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17th International Conference on Multiphase technology 2015

作者： Worthen, R.A. Henkes, R.A.W.M. Shell Projects and Technology Netherlands Delft University of Technology Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781510811447

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out with ANSYS Fluent 15.0 for the splitting of two-phase, gas-liquid flow from a horizontal flowline to two vertical risers. This piping configuration is representative of what is being envisioned for transport of gas condensate from a subsea production manifold to a floating LNG vessel. The flow conditions that were recently tested in air-water experiments at shell technology Centre Amsterdam were simulated. The flow was split using a horizontal impacting tee. The pipe diameter was about 2" throughout. Simulations were done for a gas (air) flow rate of 60 Nm 3/hr and a liquid (water) flow rate of 2 m'/hr. In the simulations, the flow split was varied by increasing the pressure at one of the two outlets, leaving the other outlet pressure constant. The CFD simulations show that if the two outlet pressures are held constant, an unstable flow condition exists that gives transients that finally end up in a state where all flow goes through one riser, whereas a stagnant liquid column is found in the other riser. It was also found that an initially imposed symmetric flow split (i.e., outlet pressures of the two risers being equal) lost its symmetry as the simulation evolved over time, because of the inherent instability and fluctuations in the flow introduced at the impacting tee. This indicates that only two states can exist in this configuration: one in which all flow goes through the first riser and the other in which all flow goes through the second riser. At the considered flow rate of 60 Nm3/hr this behaviour in the CFD simulations is different from the experiments where some finite production through both risers is found. However, for a lower gas throughput (i.e., at 40 and 20 Nm3/hr), production through a single riser was measured in the experiments. © BHR Group 2015 Multiphase 17.

关键词： Liquids

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Challenges & Complexity of world's largest flares reduction project

Challenges & Complexity of world's largest flares reduction ...

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SPE - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2015

作者： Howell, Christopher Vincent, Andy Goel, Deepak Hilleshiem, Andrew Basrah Gas Company Iraq Shell Exploration and Production International Netherlands Shell Projects and Technology Nigeria

ISBN: (纸本)9781613994245

700 million standard cubic feet of valuable natural gas are flared each day in South Iraq as a byproduct of the region's oil production. At the same time, residents of southern Iraq suffer from a significant lack of power and at times can have as little as only a couple of hours of electricity per day. Iraq is now the 4th largest gas flaring country in a world of increased environment consciousness and the greenhouse gas emissions from these flares are equivalent to Croatia's total emissions. Basrah Gas Company (BGC), a joint venture between South Gas Company (51%), shell (44%) and Mitsubishi (5%), is a midstream gas company that aims to capture associated gas from three supergiant oil fields in southern Iraq - Rumaila, West Qurna 1 and Zubair. BGC is processing gas into valuable products of condensate, LPG, and dry gas to be used for power generation to the domestic grid. Approximately 5,000 Iraqi employees are seconded into BGC;these are much needed jobs and a valuable opportunity to transfer skills and capabilities into the region. In 2015, just two years after commencement of BGC operations, much learning has been gained and progress has been made on all themes on the journey to increase safety, production capacity and operational excellence. This includes: 1. Installation of new compressor configurations and rental machines to quickly add compression capacity. 2. Priority scoping to rehabilitate the gas plants. 3. Urgent work to recover process safety systems and safe work practices. 4. Forecasting and planning projects to stay connected to the upstream gas supply from new oil developments. 5. Maturing alternate growth projects - including a new green field gas plant. 6. Developing operations systems that will assure production and maintain integrity. From these examples it is clear that executing the world's largest flares reduction project requires novel thinking and excellence in project management. Furthermore, overcoming the increased challenges specific t

关键词： Gas plants

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Fit for purpose qualification of casings in HPHT service - A multi-disciplinary approach

Fit for purpose qualification of casings in HPHT service - A...

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Corrosion 2015: Collaborate. Educate. Innovate. Mitigate.

作者： Huizinga, Sytze Gonzalez, Manuel Dominik, Aleksandra Hassell, Jess Miglin, Bruce Subramanian, Veera Chambers, Brian Raghu, Damodaran Shell Projects and Technology 3333 Hwy 6 South HoustonTX77082 United States Shell Projects and Technology 200 North Dairy Ashford HoustonTX77079 United States

High strength, high collapse resistance carbon steel casing materials are required in many deep water High Pressure High Temperature wells. However, the high strength limits the ability of steels to be qualified in a mildly sour environment. This paper describes a novel fit for purpose and multi-disciplinary approach to evaluate and qualify these materials in these environments while considering worst case loading and exposure conditions. The methodology addresses the uncertainty in sour gas estimations, comes up with evaluation criteria based on worst case discharge and well design principles and uses engineering critical assessment (fracture mechanics) and associated inspection acceptance criteria to qualify high strength, high collapse carbon steel materials. The methodology relies on extensive inputs from well designers, production chemists and geochemists, metallurgists and corrosion and inspection experts. © 2015 by Nace International.

关键词： Carbon steel

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SAMCoT: Leveraging cross sector collaboration to drive sustainable energy developments in the arctic

SAMCoT: Leveraging cross sector collaboration to drive susta...

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OTC Arctic technology Conference 2015

作者： Kuiper, Guido shell, Norske Løset, Sveinung Shell Projects and Technology Norway Stavanger Norway SAMCoT Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9781510803916

SAMCoT is a centre for research-based innovation with long-term funding by the Research Council of Norway and the Energy Industry. In total 22 partners from half a dozen sectors are member of the centre which is a leading national and international centre for the development of robust technology needed by the Industry for sustainable exploration and exploitation of the Arctic region. SAMCoT, Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal technology, started in 2011 and is tasked to meet the engineering challenges due to ice, permafrost and changing climate for the benefit of the energy sector and society. The Arctic research is split into 6 work packages (Data Collection and Process Modelling, Material Modelling, Fixed Structures in Ice, Floating Structures in Ice, Ice Management and Design Philosophy, and Coastal technology). This paper will specifically focus on how the Arctic Centre of Excellence is preparing and contributing to the sustainable industry development in the Arctic region. Research and development of new Arctic technology, the implementation of innovative methods in the oil and gas industry, collaborative way of working, and education of the next generation Arctic engineers are highlighted in the paper. © 2015, Offshore technology Conference.

关键词： Ice

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Innovative assessments for selecting offshore platform decommissioning alternatives

Innovative assessments for selecting offshore platform decom...

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SPE E and P Health, Safety, Security and Environmental Conference - Americas 2015

作者： Truchon, Stephen Brzuzy, Louis Fonseca, Mark Shell Projects and Technology United States Shell Exploration and Production United States CSA Ocean Sciences Inc. United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510802452

Hard substrate associated with offshore oil and gas platforms can contribute to the productivity of marine ecosystems thereby generating local and regional economic benefits. These benefits form the basis for incorporating the platform into a rigs-to-reefs program when it is retired or selecting some other type of removal option. There are many options for reefing platforms, each differing in environment impact of activities associated with the dismantling and transport of the platform structure (deck, jacket, and other subsea structures). Utilizing science-based decision making in exploring platform removal options can be beneficial for all stakeholders in the context of a regulatory environment, complex ecosystem, and human interactions across multiple scales. Accomodating these complexities in a decision making process is the foundation of an Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) approach. EBM is an environmental management approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including humans, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation (Christensen et al., 1996;McLeod et al., 2005;Altman et al., 2011). The focus of this study is on one of shell's deepwater assets in the Gulf of Mexico. The fixed jacket platform has been in operation for more than 35 years and extends to over 1,000 feet of water depth of the coast of Louisiana. Few studies have been published on the ecology of marine life inhabiting deepwater platforms such as these. To begin to understand the specific contribution of this platform as an artificial reef, a stratified (across depth down the platform) study was performed using routinely collected Remotely Operated Vessel (ROV) video footage to assess fish and sessile biotic communities. The results of the ROV study revealed clear depth-related patterns for visually conspicuous epibiota (Lophelia pertusa) as well as numerous species of reef and pelagic fishes. These data were used to construc

关键词： Reefs

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Dealing with missing data for prognostic purposes

Dealing with missing data for prognostic purposes

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Prognostics and System Health Management Conference (PHM)

作者： Panagiotis Loukopoulos Suresh Sampath Pericles Pilidis George Zolkiewski Ian Bennett Fang Duan David Mba School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Cranfield University Cranfield UK Projects and Technology Shell Global Solutions Rijswijk Netherlands School of Engineering London South Bank University London UK

ISBN: (纸本)9781509027798

Centrifugal compressors are considered one of the most critical components in oil industry, making the minimization of their downtime and the maximization of their availability a major target. Maintenance is thought to be a key aspect towards achieving this goal, leading to various maintenance schemes being proposed over the years. Condition based maintenance and prognostics and health management (CBM/PHM), which is relying on the concepts of diagnostics and prognostics, has been gaining ground over the last years due to its ability of being able to plan the maintenance schedule in advance. The successful application of this policy is heavily dependent on the quality of data used and a major issue affecting it, is that of missing data. Missing data's presence may compromise the information contained within a set, thus having a significant effect on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data, as there might be bias or misleading results. Consequently, it is important to address this matter. A number of methodologies to recover the data, called imputation techniques, have been proposed. This paper reviews the most widely used techniques and presents a case study with the use of actual industrial centrifugal compressor data, in order to identify the most suitable ones.

关键词： Compressors Maintenance engineering Principal component analysis Interpolation MATLAB Mathematical model Time series analysis

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Evaluation of the potential of high-temperature, low-salinity polymer flood for the gao-30 reservoir in the huabei oilfield, China: Experimental and reservoir simulation results

Evaluation of the potential of high-temperature, low-salinit...

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Offshore technology Conference 2015, OTC 2015

作者： Zhuoyan, Zhu Quan, Xie Hanbing, Xu Jian, Fan Feng, Wang Juedu, Austine Esther, C.M. Vermolen Lingli, Wei Hon, Chung Lau Song, Shemin He, Dehai Petro China RIPED China Shell Global Solutions International United States Projects and Technology China Petro China Huabei Oilfield Company China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510803527

This paper summarizes the laboratory and simulation studies conducted to evaluate the potential of low-salinity polymer flood for the Gao-30 reservoir in Huabei Oilfield, China which has a high reservoir temperature of 113°C, moderate formation salinity of 9,000 ppm total dissolved solids and in-situ oil viscosity of 25 cP. Our studies have identified GL-100, a specially designed rigid structure modified polyacrylamide, as a polymer candidate for the Gao-30 reservoir because it exhibits adequate thermal stability and acceptable injectivity. Laboratory results show that for GL-100, low-salinity brine has the dual benefits of improved thermal stability and higher viscosity compared to formation brine. Spontaneous imbibition experiments using Gao-30 core plugs show that secondary mode imbibition by softened formation brine recovers more oil than imbibition by formation brine. In addition, significant incremental oil recovery was observed with injection of low-salinity polymer into a heterogeneous Gao-30 core, compared with formation water flooding. Corefloods in secondary mode were conducted with low-salinity and formation brines. Results were history matched to obtain the relative permeability and capillary pressure curves. These results and laboratory measured polymer rheology and adsorption were used as input into reservoir simulations to forecast benefits of low-salinity polymer flood in two pilot locations chosen from full field history matching of 20 years of waterflood in the Gao-30 reservoir. Reservoir simulations were run to compare the incremental oil recovery resulting from injection of various slug sizes of formation-salinity polymer and low-salinity polymer. Our simulations only considered the increase in viscosity due to polymer and the improvement of thermal stability of polymer in low-salinity brine. Low-salinity chemical effects through changes in the relative permeability curves were not included. Results show that injection of 0.3 PV formation-salini

关键词： Reservoirs (water)

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Corrigendum to “Basin-scale controls on the molybdenum-isotope composition of seawater during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (Late Cretaceous)” [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 178 (2016) 291–306]

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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2016年 189卷 404-405页

作者： Alexander J. Dickson Hugh C. Jenkyns Donald Porcelli Sander van den Boorn Erdem Idiz Jeremy D. Owens Department of Earth Sciences University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3AN UK Shell Projects and Technology Kessler Park 1 2288 GS Rijswijk The Netherlands Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4520 USA

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Using cone penetration testing to predict the capacity and drivability of tapered piles in sands

Using cone penetration testing to predict the capacity and d...

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International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo 2015, IFCEE 2015

作者： Carroll, Terrence Hu, Shuang Senior Geotechnical Engineer Arup 77 Water Street New YorkNY United States Civil and Structural Engineer Shell Projects and Technology HoustonTX77079 United States

ISBN: (数字)9780784479087

ISBN: (纸本)9780784479087

A site investigation, pile installation, and pile load testing program were performed at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFKIA) for the extension of the existing Terminal 4. As part of the site investigation, cone penetration tests were performed to characterize the subsurface conditions. The pile load testing program consisted of dynamic testing by means of the pile driving analyzer (PDA) and full scale static load tests. The results of the cone penetration tests, dynamic and static load tests, and pile driving records were analyzed to form a database of high quality, well-correlated data to inform the models. Characterization of the subsurface conditions at JFKIA and subsequent pile designs have traditionally been based entirely on the results of standard penetration tests or estimated from back-analysis of static load tests. The results of the cone penetration tests were compared to the PDA tests and the results of the static load tests. The results indicate that cone penetration tests can be used to accurately predict capacity and required embedment lengths for the tapered piles. The results of the cone penetration tests and correlation to the results of the PDA testing at EOID were then used to calibrate a one-dimensional wave equation analysis model to allow predictions of drivability and capacity at EOID for different hammer types and energies. © ASCE 2015.

关键词： Pile driving

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Complex contaminated gas processing made simple

Complex contaminated gas processing made simple

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International Petroleum technology Conference 2014: Unlocking Energy Through Innovation, technology and Capability, IPTC 2014

作者： De Oude, Matthijs Shell Projects and Technology United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781632660053

Complex Contaminated Gas Processing Made Simple Processing of associated gas has often been considered to be economically non-viable due to the cost and complexity of the installations required to process the gas relative to the value of the gas recovered. The result is that the associated gas has been flared, however, with the growing emphasis on reducing green house gas and SO2 emissions, the processing and recovery of associated gas is becoming increasingly linked to development and maturation of oil reserves. In some locations the associated gas contains H2S, CO2 and organic Sulphur species, and historically the treatment of these complex gases has required multiple steps to remove the different contaminants. In addition, as the acid gas produced is of low quality, further processing in an acid gas enrichment unit is required to enable recovery of the Sulphur in a traditional Claus and SCOT unit combination. In cases where less than approximately 50 metric tonnes of Sulphur per day is produced, the result can be a relatively complex, costly and energy-intensive process facility. This presentation describes how shell has significantly simplified the processing of a complex contaminated associated gas mixture by using an innovative combination of two already proven technologies: Sulfinol-X for integrated all-in-one contaminant removal, and THIOPAQ O&G for biological, single step, low tonnage Sulphur recovery without the requirement for acid gas enrichment. The strength of this solution lies in the combination and integration of the two technologies. The relevance to the industry is that it enables contaminated, associated gas to be monetized, green house gas reductions to be achieved and oil reserves to be developed in a cost-efficient manner. Copyright 2014, International Petroleum technology Conference.

关键词： Greenhouse gases

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