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Does shortening the release cycle affect refactoring activities: A case study of the JDT Core, Platform SWT, and UI projects

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INFORMATION AND software TECHNOLOGY 2021年 139卷 106623-106623页

作者： Nourry, Olivier Kashiwa, Yutaro Kamei, Yasutaka Ubayashi, Naoyasu Kyushu Univ Principles Software Engn & Programming Languages Fukuoka Japan

Context: Several large-scale companies such as Google and Netflix chose to adopt short release cycles (e.g., rapid releases) in recent years. Although this allows these companies to provide updates and features faster for their users, it also causes developers to have less time to dedicate to development activities other than feature development. Objective: In this paper, we investigate how refactoring activities were impacted by the adoption of shorter releases. Method: We extract all refactorings applied over a period of two years during traditional yearly releases and almost two years during shorter quarterly releases in three Eclipse projects. We then analyze both time periods' refactoring activities to understand how refactoring activities can be impacted by shortening the release cycles. Results: We observe reduced refactoring activities in one project and a decrease in more complex refactoring operations after shortening the release cycles. We also find that weekly efforts dedicated to refactoring activities was lower across all projects after shortening the release cycles. Conclusion: Shorter releases may impact software development tasks such as refactoring in unintended ways. Not applying specific types of refactoring may also affect the software's quality in the long term. Using this case study and past work on shorter releases, potential short release adopters can now better plan their transition to shorter releases knowing which areas of development may be affected.

关键词： Release policy change Refactoring Release engineering

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A key review on graph data science: The power of graphs in scientific studies

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CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS 2023年第1期240卷

作者： Das, Resul Soylu, Mucahit Firat Univ Fac Technol Dept Software Engn TR-23119 Elazig Turkiye Inonu Univ Organized Ind Zone Vocat Sch Dept Comp Programming TR-44280 Malatya Turkiye

This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of graph theory, various graph types, and the role of graph visualization in scientific studies. Graphs serve as powerful tools for modeling and analyzing complex systems in diverse disciplines. The introduction highlights the importance of graphs as a visual representation in scientific research, enabling a better understanding of complex data. Infographics and knowledge graphs have gained significant popularity in recent years due to their effectiveness in conveying information. The review starts by exploring the foundations of graph theory, covering key concepts, algorithms, and applications. It discusses the different types of graphs, including directed, undirected, weighted, and bipartite graphs, and their specific use cases in scientific studies. Special attention is given to special graphs, such as complete graphs, trees, and social networks, which have unique properties and play a significant role in various scientific domains. The review showcases their applications and contributions in fields like biology, social sciences, network analysis, and data mining. Graph visualization emerges as a crucial aspect of understanding and interpreting complex data structures. The review emphasizes the challenges and advancements in graph visualization techniques, enabling researchers to effectively communicate and analyze graph-based information. In conclusion, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers in understanding the principles and applications of graph theory in scientific studies. The exploration of graph types, special graphs, and graph visualization techniques provides insights into the diverse uses and potential of graphs in various scientific disciplines.

关键词： Graph theory Graph types Special graphs Graphs in science Graph visualization

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Migrating Birds Optimization-Based Feature Selection for Text Classification

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Kaya, Cem Kilimci, Zeynep Hilal Uysal, Mitat Kaya, Murat Dogus University Turkey Department of Information Systems Engineering Kocaeli University Turkey Department of Software Engineering Dogus University Turkey Department of Computer Programming Acibadem University Turkey

This research introduces a novel approach, MBO-NB, that leverages Migrating Birds Optimization (MBO) coupled with Naive Bayes as an internal classifier to address feature selection challenges in text classification having large number of features. Focusing on computational efficiency, we preprocess raw data using the Information Gain algorithm, strategically reducing the feature count from an average of 62221 to 2089. Our experiments demonstrate MBO-NB's superior effectiveness in feature reduction compared to other existing techniques, emphasizing an increased classification accuracy. The successful integration of Naive Bayes within MBO presents a well-rounded solution. In individual comparisons with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), MBO-NB consistently outperforms by an average of 6.9% across four setups. This research offers valuable insights into enhancing feature selection methods, providing a scalable and effective solution for text classification. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Feature Selection

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Automated Checking and Completion of Backward Confluence for Hyperedge Replacement Grammars 14th

Automated Checking and Completion of Backward Confluence for...

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14th International Conference on Graph Transformation (ICGT) Held as Part of Conference on software Technologies - Applications and Foundations (STAF)

作者： Fesefeldt, Ira Matheja, Christoph Noll, Thomas Schulte, Johannes Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Software Modeling & Verificat Grp Aachen Germany Swiss Fed Inst Technol Programming Methodol Grp Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9783030789466;9783030789459

We present a tool that checks for a given context-free graph grammar whether the corresponding graph reduction system in which all rules are applied backward, is confluent-a question that arises when using graph grammars to guide state space abstractions for analyzing heap-manipulating programs;confluence of the graph reduction system then guarantees the abstraction's uniqueness. If a graph reduction system is not confluent, our tool provides symbolic representations of counterexamples to confluence, i.e., non-joinable critical pairs, for manual inspection. Furthermore, it features a heuristics-based completion procedure that attempts to turn a graph reduction system into a confluent one without invalidating the properties mandated by the abstraction framework. We evaluate our implementation on various graph grammars for verifying data structure traversal algorithms from the literature.

关键词： Graph grammars Confluence Critical pairs Completion

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Collaboration And Versioning Framework – A Systematic Top-Down Approach

Collaboration And Versioning Framework – A Systematic Top-D...

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Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C)

作者： Jakob Pietron Alexander Raschke Joeri Exelmans Matthias Tichy Institute of Software Engineering and Programming Languages Ulm University Ulm Germany Department of Computer Science University of Antwerp – Flanders Make Antwerp Belgium

CONTEXT: Versioning allows users to efficiently create and evolve artifacts, not only but especially in the domain of model-driven engineering. Due to collaboration tools, the place and time where users jointly work at their artifacts do not play an important role anymore. Objective: We systematically elaborated a classification framework for collaboration and versioning tools. The intention is threefold: First, it should be possible to classify existing approaches. Second, deriving from user goals requirements to be met, and capabilities to be supported by a new tool. Third, given a set of capabilities, highlight which user goals can be achieved. Method: According to Kang and Lee, we systematically elaborated a problem space and a solution space and created mappings between both spaces and their sub-spaces. To demonstrate the applicability, we classified existing VCS like git, Google Docs, and several MDE-specific approaches. Results: The created feature diagram covers 238 features and contains about 87 constraints. Conclusion: The developed framework supports researchers and developers in classifying their tools, revealing new opportunities to improve their tools, and guiding the development of new tools.

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A Profiler for the Matching Process of Henshin 20

A Profiler for the Matching Process of Henshin

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23rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)

作者： Groner, Raffaela Gylstorff, Sophie Tichy, Matthias Ulm Univ Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Ulm Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450381352

Model transformations are essential operations in Model-Driven software Engineering (MDSE). Due to the increasing size and complexity of software systems developed with the help of MDSE, the input models for transformations are also getting bigger. In order to still be able to use model transformations efficiently, more attention should be paid to their performance. Especially with declarative languages, the execution of a transformation remains hidden from the developer, so there is no way to understand the reasons for a long execution time. We present our profiler for the declarative transformation language Henshin, which provides information about the execution at the level of transformations. In particular, the goal of our profiler is to provide information about the matching process to find an isomorphic subgraph. With the help of our monitoring approach, we collect information about the transformation execution at runtime, which is then aggregated and presented to the developer in various visualizations. In our tool demo we present the two ways to invoke our profiler and explain by an example which information the profiler provides. In addition, we interpret the displayed information in the context of our example and show how a possible performance improvement can be achieved. A screencast of the demo is available at https: //***/TVq6MN8drJM

关键词： Henshin model transformation performance profiler

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Energy Efficiency Improvement System for AC Circuits

Energy Efficiency Improvement System for AC Circuits

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2024 Conference of Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ElCon 2024

作者： Kulagin, Vladimir Selivanov, Kirill Vlasov, Andrey Aminev, Dmitrii Bunina, Lyudmila Bikovsky, Sergey Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics Moscow Russia Bauman Moscow State Technical University Bmstu Department of Design and Technology of Electronic Devices Moscow Russia Russian Technological University - Mirea Department of Development of Software Solutions and System Programming Moscow Russia Russian Technological University - Mirea Department of Electrical Engineering Systems Moscow Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350360646

The problem of the rational use of energy resources remains constantly relevant and requires the search for new approaches. One of them is power control. In AC circuits, the authors see the most promising method of phase AC power control. Based on it, a power control module was developed. The structural and circuit diagrams of the developed device are presented to implement the proposed solution. The authors produced its experimental prototype and conducted experimental testing at various levels of regulated power. Savings when using the proposed power control module were calculated using the example of energy consumption in various sectors of energy-intensive systems. According to the data obtained, the module allows saving energy consumption without significant discomfort to the energy user. The calculated results allow concluding that the proposed AC power control module is fully operational, and its widespread use will significantly reduce the need for electricity. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： energy consumption energy efficiency power control

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CouchEdit: A Relaxed Conformance Editing Approach 20

CouchEdit: A Relaxed Conformance Editing Approach

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23rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)

作者： Nachreiner, Leander Raschke, Alexander Stegmaier, Michael Tichy, Matthias Ulm Univ Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Ulm Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450381352

Graphical models have long become an integral part of many system development activities. However, the support of such graphical notations through tools is still believed to be not optimal. We present CouchEdit, a novel approach for a diagram editor framework that realizes the relaxed conformance editing concept. Similar to textual editors, where the conformance to a formal language is checked in the background, this concept offers the modeler the freedom to draw unrestricted diagrams that are analyzed and (partially) translated into a metamodel instance. This paper presents the concepts and the general architecture of this framework and introduces core mechanisms that can ease the integration of new graphical languages into the implemented prototype.

关键词： model driven engineering user experience graphical editor relaxed conformance editing

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Studying donations and their expenses in open source projects: a case study of GitHub projects collecting donations through open collectives

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EMPIRICAL software ENGINEERING 2022年第1期27卷 24-24页

作者： Zhou, Jiayuan Wang, Shaowei Kamei, Yasutaka Hassan, Ahmed E. Ubayashi, Naoyasu Huawei Ctr Software Excellence CSE Ottawa ON Canada Univ Manitoba Dept Comp Sci Winnipeg MB Canada Kyushu Univ Principles Software Engn & Programming Languages Fukuoka Japan Queens Univ Software Anal & Intelligence Lab SAIL Kingston ON Canada

Operating an open source project requires not only intrinsic motivation (e.g., the joy of participation) but also extrinsic motivation (e.g., financial incentives). Almost 95% of open source projects are no longer maintained after a year. Nowadays, although donations start to play an important role in operating open source projects, there is little knowledge about the characteristics of donors and the usage of donations. A better understanding of the characteristics of donations, their donors, and the usage of donations in open source projects is needed to provide insights to the stakeholders of open source projects to help them operate their projects more sustainably. In this paper, we study the donations that are received through the Open Collective platform (i.e., an online crowdfunding platform) to support open source projects, to understand the characteristics of these donations, their donors, and the usage of these donations. To do so, we investigate 225 GitHub open source projects that received 54,889 donations with a total value of $2,537,281 through the Open Collective platform. We find that: 1) In general, corporate donors tend to donate more money than individual donors in a single donation. However, in a collective, the total donation amount from individual donors is more than corporate donors, suggesting the importance of individual donors. Moreover, individual donors are more likely to redonate to the same collective compared to corporate donors. 2) Non-engineering-related expenses take up to 54.0% of the total number of all expenses that are filtered against donation. For instance, "Web services", "marketing", and "travel" expenses are the three most frequent and costly non-engineering-related expense types. For engineering-related expenses, the most frequent expenses are related to development and maintenance. Interestingly, we also observe that 18% of the engineering expenses were spent to propose bounties for addressing issues with a median cost of

关键词： Donations Open source GitHub

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Editorial

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2022年 104卷 1页

作者： Giorgini, Paolo Weber, Barbara Univ Trento Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci Trento Italy Univ St Gallen Software Syst Programming & Dev St Gallen Switzerland

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