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9th International Conference on real-time and Embedded computing Systems and Applications, RTCSA 2003

作者： Cho, Min-gyu Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9783540246862

The medium access protocol of Ethernet, CSMA/CD, has an inherent limitation in providing real-time guarantees. Since Ethernet is the most commonly used local area network (LAN) technology due to its low cost, high bandwidth and robustness, it is very important to overcome this problem so that Ethernet can be used as a network for soft real-time applications like multimedia. An adaptive traffic smoother (ATS) was proposed as a kernel-level software solution that provides soft real-time guarantees on Ethernet. This paper addresses the reconfigurability, scalability and portability of ATS. First, a mechanism to read and adjust several user-specific parameters of ATS is discussed, and metrics or parameters to indicate the achievement of the user-required Quality-of-Service (QoS) are developed since these parameters are indirectly related to the user-specific QoS. Our experimental evaluation validates the feasibility of enhancing the reconfigurability and portability of ATS. Second, ATS is extended to a switched Ethernet which is commonly used for scalability. Our solution employs an ATS for each port of the switch for real-time packet delivery guarantees. Finally, a prototype of the user-level ATS is implemented and evaluated to enhance the portability of ATS. The performance of this user-level ATS is shown to be comparable to that of the kernel-level implementation, while enhancing both the reconfigurability and portability of real-time Ethernet solutions. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.

关键词： Ethernet

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Journal of Information Science and engineering: Editorial notice

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Journal of Information Science and engineering 2005年第5期21卷 i-ii页

作者： Lee, Der-Tsai Amato, Nancy M. Chang, Shih-Fu Chen, Homer H. Chen, Tsuhan Hsu, Tsan-Sheng Hwang, Jenq-Neng Kuo, Sy-Yen Kuo, Tei-Wei Li, Chung-Sheng Tokuyama, Takeshi Wing, Jeannette Wu, Tzong-Chen Yen, John Computer Science at Texas A and M University United States Parasol Laboratory United States IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems Computing Research Association's Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research CRA-W's Distributed Mentor Program United States Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University United States Lab. United States College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National Taiwan University Taiwan IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology IEEE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA United States ACM ACM SIGACT IEEE Computer Society IICM Austria Research and Development of the Department Multimedia Signal Processing Technical Committee IEEE Signal Processing Society United States IEEE Transactions on Circuits and systems for Video Technology College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University Taiwan Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan IEEE Technical Committee on Real-Time Systems Computer Science Division IBM T.J. Watson Research Center United States IBM Research Division Graduate School of Information Sciences Tohoku University Japan ACM IPSJ Mathematical Society of Japan Japan Department of Computer Science Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University United States National Academies of Science's Computer Science and Telecommunications Board United States Microsoft's Trustworthy Academic Advisory Board Intel Research Pittsburgh's Advisory Board United States Dartmouth's Institute for Security Technology Studies Advisory Committee Canada Sloan Research Fellowships Program Committee United States ACM Taiwan China Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University United States Laboratory for Intelligent Agents Penn State's School of Info

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On-line dynamic voltage scaling for hard real-time systems using the EDF algorithm

On-line dynamic voltage scaling for hard real-time systems u...

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real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： Cheol-Hoon Lee K.G. Shin System Software Laboratory Department of Computer Engineering Chungnam National University Taejon South Korea Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of EECS University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Recently, there has been a rapid and wide spread of non-traditional computing platforms, especially mobile and portable computing devices. As applications become sophisticated and computation power increases, the most serious limitation on these devices is the available battery life. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been a key technique to exploit the hardware characteristics of processors to reduce energy dissipation by lowering the supply voltage and operating frequency. This paper presents a novel on-line DVS algorithm called OLDVS that, when coupled with the underlying OS task management mechanism and real-time scheduler, can make significant energy savings, while preserving timeliness guarantees made by the underlying real-time scheduling algorithm. While most existing DVS algorithms are confined to periodic tasks only, OLDVS does not assume task periodicity, nor does it require any a priori information on the task set to be scheduled. OLDVS requires only O(1) computation on each task context switch, thus making it fairly easy to be incorporated into a real-time operating system. The OLDVS algorithm considers a general task model which is very difficult, if not impossible, for the existing DVS algorithms to handle. Our simulation results show that OLDVS achieves great energy savings and outperforms the existing DVS algorithms when the ratio of the computation requirement of aperiodic tasks to the total computation requirement is higher than 40%. The performance advantage becomes much larger as the ratio increases.

关键词： Dynamic voltage scaling real time systems Voltage control Scheduling algorithm Portable computers Processor scheduling Switches Mobile computing Batteries Hardware

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Coordinated aggregate scheduling for improving end-to-end delay performance

Coordinated aggregate scheduling for improving end-to-end de...

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International Workshop on Quality of Service

作者： W. Sun K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

This paper proposes a novel coordinated aggregate scheduling (CAS) algorithm that combines both EOF (earliest-deadline-first) scheduling and rate-based fair queueing. CAS uses guaranteed rate (GR) scheduling (Goyal, P et al., 1995) for traffic aggregates at the inter-aggregate level, but employs EDF-like scheduling at the intra-aggregate level. Computation of the deadline D/sub N/ of a packet at an intermediate node N is coordinated between the node N and its upstream nodes, and D/sub N/ is related to the packet's guaranteed rate clock (GRC) value at the flow-aggregation node. CAS provides tighter end-to-end (e2e) delay bounds than the "vanilla" GR aggregate scheduling that relies on FIFO queueing within an aggregate. Our in-depth simulation results demonstrate CAS's superior performance. Moreover, as an aggregate-based work-conserving scheduling algorithm, CAS incurs lower scheduling and state-maintenance overheads at routers than per-flow scheduling. These salient features make CAS very attractive for use in Internet core networks.

关键词： Aggregates Delay Scheduling algorithm Traffic control Processor scheduling Content addressable storage Telecommunication traffic Clocks IP networks Multiprotocol label switching

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Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for large embedded real-time software design

Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for ...

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Wang J.R. Merrick K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Allocating software components while meeting multiple platform resource constraints is crucial for model-based design of large embedded real-time software and automatic design model transformation. In this paper, we propose a new method for component allocation using an informed branch-and-bound and forward checking mechanism subject to a combination of resource constraints. We have implemented this method in the automatic integration of reusable embedded software (AIRES) toolkit - which has been developed under the DARPA MoBIES Program - and applied it to an automotive electronic throttle control (ETC) system. Our evaluation based on randomly-generated design models has shown that the proposed method scales well for large and complex embedded real-time software.

关键词： Resource management software design Embedded software Control systems Embedded computing Forward contracts Automotive electronics Automatic control software performance Scheduling

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Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems 10

Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded ...

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10th IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the engineering of Computer-Based Systems, ECBS 2003

作者： Gu, Zonghua Shin, K.G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0769519172

Embedded real-time systems are ubiquitous in modern society, many of which perform safety-critical functions, and therefore, it is imperative to have tools and techniques that can guarantee a high degree of system correctness. They typically perform information processing on a digital computer tightly coupled with the continuous physical environment. Even though hybrid systems is an active research area, most work has ignored the scheduling behavior of software processes due to contention for the shared CPU resource. We propose an integrated approach based on hybrid automata and model-checking for modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems where real-time scheduling behavior of the controller software is explicitly represented at the model-level, together with the physical environment that it interacts with. An application example is used to demonstrate the benefits of the integrated approach in performing tradeoff analysis involving both the controller software and the controlled physical system. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Control system synthesis

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A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-time analysis of embedded software

A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-t...

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9th IEEE real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS 2003

作者： Gu, Zonghua Kodase, S. Wang, Shige Shin, K.G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States

We describe an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software. All aspects of an embedded real-time system are captured in domain-specific models, including software components and architecture, timing and resource constraints, processes and threads, execution platforms, etc. We focus on the AIRES tool, which performs various static analysis tasks based on the models, including system-level dependency analysis, execution rate assignment to component ports, real-time and schedulability analysis, and automated allocation of components to processors. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in the models at the design-level, and performing analysis that provide insight into nonfunctional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Static analysis

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Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded software with real-time constraints

Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded s...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, DATE 2003

作者： Kodase, Sharath Wang, Shige Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan 1301 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States

The model-based methodology has proven to be effective for fast and low-cost development of embedded software. In the model-based development process, transforming a software structural model that describes the underlying application, to an implementable runtime model is a critical issue. Since the designed software will finally run on the target platform, non-functional issues like schedulability timing constraints and resource requirements have to be considered during the transformation. In this paper we propose a generic runtime model architecture that can best satisfy the non-functional requirements of the system, and a generic transformation method to convert a structural model to a runtime model in such an architecture. The transformation approach is based on the notion of end-to-end computations performed by the system in response to external stimuli. We demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method by constructing a software runtime model for a combined electronic throttle and air-fuel ratio control system. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Application programs

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Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems

Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded ...

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International Conference and Workshop on engineering of Computer-Based Systems

作者： Zonghua Gu K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

关键词： Embedded computing Control system synthesis Pervasive computing real time systems Physics computing Processor scheduling Automatic control Control systems Information processing Automata

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Improving scalability of task allocation and scheduling in large distributed real-time systems using shared buffers

Improving scalability of task allocation and scheduling in l...

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Kodase Shige Wang Zonghua Gu K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Scheduling precedence-constrained tasks in a distributed real-time system is an NP-hard problem. As a result, the task allocation and scheduling algorithms that use these heuristics do not scale when applied to large distributed systems. In this paper we propose a novel approach that eliminates inter-task dependencies using shared buffers between dependent tasks. The system correctness, with respect to data-dependency, is ensured by having each dependent task poll the shared buffers at a fixed rate. Tasks can, therefore, be allocated and scheduled independently of their predecessors. To meet the timing constraints of the original dependent-task system, we have developed a method to iteratively derive the polling rates based on end-to-end deadline constraints. The overheads associated with the shared buffers and the polling mechanism are minimized by clustering tasks according to their communication and timing constraints. Our simulation results with the task allocation based on a simple first-fit bin packing algorithm showed that the proposed approach scales almost linearly with the system size, and clustering tasks greatly reduces the polling overhead.

关键词： Scalability real time systems Processor scheduling Timing Iterative algorithms Distributed computing Computational modeling Laboratories NP-hard problem Scheduling algorithm

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