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Inferred Cosmic-Ray Spectrum from Fermi Large Area Telescope γ-Ray Observations of Earth’s Limb

Physical Review Letters 2014年第15期112卷 151103-151103页

作者： M. Ackermann M. Ajello A. Albert A. Allafort L. Baldini G. Barbiellini D. Bastieri K. Bechtol R. Bellazzini R. D. Blandford E. D. Bloom E. Bonamente E. Bottacini A. Bouvier T. J. Brandt M. Brigida P. Bruel R. Buehler S. Buson G. A. Caliandro R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo C. Cecchi E. Charles R. C. G. Chaves A. Chekhtman J. Chiang G. Chiaro S. Ciprini R. Claus J. Cohen-Tanugi J. Conrad S. Cutini M. Dalton F. D’Ammando A. de Angelis F. de Palma C. D. Dermer S. W. Digel L. Di Venere E. do Couto e Silva P. S. Drell A. Drlica-Wagner C. Favuzzi S. J. Fegan E. C. Ferrara W. B. Focke A. Franckowiak Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano D. Gasparrini S. Germani N. Giglietto F. Giordano M. Giroletti T. Glanzman G. Godfrey G. A. Gomez-Vargas I. A. Grenier J. E. Grove S. Guiriec M. Gustafsson D. Hadasch Y. Hanabata A. K. Harding M. Hayashida K. Hayashi J. W. Hewitt D. Horan X. Hou R. E. Hughes Y. Inoue M. S. Jackson T. Jogler G. Jóhannesson A. S. Johnson T. Kamae T. Kawano J. Knödlseder M. Kuss J. Lande S. Larsson L. Latronico F. Longo F. Loparco M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano M. Mayer M. N. Mazziotta J. E. McEnery J. Mehault P. F. Michelson W. Mitthumsiri T. Mizuno A. A. Moiseev C. Monte M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko S. Murgia R. Nemmen E. Nuss T. Ohsugi A. Okumura M. Orienti E. Orlando J. F. Ormes D. Paneque J. H. Panetta J. S. Perkins M. Pesce-Rollins F. Piron G. Pivato T. A. Porter S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano S. Razzaque A. Reimer O. Reimer S. Ritz M. Roth M. Schaal A. Schulz C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli A. W. Strong H. Takahashi Y. Takeuchi J. G. Thayer J. B. Thayer D. J. Thompson L. Tibaldo M. Tinivella D. F. Torres G. Tosti E. Troja V. Tronconi T. L. Usher J. Vandenbroucke V. Vasileiou G. Vianello V. Vitale M. Werner B. L. Winer K. S. Wood M. Wood Z. Yang Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY D-15738 Zeuthen Germany Space Sciences Laboratory 7 Gauss Way University of California Berkeley California 94720-7450 USA W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei” Università di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California at Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95064 USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland 20771 USA Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari 70126 Bari Italy Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet École polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3 Palaiseau France Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS) I-10133 Torino Italy INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica I-20133 Milano Italy Laboratoire AIM CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot Service d’Astrophysique CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette France Center for Earth Observing and Space Research College of Science George Mason University Fairfax Virginia 22030 USA Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center I-00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma)

Recent accurate measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) species by ATIC-2, CREAM, and PAMELA reveal an unexpected hardening in the proton and He spectra above a few hundred GeV, a gradual softening of the spectra just below a few hundred GeV, and a harder spectrum of He compared to that of protons. These newly discovered features may offer a clue to the origin of high-energy CRs. We use the Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of the γ-ray emission from Earth’s limb for an indirect measurement of the local spectrum of CR protons in the energy range ∼90 GeV–6 TeV (derived from a photon energy range 15 GeV–1 TeV). Our analysis shows that single power law and broken power law spectra fit the data equally well and yield a proton spectrum with index 2.68±0.04 and 2.61±0.08 above ∼200 GeV, respectively.

关键词： COSMIC rays ASTROPHYSICAL radiation EARTH (Planet) PHOTONS POWER law (Mathematics)

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Efficient Sensing Matters a Lot for Large-Scale Batteries

Efficient Sensing Matters a Lot for Large-Scale Batteries

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IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)

作者： Hahnsang Kim Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

A large-scale battery pack that consists of hundreds or thousands of battery cells must be carefully monitored. Due to the divergence of cell characteristics, every cell should be monitored periodically and accurately. There are two important issues in monitoring large-scale packs. First, sensing the health condition of battery cells must be timely to capture the turning point at which the battery condition abruptly changes. Failure to capture such an important event can cause irreversible damage to the battery, especially when its State-of-Charge (SoC) is very low. Second, the more the hardware components are used, the higher the failure rate the system will suffer. The frequency of monitoring battery cells, thus, should be adjustable to the underlying load demand, considering the fact that a low load demand has a minute impact on the battery condition. We propose to address these issues via an adaptive monitoring architecture, called ADMON. ADMON lowers the sensing latency effectively, making it effective to enhance the tolerance of physical cell failures. ADMON consists of sensing, path-switching, and computing systems. The sensing system collects data from a battery-cell array. The path-switching system effectively connects a specific sensor and a micro-controller that is part of the computing system. The path-switching system is characterized by three exclusive types of topology: n-tree-based, cascaded, and parallel. The computing system is synergistically combined with the other two systems while three policies specified in the computing system are applied. The ADMON architecture is shown to outperform a non-adaptive monitoring system with respect to the battery life by 67%.

关键词： Batteries Monitoring Topology Sensors Arrays Voltage measurement

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Sidekick: AP aggregation over partially overlapping channels

Sidekick: AP aggregation over partially overlapping channels

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International Conference on Network Protocols

作者： Eugene Chai Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The uncoordinated deployment of many high-bandwidth 802.11a/g/n access points (APs) in urban areas offers the potential for WLANs to be a strong complement to cellular networks in providing ubiquitous connectivity. However, given that the bandwidth of the backhaul links connected to these APs is often an order-of-magnitude lower than that of the WLAN channel, aggregating the throughput from multiple APs is often necessary in order for the client to achieve an acceptable level of network performance. In this paper, we present Sidekick - a simple and novel AP aggregation protocol that exploits effective communication between 802.11a/g/n nodes on partially overlapping channels to attain high aggregate throughput in the face of dynamic WLAN and backhaul link conditions. Sidekick is built upon Aileron, which provides an extremely reliable and low-overhead control channel over which the APs and clients can coordinate the aggregation process. The use of such a control channel over partially overlapping channels enables Sidekick to quickly respond to varying bandwidth availability and probe for new transmission opportunities with little overhead. Our evaluation results indicate that Sidekick can make more than 30% improvement in throughput over FatVAP in a variety of situations.

关键词： Schedules Bandwidth OFDM Protocols Wireless communication Modulation Wireless LAN

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Out-of-band sensing with ZigBee for dynamic channel assignment in on-the-move hotspots

Out-of-band sensing with ZigBee for dynamic channel assignme...

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International Conference on Network Protocols

作者： Jaehyuk Choi Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of EECS University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Department of Software Design & Management Kyungwon University Seongnam South Korea

Mobile WiFi hotspots have become increasingly popular as a new innovative wireless Internet access technology. Although it has received little attention, adaptive, dynamic (re)assignment of channels in a mobile hotspot router - typically, a smartphone or a laptop or a tablet equipped with heterogeneous network interfaces like 3G/4G, WiFi, Bluetooth or ZigBee - is key to mobile hotspot performance. To fill this important gap, we present a novel scheme, called Ex2R, that finds the best WiFi service-channel by harnessing secondary low-power ZigBee radios accompanied in mobile hotspot systems, enabling intelligent and seamless dynamic channel reconfiguration. Ex2R exploits the RSSI values and clear channel assessment (CCA) outputs from the ZigBee radio sampling interface to measure idle-time fractions on candidate WiFi channels, and determines the channel that can provide the highest hotspot capacity. Ex2R thus provides a mobile hotspot router accurate information necessary for the selection of the best channel. We have implemented and evaluated Ex2R, demonstrating its effectiveness; Ex2R accurately ranks WiFi channels for a mobile hotspot router to dynamically select and switch to the best channel available, thus improving hotspot performance significantly.

关键词： IEEE 802.11 Standards Zigbee Mobile communication Sensors IEEE 802.15 Standards Mobile computing Throughput

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Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation based scaling factor tuning for 3-D fuzzy logic controller

Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation based sca...

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2011 8th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, FSKD 2011, Jointly with the 2011 7th International Conference on Natural Computation, ICNC'11

作者： Zhang, Xianxia Qin, Jingjing Zhao, Dongya Zheng, Yi Qi, Chenkun Cao, Guitao Shanghai Key Laboratory of Power Station Automation Technology School of Mechatronics and Automation Shanghai University Shanghai 200072 China College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum Dongying 257061 China GE Global Research-Shanghai Real-time Controls and Instrumentation Laboratory Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China School of Mechanical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Software Engineering Institute East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781612841816

Three-dimensional fuzzy logic controller (3-D FLC) is a new FLC which was developed recently for spatially-distributed systems. In this paper, we present a novel scaling factors online tuning method for 3-D FLC, which can improve the performance of the system without models. The simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) optimization algorithm is used to adjust the scaling factors by using spatial performance criterion, which can offer a tradeoff between simplicity of implementation, speed of convergence and quality of the final solutions. A catalytic packed-bed reactor is presented as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the system has a better performance and higher disturbance rejection ability by using proposed method. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Disturbance rejection

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Phonons in Bi2S3 nanostructures: Raman scattering and first-principles studies

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Physical Review B 2011年第20期84卷 205330-205330页

作者： Yanyuan Zhao Kun Ting Eddie Chua Chee Kwan Gan Jun Zhang Bo Peng Zeping Peng Qihua Xiong Division of Physics and Applied Physics School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Institute of High Performance Computing 1 Fusionopolis Way #16-16 Connexis Singapore 138632 School of Physical Science and Technology MOE Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China Division of Microelectronics School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798

Bi2S3 has shown promise in thermoelectric and optoelectronic applications as well as biological and chemical sensors. We present here a comprehensive study on the lattice dynamics of Bi2S3 nanostructures probed by micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. Bi2S3 nanowires are synthesized using a physical vapor transport method via a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism on silicon substrates. Oriented Bi2S3 nanosheets are also obtained on mica substrates. The structure of the nanowires is determined to be orthorhombic with a growth orientation of [110] by x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A Raman scattering study is conducted for as-prepared Bi2S3 nanostructures, in which 33, 38, 46, and 53 cm−1 phonon modes are observed for the first time. We find several modes to be very sensitive to excitation wavelength and power. First-principles calculations of orthorhombic Bi2S3 predict a series of Raman modes, in good agreement with our experiments. Phonon-dispersion curves of Bi2S3 are also presented, and the effect of Born effective charges on the longitudinal-optical–transverse-optical splitting at the zone center is taken into account.

关键词： OPTOELECTRONIC devices THERMOELECTRICITY CHEMICAL detectors RAMAN effect TRANSMISSION electron microscopy PHONONS

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Dependable, efficient, scalable architecture for management of large-scale batteries 10

Dependable, efficient, scalable architecture for management ...

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1st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, ICCPS 2010

作者： Kim, Hahnsang Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2121 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450300667

Conventional battery management systems (BMSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) are designed in an ad hoc way, causing the supply of EVs to fall behind the market demand. A well-designed and combined hardware-software architecture is essential for the management of a large-scale battery pack that consists of thousands of battery cells as in Tesla Motors and GM Chevy Volt. We propose a Dependable, Efficient, Scalable Architecture (DESA) that effectively monitors a large number of battery cells, efficiently controls and reconfigures, if needed, their connection arrangement. DESA is monarchy-based and supports hierarchical, autonomous management of battery cells, where a global BMS orchestrates a group of local BMSs. A local controller on each local BMS autonomously manages an array of battery cells, and the global controller reconfigures the connectivity of such battery-cell arrays in coordination with the local controllers. Configuration of a battery system is controlled by three types of switch - called P-, S-, and B-switches - and an algorithm that changes the setting of these switches. Our evaluation results show that DESA effectively tolerates battery-cell failures by order of magnitude - while achieving service cost savings 7.4 times - more than a conventional BMS. This superior performance not only extends the battery life signifcantly, but also provides the flexibility in supporting diverse electric power demands from a growing number of on-board applications. © 2010 ACM.

关键词： software architecture

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ERRATUM: 'CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC-RAY DENSITY GRADIENT BEYOND THE SOLAR CIRCLE FROM FERMI γ-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE THIRD GALACTIC QUADRANT' (2011, ApJ, 726, 81)

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The Astrophysical Journal 2013年第2期772卷

作者： M. Ackermann M. Ajello L. Baldini J. Ballet G. Barbiellini D. Bastieri K. Bechtol R. Bellazzini B. Berenji E. D. Bloom E. Bonamente A. W. Borgland T. J. Brandt J. Bregeon A. Brez M. Brigida P. Bruel R. Buehler S. Buson G. A. Caliandro R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo J. M. Casandjian C. Cecchi E. Charles A. Chekhtman J. Chiang S. Ciprini R. Claus J. Cohen-Tanugi J. Conrad C. D. Dermer F. de Palma S. W. Digel P. S. Drell R. Dubois C. Favuzzi E. C. Ferrara W. B. Focke Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano S. Germani N. Giglietto F. Giordano M. Giroletti T. Glanzman G. Godfrey I. A. Grenier S. Guiriec D. Hadasch Y. Hanabata A. K. Harding K. Hayashi M. Hayashida R. E. Hughes R. Itoh G. Jóhannesson A. S. Johnson W. N. Johnson T. Kamae H. Katagiri J. Kataoka J. Knödlseder M. Kuss J. Lande L. Latronico S.-H. Lee M. Llena-Garde F. Longo F. Loparco M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano A. Makeev P. Martin M. N. Mazziotta J. E. McEnery J. Mehault P. F. Michelson T. Mizuno C. Monte M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko S. Murgia M. Naumann-Godo S. Nishino P. L. Nolan J. P. Norris E. Nuss T. Ohsugi A. Okumura N. Omodei E. Orlando J. F. Ormes M. Ozaki D. Parent V. Pelassa M. Pepe M. Pesce-Rollins F. Piron T. A. Porter S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer J. Ripken T. Sada H. F.-W. Sadrozinski C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli M. S. Strickman A. W. Strong D. J. Suson H. Takahashi T. Takahashi T. Tanaka J. B. Thayer D. J. Thompson L. Tibaldo D. F. Torres A. Tramacere Y. Uchiyama T. Uehara T. L. Usher J. Vandenbroucke V. Vasileiou N. Vilchez V. Vitale A. E. Vladimirov A. P. Waite P. Wang K. S. Wood Z. Yang M. Ziegler W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa Italy Laboratoire AIM CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot Service d'Astrophysique CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif sur Yvette France Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Dipartimento di Fisica 'G. Galilei ' Università di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements CNRS/UPS BP 44346 F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4 France Department of Physics Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA Dipartimento di Fisica 'M. Merlin' dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet École polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3 F-91128 Palaiseau France Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC) Campus UAB E-08193 Barcelona Spain INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica I-20133 Milano Italy Space Science Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 USA George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030 USA Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules Université Montpellier 2 CNRS/IN2P3 F-34095 Montpellier France Department of Physics Stockholm University AlbaNova SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics AlbaNova SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow funded by a grant from the K. A. Wallenberg Founda

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ERRATUM: 'FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE STUDY OF COSMIC-RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN NEARBY MOLECULAR CLOUDS' (2012, ApJ, 755, 22)

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The Astrophysical Journal 2013年第1期778卷

作者： M. Ackermann M. Ajello A. Allafort L. Baldini J. Ballet G. Barbiellini D. Bastieri K. Bechtol R. Bellazzini B. Berenji R. D. Blandford E. D. Bloom E. Bonamente A. W. Borgland E. Bottacini T. J. Brandt J. Bregeon M. Brigida P. Bruel R. Buehler G. Busetto S. Buson G. A. Caliandro R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo J. M. Casandjian C. Cecchi E. Charles A. Chekhtman J. Chiang S. Ciprini R. Claus J. Cohen-Tanugi J. Conrad F. D'Ammando A. de Angelis F. de Palma C. D. Dermer S. W. Digel E. do Couto e Silva P. S. Drell A. Drlica-Wagner L. Falletti C. Favuzzi S. J. Fegan E. C. Ferrara W. B. Focke Y. Fukazawa Y. Fukui S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano D. Gasparrini S. Germani N. Giglietto F. Giordano M. Giroletti T. Glanzman G. Godfrey I. A. Grenier M.-H. Grondin J. E. Grove S. Guiriec D. Hadasch Y. Hanabata A. K. Harding K. Hayashi D. Horan X. Hou R. E. Hughes R. Itoh M. S. Jackson G. Jóhannesson A. S. Johnson T. Kamae H. Katagiri J. Kataoka J. Knödlseder M. Kuss J. Lande S. Larsson S.-H. Lee M. Lemoine-Goumard F. Longo F. Loparco M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano P. Martin M. N. Mazziotta J. E. McEnery J. Mehault P. F. Michelson W. Mitthumsiri T. Mizuno A. A. Moiseev C. Monte M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko S. Murgia M. Naumann-Godo R. Nemmen S. Nishino J. P. Norris E. Nuss M. Ohno T. Ohsugi A. Okumura N. Omodei E. Orlando J. F. Ormes M. Ozaki D. Paneque J. H. Panetta D. Parent M. Pesce-Rollins M. Pierbattista F. Piron G. Pivato T. A. Porter S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer C. Romoli M. Roth T. Sada H. F.-W. Sadrozinski D. A. Sanchez C. Sbarra C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli A. W. Strong D. J. Suson H. Takahashi T. Takahashi T. Tanaka J. G. Thayer J. B. Thayer D. J. Thompson L. Tibaldo O. Tibolla M. Tinivella D. F. Torres G. Tosti A. Tramacere E. Troja Y. Uchiyama T. Uehara T. L. Usher J. Vandenbroucke V. Vasileiou G. Vianello V. Vitale A. P. Waite P. Wang B. L. Winer K. S. Wood H. Yamamoto Z. Yang S. Zimmer Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY D-15738 Zeuthen Germany W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa Italy Laboratoire AIM CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot Service d'Astrophysique CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette France Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Dipartimento di Fisica 'G. Galilei ' Università di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy CNRS IRAP F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4 France GAHEC Université de Toulouse UPS-OMP IRAP Toulouse France Dipartimento di Fisica 'M. Merlin' dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari 70126 Bari Italy Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet École polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3 Palaiseau France Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEE-CSIC) Campus UAB 08193 Barcelona Spain INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica I-20133 Milano Italy Center for Earth Observing and Space Research College of Science George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030 USA Resident at Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 USA. ASI Science Data Center I-00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier Université Montpellier 2 CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier France Department of Physics Stockholm University AlbaNova SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics AlbaNova SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow funded by

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Measurement of Separate Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Spectra with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

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Physical Review Letters 2012年第1期108卷 011103-011103页

作者： M. Ackermann M. Ajello A. Allafort W. B. Atwood L. Baldini G. Barbiellini D. Bastieri K. Bechtol R. Bellazzini B. Berenji R. D. Blandford E. D. Bloom E. Bonamente A. W. Borgland A. Bouvier J. Bregeon M. Brigida P. Bruel R. Buehler S. Buson G. A. Caliandro R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo J. M. Casandjian C. Cecchi E. Charles A. Chekhtman C. C. Cheung J. Chiang S. Ciprini R. Claus J. Cohen-Tanugi J. Conrad S. Cutini A. de Angelis F. de Palma C. D. Dermer S. W. Digel E. do Couto e Silva P. S. Drell A. Drlica-Wagner C. Favuzzi S. J. Fegan E. C. Ferrara W. B. Focke P. Fortin Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano D. Gasparrini S. Germani N. Giglietto P. Giommi F. Giordano M. Giroletti T. Glanzman G. Godfrey I. A. Grenier J. E. Grove S. Guiriec M. Gustafsson D. Hadasch A. K. Harding M. Hayashida R. E. Hughes G. Jóhannesson A. S. Johnson T. Kamae H. Katagiri J. Kataoka J. Knödlseder M. Kuss J. Lande L. Latronico M. Lemoine-Goumard M. Llena Garde F. Longo F. Loparco M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano G. M. Madejski M. N. Mazziotta J. E. McEnery P. F. Michelson W. Mitthumsiri T. Mizuno A. A. Moiseev C. Monte M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko S. Murgia T. Nakamori P. L. Nolan J. P. Norris E. Nuss M. Ohno T. Ohsugi A. Okumura N. Omodei E. Orlando J. F. Ormes M. Ozaki D. Paneque D. Parent M. Pesce-Rollins M. Pierbattista F. Piron G. Pivato T. A. Porter S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano S. Razzaque A. Reimer O. Reimer T. Reposeur S. Ritz R. W. Romani M. Roth H. F.-W. Sadrozinski C. Sbarra T. L. Schalk C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli A. W. Strong H. Takahashi T. Takahashi T. Tanaka J. G. Thayer J. B. Thayer L. Tibaldo M. Tinivella D. F. Torres G. Tosti E. Troja Y. Uchiyama T. L. Usher J. Vandenbroucke V. Vasileiou G. Vianello V. Vitale A. P. Waite B. L. Winer K. S. Wood M. Wood Z. Yang S. Zimmer Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY D-15738 Zeuthen Germany W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California at Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95064 USA Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei” Università di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari 70126 Bari Italy Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet École polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3 Palaiseau France Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC) Campus UAB 08193 Barcelona Spain INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica I-20133 Milano Italy Laboratoire AIM CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot Service d’Astrophysique CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette France Artep Inc. 2922 Excelsior Springs Court Ellicott City Maryland 21042 USA National Research Council Research Associate National Academy of Sciences Washington D.C. 20001 USA ASI Science Data Center I-00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier Université Montpellier 2 CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier France Department of Physics Stockholm University AlbaNova SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics AlbaNova SE-1

We measured separate cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Because the instrument does not have an onboard magnet, we distinguish the two species by exploiting Earth’s shadow, which is offset in opposite directions for opposite charges due to Earth’s magnetic field. We estimate and subtract the cosmic-ray proton background using two different methods that produce consistent results. We report the electron-only spectrum, the positron-only spectrum, and the positron fraction between 20 and 200 GeV. We confirm that the fraction rises with energy in the 20–100 GeV range. The three new spectral points between 100 and 200 GeV are consistent with a fraction that is continuing to rise with energy.

关键词： COSMIC rays NUCLEAR physics COSMIC ray neutrons MAGNETIC fields PROTONS

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