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Proceedings of the 2022 11th International Conference on Computing and pattern recognition

作者： Nilanjana Chatterjee Palaiahnaakote Shivakumara Umapada Pal Tong Lu Yue Lu Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute India Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Malaysia National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450397056

Although there are advanced technologies for character recognition, automatic descriptive answer evaluation is an open challenge for the document image analysis community due to large diversified handwritten text and answers to the question. This paper presents a novel method for detecting anomaly handwritten text in the responses written by the students to the questions. The method is proposed based on the fact that when the students are confident in answering questions, the students usually write answers legibly and neatly while they are not confident, they write sloppy writing which may not be easy for the reader to understand. To detect such anomaly handwritten text, we explore a new combination of Fourier transform and deep learning model for detecting edges. This result preserves the structure of handwritten text. For extracting features for classification of anomaly text and normal text, the proposed method studies the behavior of writing style, especially the variation at ascenders and descenders. Therefore, the proposed work draws principal axis which is invariant to rotation, scaling and some extent to distortion for the edge images. With respect to principal axis, the proposed method draws medial axis using uppermost and lowermost points. The distance between the medial axis and principal axis points are considered as feature vector. Further, the feature vector is passed to Artificial Neural Network for classification of anomaly text. The proposed method is evaluated by testing on our own dataset, standard dataset of gender identification (IAM) and handwritten forgery detection dataset (ACPR 2019). The results on different datasets show that the proposed work outperforms the existing methods.

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Learning Flexible Binary Code for Linear Projection Based Hashing with Random Forest

Learning Flexible Binary Code for Linear Projection Based Ha...

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International Conference on pattern recognition

作者： Shuze Du Wei Zhang Shifeng Chen Yafei Wen Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan China Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Media Lab. Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China Shenzhen Key Lab of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong China The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479952106

Existing linear projection based hashing methods have witnessed many progresses in finding the approximate nearest neighbor(s) of a given query. They perform well when using a short code. But their code length depends on the original data dimension, thus their performance can not be further improved with higher number of bits for low dimensional data. In addition, in the case of high dimensional data, it is not a good choice to produce each bit by a sign function. In this paper, we propose a novel random forest based approach to cope with the above shortcomings. The bits are obtained by recording the paths when a point traversing each tree in the forest. Then we propose a new metric to calculate the similarity between any two codes. Experimental results on two large benchmark datasets show that our approach outperforms its counterparts and demonstrate its superiority over the existing state-of-the-art hashing methods for descriptor retrieval.

关键词： Vegetation Vectors Binary codes Encoding Computational modeling Radio frequency Principal component analysis

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UniFormer: Unifying Convolution and Self-attention for Visual recognition

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Li, Kunchang Wang, Yali Zhang, Junhao Gao, Peng Song, Guanglu Liu, Yu Li, Hongsheng Qiao, Yu ShenZhen Key Lab of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen518055 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai200232 China National University of Singapore Singapore Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory China SenseTime Research China The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

It is a challenging task to learn discriminative representation from images and videos, due to large local redundancy and complex global dependency in these visual data. Convolution neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs) have been two dominant frameworks in the past few years. Though CNNs can efficiently decrease local redundancy by convolution within a small neighborhood, the limited receptive field makes it hard to capture global dependency. Alternatively, ViTs can effectively capture long-range dependency via self-attention, while blind similarity comparisons among all the tokens lead to high redundancy. To resolve these problems, we propose a novel Unified transFormer (UniFormer), which can seamlessly integrate the merits of convolution and self-attention in a concise transformer format. Different from the typical transformer blocks, the relation aggregators in our UniFormer block are equipped with local and global token affinity respectively in shallow and deep layers, allowing tackling both redundancy and dependency for efficient and effective representation learning. Finally, we flexibly stack our blocks into a new powerful backbone, and adopt it for various vision tasks from image to video domain, from classification to dense prediction. Without any extra training data, our UniFormer achieves 86.3 top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K classification task. With only ImageNet-1K pre-training, it can simply achieve state-of-the-art performance in a broad range of downstream tasks. It obtains 82.9/84.8 top-1 accuracy on Kinetics-400/600, 60.9/71.2 top-1 accuracy on Something-Something V1/V2 video classification tasks, 53.8 box AP and 46.4 mask AP on COCO object detection task, 50.8 mIoU on ADE20K semantic segmentation task, and 77.4 AP on COCO pose estimation task. Moreover, we build an efficient UniFormer with a concise hourglass design of token shrinking and recovering, which achieves 2-4× higher throughput than the recent lightweight models. Code is av

关键词： Convolution

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Chebyshev-Harmonic-Fourier-Moments and Deep CNNs for Detecting Forged Handwriting

Chebyshev-Harmonic-Fourier-Moments and Deep CNNs for Detecti...

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International Conference on pattern recognition

作者： Lokesh Nandanwar Palaiahnakote Shivakumara Sayani Kundu Umapada Pal Tong Lu Daniel Lopresti Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China Computer Science & Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem PA USA

Recently developed sophisticated image processing techniques and tools have made easier the creation of high-quality forgeries of handwritten documents including financial and property records. To detect such forgeries of handwritten documents, this paper presents a new method by exploring the combination of Chebyshev-Harmonic-Fourier-Moments (CHFM) and deep Convolutional Neural Networks (D-CNNs). Unlike existing methods work based on abrupt changes due to distortion created by forgery operation, the proposed method works based on inconsistencies and irregular changes created by forgery operations. Inspired by the special properties of CHFM, such as its reconstruction ability by removing redundant information, the proposed method explores CHFM to obtain reconstructed images for the color components of the Original, Forged Noisy and Blurred classes. Motivated by the strong discriminative power of deep CNNs, for the reconstructed images of respective color components, the proposed method used deep CNNs for forged handwriting detection. Experimental results on our dataset and benchmark datasets (namely, ACPR 2019, ICPR 2018 FCD and IMEI datasets) show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods in terms of classification rate.

关键词： Image color analysis Chebyshev approximation Tools Benchmark testing Distortion Forgery pattern recognition

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A new method based on bag of filters for character recognition in scene images by learning

A new method based on bag of filters for character recogniti...

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International Conference on Document Analysis and recognition

作者： Qisu Li Tong Lu Palaiahnakote Shivakumara Umapada Pal Chew Lim Tan National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute India School of Computing National University of Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781479918065

Achieving a good recognition rate for scene characters is a big challenge due to non-uniform illumination effects, perspective distortions, multiple colors or contrasts, different fonts and their various sizes, background or orientation variations, etc. Unlike the existing recognition methods that use binary information or the features extracted from different domains, the proposed method explores gray information in the form of a filter bank to extract the discriminative power for all the 62 scene character classes. We propose a sliding window (patch) operation over a character image for learning the global features, which represent the structures of character images of all the classes by reconstructing a filter bank from the original data. We introduce shareable constrains to activate class-specific filters from the filter bank. Further, we propose constraints by studying the nearest neighbor patches and exemplar selection to maximize the gap between inter-classes and minimize the gap between intra-classes. The method is evaluated and compared with several existing recognition methods in terms of character recognition rate. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.

关键词： Character recognition Image segmentation Filter banks Accuracy

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New Sharpness Features for Image Type Classification Based on Textual Information

New Sharpness Features for Image Type Classification Based o...

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IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, DAS

作者： K. S. Raghunandan Palaiahnakote Shivakumara G. Hemantha Kumar Umapada Pal Tong Lu Department of Studies in Computer Science University of Mysore Karnataka India Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India Narional Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China

Achieving good recognition results from a single method for text lines in video/natural scene images captured by high resolution cameras or low resolution mobile cameras, and images in web pages, is often hard. In this paper, we propose new sharpness based features of textual portion of each input text line image using HSI color space for the classification of an input image into one of the four classes (video, scene, mobile or born digital). This helps in choosing an appropriate method based on the class type of the input text for its improved recognition rate. For a given input text line image, the proposed method obtains H, S and I images. Then Canny edge images are obtained for H, S and I spaces, which results in text candidates. We perform sliding window operation over the text candidate image of each text line of each color space to estimate new sharpness by calculating stroke width and gradient information. The sharpness values of the text lines of the three color spaces are then fed to k-means clustering with maximum, minimum and average guesses, which results in three respective clusters. The mean of each cluster for respective color spaces outputs a feature vector having nine feature values for image classification with the help of an SVM classifier. Experimental results on standard datasets, namely, ICDAR 2013, ICDAR 2015 video, ICDAR 2015 natural scene data, ICDAR 2013 born digital data and the images captured by a mobile camera (our own data) show that the proposed classification method helps in improving recognition results.

关键词： Mobile communication Text recognition Image edge detection Image resolution Image color analysis Digital images Optical character recognition software

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Weighted-Gradient Features for Handwritten Line Segmentation

Weighted-Gradient Features for Handwritten Line Segmentation

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International Conference on pattern recognition

作者： Vijeta Khare Palaiahnakote Shivakumara B.J. Navya G.C. Swetha D. S. Guru Umapada Pal Tong Lu Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Studies in Computer Science University of Mysore Karnataka India Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China

Text line segmentation from handwritten documents is challenging when a document image contains severe touching. In this paper, we propose a new idea based on Weighted-Gradient Features (WGF) for segmenting text lines. The proposed method finds the number of zero crossing points for every row of Canny edge image of the input one, which is considered as the weights of respective rows. The weights are then multiplied with gradient values of respective rows of the image to widen the gap between pixels in the middle portion of text and the other portions. Next, k-means clustering is performed on WGF to classify middle and other pixels of text. The method performs morphological operation to obtain word components as patches for the result of clustering. The patches in both the clusters are matched to find common patch areas, which helps in reducing touching effect. Then the proposed method checks linearity and non-linearity iteratively based on patch direction to segment text lines. The method is tested on our own and standard datasets, namely, Alaei, ICDAR 2013 robust competition on handwriting context and ICDAR 2015-HTR, to evaluate the performance. Further, the method is compared with the state of art methods to show its effectiveness and usefulness.

关键词： Image segmentation Image edge detection Linearity Writing Morphological operations Handwriting recognition Image restoration

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Adaptive Multi-Gradient Kernels for Handwritting Based Gender Identification

Adaptive Multi-Gradient Kernels for Handwritting Based Gende...

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International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting recognition

作者： B. J Navya Palaiahnakote Shivakumara G.C Shwetha Sangheeta Roy D. S. Guru Umapada Pal Tong Lu Department of Studies in Computer Science University of Mysore Karnataka India Faculty of Computer System and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China

Handwriting based Gender identification is challenging due to unconstrained handwriting and individual differences in writing. To solve this problem, we propose a new adaptive multi-gradient of Sobel kernels for extracting Adaptive Multi-Gradient Features (AMGF). For extracted text lines, the proposed method finds dominant pixels based on directional symmetry of text pixels given by AMGF. We perform histogram operation for adaptive multi-gradient values extracted corresponding to dominant pixels. The gradient values that give the highest peak in respective histograms is chosen as features. This results in feature vector having four AMGF values. The same vector are generated for successive text lines in each image to study either consistency, which is expected for females or inconsistency, which is expected for males in writing styles. The correlation is estimated based on feature vectors of the first and the successive text lines until converging or diverging criteria is met. If convergence happens, the input document is considered as female else is considered as male. The method is tested on our own dataset, which includes large variations and standard datasets, namely, QUWI, IAM-1+IAM-2 and KHATT, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.

关键词： Feature extraction Kernel Image edge detection Writing Histograms Junctions Laplace equations

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Multi-Gradient Directional Features for Gender Identification

Multi-Gradient Directional Features for Gender Identificatio...

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International Conference on pattern recognition

作者： B.J. Navya G. C. Swetha Palaiahnakote Shivakumara Sangheeta Roy D. S. Guru Umapada Pal Tong Lu Department of Studies in Computer Science University of Mysore Karnataka India Faculty of Computer System and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China

Gender identification based on handwriting analysis has received a special attention to researchers in the field of document image analysis as it is useful for several real-time applications like forensic, population counting, etc. In this paper, we explore Multi-Gradient Directional (MGD) features, which provide direction of dominant pixels obtained by Canny edge image, and gradient direction symmetry. The proposed method further performs histogram operation for gradient angle information of dominant pixels of respective multi-gradient directional images to select angles, which contribute to the highest peak. This results in feature vectors. The process of feature vector formation continues for the segmented first, second, and third text lines in each image by male or female. Next, correlation is estimated for the vector of the first line with successive lines until converging or diverging criteria is met. If the convergence happens, a document is considered as by female, else is considered as by male. The method is tested on our own dataset, which includes images of different scripts, writers, papers, pens, and ages, and the standard database QUWI which includes Arabic and English texts, to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Comparative studies with the state of the art methods show that the proposed method is effective and useful.

关键词： Feature extraction Image edge detection Writing Junctions Histograms Face Support vector machines

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Fourier Coefficients for Fraud Handwritten Document Classification through Age Analysis

Fourier Coefficients for Fraud Handwritten Document Classifi...

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International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting recognition

作者： K.S. Raghunandan Palaiahnakote Shivakumara B.J. Navya G. Pooja Navya Prakash G. Hemantha Kumar Umapada Pal Tong Lu Department of Studies in Computer Science University of Mysore Karnataka India Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India National Key Lab for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781509009824

As new digital technologies emerge to improve living style, at the same time, it also lead to increase crimes. Unlike existing approaches that use content of handwriting for fraud/forged document identification, in this paper we propose a novel approach that explores the quality of handwritten documents by considering both foreground and background information to identify whether it is old or new. The proposed approach works based on the fact that if a fraud document is created with some gaps after the original one, the fraud document happened to be a new one and the original happened to be an old one in this work. To identify whether a given handwritten document is old or new with gaps, we propose to divide Fourier coefficients of the input image into positive and negative coefficient images, and then reconstruct respective images to conquer two reconstructed ones. The contrast of the reconstructed images obtained before and after divide-conquer is studied to analyze the ages of the document based on image quality. The proposed approach finds a unique relationship between reconstructed images, obtained before and after divide-conquer, to identify the input image as old or new. To evaluate the proposed approach, we conduct experiments on our own handwritten dataset and a standard database, namely, Google-LIFE magazine. Comparative studies with the existing approaches show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing approaches in terms of classification rate.

关键词： Image reconstruction Image edge detection Ink Printers Forgery Distortion Feature extraction

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