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18th International Conference and Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas 2016, LNG 2016

作者： Poincheval, Alain Kim, Jun Cheol Kauffmann, Nicholas Technip France Offshore Production Facilities Business Unit Samsung Heavy Industries Korea Republic of Integrated Gas Projects East Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781510845398

Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) has gained wide recognition as one feasible and attractive method for the monetisation of offshore gas fields. It is an exciting technology that will enable the development of gas resources where, for a range of reasons, an onshore development is not viable. FLNG can mean faster, cheaper, more flexible development and deployment strategies. Today, this recognition comes from one outstanding project. In May 2011, shell started the entire LNG and gas industry in a new direction when it took the Final Investment Decision on Prelude FLNG and gave the Technip-Samsung Consortium, or TSC, Notice to Proceed. Prelude FLNG is a project backed with the industry's best resources. Years of careful planning and front end engineering and design have been the basis for this ground breaking project, but the current progress would not be possible without the vigilance, professionalism and collaboration of all involved during execution of this complex project. The TSC project directorate proposes to look back jointly with shell project management over the years from notice to proceed in a paper that focuses on solving some of the expected and also the unexpected challenges that are always inevitable in a large, complex and first-of-its-kind project.

关键词： Gas industry

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Efficient environmental and structural response analysis by clustering of directional wave spectra

Efficient environmental and structural response analysis by ...

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Offshore technology Conference 2016, OTC 2016

作者： Vogel, M. Hanson, J. Fan, S. Forristall, G.Z. Li, Y. Fratantonio, R. Jonathan, P. Shell Global Solutions US Inc United States WaveForce Technologies LLC United States Forristall Ocean Engineering Inc United States Shell International Exploration and Production Inc United States RPS ASA United States Shell Projects and Technology United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510824294

Estimation of environmental and complex structural responses, such as fatigue for risers on deepwater floating production systems, is a critical and generally computationally intensive process. Long term damage estimates require the determination of host vessel motions used for riser stress calculations. In principle, riser stress could be calculated for each of a large number of directional sea states, a considerable computational burden. However, it might be possible to identify a representative subset of directional sea states for vessel motion and subsequent riser stress analysis, such that estimated fatigue characteristics (from the full set of sea states and the subset thereof) were equivalent. This would be advantageous as it would require considerably less computational effort. In this work we use non hierarchical K-MEANS cluster analysis to partition a large set of directional wave spectra for contiguous sea states at a location offshore Brazil, corresponding to a period of approximately 2 years into a number of clusters. We adopt the set comprised of cluster centroids only as representative sea states for efficient characterization of the environment and structural response. We demonstrate that the representative sea states provide an efficient basis for estimation of overall sea state bulk, wind sea and swell characteristics. We evaluate the effect of cluster size on the performance of the representative sea states using custom built visualization tools utilizing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics. The representative sea states are further used as input for a VLCC-class FPSO vessel motion analysis. For heave at the turret, roll motions, and relative vessel heading, distributions of vessel motions from analysis of representative sea states are in excellent agreement with those from analysis of all sea states. Guidelines for the application of the methodology are provided. Copyright 2016, Offshore technology Conference.

关键词： Floating production systems

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The Genesis of the CO 2 Storage Resources Management System (SRMS)

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Energy Procedia 2017年 114卷 4262-4269页

作者： Scott M. Frailey Owain Tucker George J. Koperna Illinois State Geological Survey Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 615. E. Peabody Dr. Champaign IL 61820 USA Shell Projects and Technology 1 Altens Farm Road Aberdeen UK Adanced Reserouces International Inc. 4501 Fair Suite 910 Arlington VA 22203 USA

Over the past decade, there have been many published methodologies to calculate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage that vary from volumetric assessments of pore volume to rigorous statistical representation of geologic heterogeneity with CO 2 -brine displacement efficiency. Many methods include a direct scientific or engineering calculation to estimate storage, rather than on the uncertainty in the estimate based on quantity and quality of data and the types of data available. The application of these methods to the same geologic formation may yield differences in the estimate by 2–5 orders of magnitude. As more data is collected for a potential or operating CO 2 storage formation, the uncertainty range of the estimates normally reduces. A site with active CO 2 injection will generally have storage estimates with the highest degree of certainty based on historical injection performance compared to a CO 2 storage estimate of a site without a well or injection. Consequently, the maturity of the project is an important part of the certainty in a specific estimate. A qualitative method that classifies estimates based on data available and project maturity could give assurance to stakeholders. From a “full-chain” carbon capture and storage (CCS) project development perspective, industry, investors, regulators, and other stakeholders want to know that these estimates are attainable via real wells and real quantities of CO 2 and are not a high-level pore volume assessment. Though there are several published classification systems, there is currently no broadly accepted method for classifying storage estimates in terms of the geologic uncertainty and project or development uncertainty. The petroleum industry has faced similar challenges. Over the decades, it has developed and widely adopted a Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) for classification of subsurface petroleum accumulations. This classification system clearly labels the certainty of the quantification of unde

关键词： storage assessment storage management risk assesment classification

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Lean workflow for selection and implementation of smart choke control to resolve slugging in operations

Lean workflow for selection and implementation of smart chok...

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SPE - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2015

作者： T'Joen, C. Groote, G.A. Haandrikman, G. Moeleker, P.J.J. Cole, D.J. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Shell Projects and Technology Nigeria

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994245

In mature fields, pipelines are often oversized for their operating conditions. This is because their design was primarily based on the early and plateau production and less on late life production. This oversizing may lead to slugging issues, whereby flow fluctuations cause liquid handling problems in the receiving facilities, which can lead to system trips. The purpose of this paper is to describe the workflow, which includes identifying the operational problems, designing the slug control system, and commissioning and monitoring of the control system. The Smart Choke developed by shell1 is able to mitigate the effects of slugs and has now been installed at several locations worldwide. It is an active slug control system: the topside choke acts only if surges are observed, reducing the peak flow rate into the separator. Between slugs, the choke valve opens, reducing the imposed backpressure. Since flow fluctuations are reduced, operation is again possible without risking excessive separator liquid levels. The workflow consists of the following steps: (i) If slugging leads to production deferment or to operational problems, a feasibility study is done to assess the benefits of installing a Smart Choke. To this end, the key design and production data are collected in a single data sheet that is analyzed by flow assurance experts, (ii) The analysis may include using dynamic multiphase flow models. The models are used to reproduce the slugging behaviour as seen in the field and to assess the adequacy of the Smart Choke. (iii) If the results indicate a positive outlook, and the asset agrees, the implementation needs to be planned and executed. This requires further data gathering on the choke actuator, the pipework for a suitable transducer location, and the platform control system. (iv) The flow assurance and process control experts go to the platform to help commissioning the Smart Choke, which includes tuning of the controller parameters. (v) Once in operation the S

关键词： Process control

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CCS: Experiences in project development

CCS: Experiences in project development

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SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference

作者： Gray, Lily Maas, Wilfried Shell Projects and Technology India

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994061

The development of a CO2 value chain for CCS poses a number of decisions relating to the capture technology, storage selection and transportation of CO2. In addition, an appropriate approach to the non-technical aspects and risks needs to be incorporated. This paper will provide an overview of the different options available to projects and discuss the selections that shell has made in its own CCS project development. shell has developed a global portfolio of CCS demonstration projects driven by the recognition that carbon capture and storage is currently the only technology available to mitigate emissions from large scale fossil fuel use. shell's projects cover a wide range of technologies and consist of targeted applications that are of relevance to the wider oil and gas industry. The shell portfolio includes Peterhead, Quest, technology Centre Mongstad and Gorgon. The development of these projects has demonstrated that there are multiple drivers in the development of a CO2 value chain and these can be very project specific. In the development of CCS for power plants, one of the key considerations is the ability of power plants to be able to respond flexibly to the normal fluctuating demands of the power market. Therefore, a key driver in technology selection is to limit the impact that the addition of a CCS plant could have on this flexibility. On the other hand, availability may not be the most important factor, because power plants usually use an end of pipe CO2 solution, and therefore the unavailability of a post-combustion CCS plant will have minimal technical impact on the power export. However, for a hydrogen plant where hydrogen demand can be relatively stable e.g. in a refinery, then the capture technology selected will not usually need to follow a varying demand but, because the capture technology could be part of the wider process, it may need to offer high reliability and availability. Similar considerations need to be made about the dehydration techno

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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By-pass pigging without or with speed control for gas-condensate pipelines

By-pass pigging without or with speed control for gas-conden...

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SPE - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2015

作者： Groote, G.A. Van De Camp, P.B.J. Veenstra, P. Broze, G. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Shell Projects and Technology Nigeria

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994245

Pigging of a multiphase (i.e. liquid/gas) pipeline can result in a large "pigged" liquid slug when a normal (i.e. non-by-pass) pig is used. This requires a large separator or slugcatcher, or otherwise accepting production deferment during pigging. These problems can be avoided by using a by-pass pig, which means that part of the gas can by-pass the pig through holes, which reduces the pig velocity and in turn it also reduces the pig-generated volume. By-pass pigging is applied more and more often, but it remains difficult to select the right by-pass opening for the initial pig run. This paper describes a simple design tool, based on steady-state hydraulic pipeline simulation results, to determine the required fixed by-pass opening. Also field experience with a speed control pig for a gas-condensate pipeline is shown (i.e. the by-pass opening is adapted along the pipeline to maintain a constant pre-set pig speed). The by-pass pigging design tool is based on steady-state hydraulic pipeline simulations. By-pass design has two main constraints: (1) too small an opening will create a large Pig-Generated Volume (PGV), and (2) too large an opening will create too little force on the pig to overcome the wall friction. The optimum opening is when the liquid surge will be minimum, to avoid having the risk that the pig gets stuck. The main uncertainty in the prediction is the friction between the pig and the pipe wall. The simple steady state by-pass pigging design tool is validated against both dynamic simulation results and field data. The tool provides a quick method to assess the right by-pass opening without the requirement of doing an extensive dynamic simulation study. As the pressure decreases along the pipeline, the optimum by-pass opening also varies along the pipeline;the gas velocity and therefore the pig velocity will normally increase towards the outlet of the pipeline and a larger by-pass would be preferred at this point. However, a (fixed) larger by-pass can ca

关键词： Liquids

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Maturing CCS technology through demonstration - Quest: Learning from CCS implementation in Canada

Maturing CCS technology through demonstration - Quest: Learn...

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SPE - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2015

作者： De Nier, Maarten Maas, Wilfried Gray, Lily Wiwchar, Tim Shell Projects and Technology Nigeria Shell Canada Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994245

Quest is the world's first commercial-scale CCS project in the oil sands. Quest is an important proof-point for shell, demonstrating integrated CCS operations as model for advancing and deploying CCS technology and supporting our commitment on action on climate change. Objective: CO2 management is becoming increasingly more important in a carbon constrained world and implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) adds cost to already cost constrained operations. However, cost reduction through deployment is expected and the First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) projects provide the perfect opportunity to optimize the integration of CCS into oil and gas projects and overcome some of the initial challenges all new processes face. This paper will discuss the approach to CCS projects taken by shell and share some of the key findings from forthcoming start-up of the FOAK Quest project. Method: shell has developed a global portfolio of CCS demonstration projects driven by the recognition that carbon capture and storage is currently the only technology available to mitigate emissions from large scale fossil fuel use. shell's projects cover a wide range of technologies and consist of targeted applications that are of relevance to the wider oil and gas industry. The shell commercial and project portfolio includes Peterhead, Quest, technology Centre Mongstad and Gorgon commercial scale projects. shell Cansolv technology is also already in use at SaskPower's Boundary Dam CCS project. These projects have demonstrated that the approach required when implementing a CCS project is similar to that of any major oil and gas project. However, the focus on capturing, and sharing, the learnings is critical to ensuring that follow on projects can benefit from the current portfolio of demonstration projects. Observations: The Quest project is the first carbon capture and storage project of a commercial scale in the heavy oil industry. CO2 will be captured from three hydrogen manufacturing units (HMU

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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Subsea dispersant injection - Summary of operationally relevant findings from a multi-year industry initiative

Subsea dispersant injection - Summary of operationally relev...

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SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility 2016

作者： Brandvik, P.J. Johansen, Ø. Davies, E.J. Leirvik, F. Krause, D.F. Daling, P.S. Dunnebier, D. Masutani, S. Nagamine, I. Storey, C. Brady, C. Bellore, R. Nedwed, T. Cooper, C. Ahnell, A. Pelz, O. Anderson, K. SINTEF Norway University of Hawaii United States Swri United States SL Ross Environmental Research Canada ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company United States Chevron Energy Technology Corporation United States BP Upstream HSE United Kingdom Shell Projects and Technology United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994436

This paper presents novel results regarding the effectiveness of subsea dispersant injection relevant for operational guidance, decision making and to improve existing models describing the environmental fate and behavior of subsea releases of oil and gas. More specifically, the paper presents data from a comprehensive set of laboratory experiments to evaluate the formation, fate, and transition of dispersed oil droplets in the water column during a subsea oil and gas blowout in combination with subsea dispersant injection (SSDI). Many sub-sea well blowout oil and gas release scenarios form relatively large oil droplets (multiple millimeters), which then rapidly rise through the water column to form thick slicks on the ocean surface, potentially very near the source. On the other hand, smaller oil droplets (500 microns) rise more slowly and can stay suspended in the water column for days to weeks. Dispersant injection is therefore warranted to reduce the potential for floating oil and associated volatile hydrocarbons that may threaten worker health and safety, and reach ecologically and economically sensitive surface water and shoreline environments. The oil that disperses into the water column may pose temporary elevated exposures to organisms in the immediate area, but research and experience has shown that those exposures are rapidly mitigated by the effects of dilution and microbial degradation of the dispersed oil. The results of our laboratory studies, which examined the influence of different variables on the initial oil droplet size in an oil release scenario including oil release velocity, dispersant dosage, dispersant injection method, oil temperature, high pressure, gas-to-oil ratio, oil- and dispersant characteristics), revealed that dispersant injection is highly effective at reducing droplet size. Our data also fit a new modified Weber Number scaling algorithm that can be used to calculate initial oil droplet size at field scales. Model simulations usi

关键词： Oil spills

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Lab experiments and simulations for multiphase flow splitting from a single flowline into a dual riser

Lab experiments and simulations for multiphase flow splittin...

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SPE - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2015

作者： Henkes, R.A.W.M. Worthen, R.A. Ellepola, J.H. Shell Projects and Technology Delft University of Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994245

A possible new development concept for Floating LNG may include a single flowline along the sea floor that splits into dual or more flexible risers. Since the gas co-produces condensate and water, design rules are needed for the splitting of the phases at the riser base manifold. Multiphase flow splitting is much more complex than single-phase flow splitting. The latter is fully determined by the back pressure on each riser, but for multiphase flow the phase split (Liquid-Gas Ratio) into each of the risers may also depend on other factors, such as the flow regime in the riser/flowline, the precise geometric details of the splitting configuration and other parameters (e.g. the momentum flux ratio in the flowline). Ideally the phase volume ratio should be fully equal over the two risers and remain the same as in the flow line. To find the proper design rules for multiphase flow splitting, which ensures equal phase volume split, we have set up a research programme that includes lab experiments and simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The hypothesis is that phase maldistribution can occur if the gas flow rate in the risers is so low that it gives churn flow or hydrodynamic slug flow in the risers, whereas an equal phase volume split is expected if the gas flow rate is sufficiently high to produce annular flow in both risers. The flow facility at the shell technology Centre in Amsterdam transports air and water through a 2′, 100 m long flowline, splitting into dual, about 15 m high, risers, having a diameter of 2′. The pressure is atmospheric at the riser top. For the splitting configuration, we used a symmetric lay-out, which is a so-called Impacting Tee. We created the splitting curve by systematically changing the opening of the chokes at the top of the risers. At low gas flows a non-symmetric flow split was found, with flip-flopping and hysteresis in the risers. For example, a stagnant liquid flow could develop in one riser, and churn flow in the other ris

关键词： Flow of gases

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CFD modelling of bypass pigs with a deflector disk 17

CFD modelling of bypass pigs with a deflector disk

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17th International Conference on Multiphase technology 2015

作者： Azpiroz, J.E. Hendrix, M.H.W. Breugem, W.-P. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Delft University of Technology Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781510811447

In the oil and gas industry, bypass pigs are used to allow part of the production fluids to bypass the pig (Pipeline Inspection Gauge) during a pigging operation as compared to a conventional pig. This has been proven to be beneficial for both cleaning of the pipe and inspection of the pipe wall in both single and multiphase systems. To monitor the propagation of the bypass pig in a pipeline with a ID transient tool (such as OLGA or LedaFlow), the pressure loss coefficient between the bypassing fluid and the pig and the friction coefficient between the pig and the wall needs to be known in advance. The pressure loss coefficient in these tools typically ranges from 1-1.5, and is modelled without taking into account the specific geometry that is used to create the bypass area of the pig. The present CFD study is focused on finding an appropriate value for the pressure loss coefficient. For many bypass pig configurations a deflector plate is attached at the exit of the orifice of the bypass pig. This deflector plate constitutes of a circular disk which is mounted at a specified distance from the bypass pig opening which ensures that the pig gets into motion in the launcher and can help in distributing corrosion inhibitors at the top of the pipeline. In fact by changing the space between the deflector plate and the front of the orifice the bypass opening can be set before launching the pig. In this study the effect of the deflector plate on the flow through the bypass pig in a single phase system is investigated using CFD (Fluent version 14.5). An axisymmetric framework is used in which the bypass pig is assumed to move at a constant velocity. It is found that the pressure loss coefficient of the pig can be as high as 4, which is in contrast to a value of 1 - 1.5 that is commonly used in industry for bypass pigs without a deflector plate. This has significant practical implications as the driving force related to the pressure loss coefficient (which is counteracted by w

关键词： Orifices

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