The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in affected patient brains is one of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease,the second most common human neurodegenerative *** the detailed pathogenesis accou...
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The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in affected patient brains is one of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease,the second most common human neurodegenerative *** the detailed pathogenesis accounting for dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease is still unclear,the advancement of stem cell approaches has shown promise for Parkinson's disease research and *** induced pluripotent stem cells have been commonly used to generate dopaminergic neurons,which has provided valuable insights to improve our understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and contributed to anti-Parkinson's disease *** current review discusses the practical approaches and potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cell techniques for generating and differentiating dopaminergic neurons from induced pluripotent stem *** benefits of induced pluripotent stem cell-based research are *** dopaminergic neuron differentiation protocols from induced pluripotent stem cells are *** emerging three-dimension-based brain organoid models compared with conventional two-dimensional cell culture are ***,limitations,challenges,and future directions of induced pluripotent stem cell–based approaches are analyzed and proposed,which will be significant to the future application of induced pluripotent stem cell-related techniques for Parkinson's disease.
A pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease(PD)is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and decreased dopamine(DA)content in the substantia nigra pars compacta in PD *** is the neurotransmitter of dopaminerg...
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A pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease(PD)is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and decreased dopamine(DA)content in the substantia nigra pars compacta in PD *** is the neurotransmitter of dopaminergic *** evidence suggests that DA interacts with environmental and genetic factors to contribute to PD *** of DA synthesis,storage,transportation and metabolism have been shown to promote neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in various PD *** is unstable and can undergo oxidation and metabolism to produce multiple reactive and toxic by-products,including reactive oxygen species,DA quinones,and 3,*** we summarize and highlight recent discoveries on DA-linked pathophysiologic pathways,and discuss the potential protective and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the complications associated with DA.
We have developed depth-targeted Photothrombosis (DTPT) technique that can target a single vessel in the cortical parenchyma by two-photon excitation. Rose Bengal-mediated DTPT could be induced at 720 nm scanning with...
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The liver is a key organ of metabolic homeostasis with functions that oscillate in response to food intake. Although liver and gut microbiome crosstalk has been reported, microbiome-mediated effects on peripheral circ...
The liver is a key organ of metabolic homeostasis with functions that oscillate in response to food intake. Although liver and gut microbiome crosstalk has been reported, microbiome-mediated effects on peripheral circadian clocks and their output genes are less well known. Here, we report that germ-free (GF) mice display altered daily oscillation of clock gene expression with a concomitant change in the expression of clock output regulators. Mice exposed to microbes typically exhibit characterized activities of nuclear receptors, some of which (PPARα, LXRβ) regulate specific liver gene expression networks, but these activities are profoundly changed in GF mice. These alterations in microbiome-sensitive gene expression patterns are associated with daily alterations in lipid, glucose, and xenobiotic metabolism, protein turnover, and redox balance, as revealed by hepatic metabolome analyses. Moreover, at the systemic level, daily changes in the abundance of biomarkers such as HDL cholesterol, free fatty acids, FGF21, bilirubin, and lactate depend on the microbiome. Altogether, our results indicate that the microbiome is required for integration of liver clock oscillations that tune output activators and their effectors, thereby regulating metabolic gene expression for optimal liver function.
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