSP production optimisation can be automated, in real-time. The IPMOS tool performs a high-level production optimisation built on top of existing real-time well production surveillance models, and it dynamically adjusts the system capacity in the event of upsets. In this way, the tool provides day to day advisory of production optimisation during both normal operations as well as during different production upset scenarios, and it also eliminates the need for OCC team to maintain multiple MS Excel sheets/macros to cater for those scenarios. This is a step forward in production system optimisation through digitalisation. Copyright 2019, Society of Petroleum Engineers

关键词： Crude oil

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Verifying process safety requirements: Similarities between aerospace and oil & gas industries

Verifying process safety requirements: Similarities between ...

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Offshore technology Conference 2019, OTC 2019

作者： Zager, Mia McKinney, Anne Reed, Michele Orr, Kevin Royal Dutch Shell/Projects and Technology United States Barrios Technology/Systems Engineering United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781613996416

Objectives/Scope: This paper describes improvements to the methods for verification of process safety design requirements in an Oil & Gas (O&G) project and highlights the benefits of standardized verification linked to design requirements. The similarities and benefits of verification activities used in aerospace/ NASA projects are also discussed. Methods, Procedures, Process: The team identified and documented the activities that should be performed by a project throughout the project life cycle to verify compliance with process safety requirements. These verification activities were tied to existing project deliverables and controls where possible. Focusing on verification in the design stage (analyze, calculate, review) in preference to final execution (inspect, certify) enables earlier identification of problems, earlier intervention, and increases confidence that the process safety requirements have been met. While this approach may be new in the O&G industry, the aerospace community has used similar methods for decades. Verification within aerospace/NASA involves design phase verification and product (final) verification. Initial verification is done to show that: 1) the design is realizable, 2) requirements are acceptable and have bidirectional traceability to higher-level requirements and stakeholder expectations, and 3) the design solution is consistent with requirement statements and constraints. Conducting the initial verification through peer/design reviews improves compliance to requirements at the final product verification. By establishing the traceability during the initial verification, database links are established and then just need to be populated with the final verification reports for closure. During verification activities, identification of critical systems and safety hazard controls are introduced and considered to influence the design and eventually become part of the verification evidence. Results, Observations, Conclusions: projects sele

关键词： Compliance control

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New material application limits of duplex stainless steel in sour service

New material application limits of duplex stainless steel in...

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Corrosion Conference and Expo 2019

作者： Al Kharusi, Amjad Saithala, Janardhan Rao Suryanarayana, Manoj Al Nebhani, Talal Al Behlani, Nasser Wilms, Marc Yang, B. Petroleum Development of Oman PO Box: 81 Muscat Oman Shell Projects and Technology BN Amsterdam Netherlands

Duplex Stainless steel 22Cr (DSS) is one of the corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) that is used extensively in oil and gas industry for critical applications such as wet gas production flow lines and pipelines. A number of new sour oil & gas projects in the company with high salinity (exceeding 200000 ppm NaCl) will be developed in the coming years. So far 22Cr DSS material is qualified up to 10 mbar partial pressure of H2S (ppH2S) in 160,000ppm chloride levels. The operating conditions of these new projects are outside these current material operating limits of 22Cr DSS defined within the company standards. The objective of the study was to enable wider use of 22Cr grades in higher sour projects in high chloride environments and qualify as lower cost alternative to more expensive CRA materials like 25Cr super duplex, alloy 825 or alloy 625. Pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) tests were conducted on both parent material and representative welds in high ppH2S and in high chloride environments using four-point bend test method (FPBT). The results established the new threshold sour service limits of DSS material which resulted in significant cost savings for various projects. This paper will present the test results and discuss the opportunities for 22Cr DSS application. © 2019 by NACE International.

关键词： Stress corrosion cracking

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QC of marine broadband deghosting using match filters 80

QC of marine broadband deghosting using match filters

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80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018: Opportunities Presented by the Energy Transition

作者： Kleiss, E. Wall, J. Shell Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9789462822542

We discuss fundamentals and approaches for marine Broadband Deghosting processes and explain pitfalls of existing methods used in industry, in particular on their stability and phase reliability which is often ignored. We present a new QC/diagnostic tool to assess the quality of the deghosting process applied to the data. The QC tool is based on matching filters between deghosted data and input data which reveal the phase and amplitude corrections from the applied deghosting process, at choice in time- and spatial windows. Using this tool, we show examples of better and poorer deghosting methods we have encountered. © 2018 Society of Petroleum Engineers. All rights reserved.

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