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30th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS)

作者： Friese, Max Jonas Kallwies, Hannes Leucker, Martin Sachenbacher, Martin Streichhahn, Hendrik Thoma, Daniel Mercedes Benz AG Sindelfingen Germany Univ Lubeck Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Lubeck Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450396509

Meeting timing requirements is essential for the correct behavior of embedded systems in today's vehicles. In the automotive domain, the AUTOSAR Timing Extensions are a widely used and accepted standard for specifying timing requirements. Previous work focused on defining such timing constraints in a mathematically precise way, using timing-augmented description languages such as TADL2, in order to perform offline system analysis such as automated model checking and verification. However, not all types of timing specification violations can be detected at system development time, and sporadic rare events require a capability for long-term observation of system behavior. Runtime verification is a formal method that considers actual runs of a system, as opposed to static analysis, and checks properties on streams of events using monitors constructed from specifications. In this paper, we investigate how runtime verification can be used to monitor AUTOSAR timing constraints on system traces. First, we analyze the complexity of monitoring different types of AUTOSAR and related TADL2 timing constraints, finding that the constraints belong to different classes defined by the resources required for monitoring. Second, we present a library of timing specifications that implements the AUTOSAR and TADL2 constraints in the temporal stream-based specification language TeSSLa. From these TeSSLa specifications, monitors can then be automatically generated and either compiled to a Scala program executed on the JVM, or alternatively run on specialized hardware such as FPGAs. Finally, experimental results are presented where timing specifications are monitored on synthetically generated traces and real-world traces obtained from an industrial automotive application.

关键词： Automotive Runtime verification AUTOSAR

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A Model-Based Approach for Monitoring and Diagnosing Digital Twin Discrepancies 35

A Model-Based Approach for Monitoring and Diagnosing Digital...

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35th International Conference on Principles of Diagnosis and Resilient Systems, DX 2024

作者： Hosseinkhani, Elaheh Leucker, Martin Sachenbacher, Martin Streichhahn, Hendrik Vosteen, Lars B. Institute for Software Engineering and Programming Languages Universität zu Lübeck Germany Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA. Lübeck Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783959773560

Recent decades have seen the increasing use of Digital Twins (DTs) - that is, digital models used over the lifetime of a physical product or system for tasks such as predictive maintenance or optimization - in a number of domains such as buildings, manufacturing, or design. DTs face a challenge known as the DT synchronization problem;a DT, often based on machine-learned, or complex simulation models, needs to adequately mirror the physical product or system at all times, as any deviations might affect the quality of predictions or control actions. In this paper, we present a model-based approach that aims to add a level of awareness to DT models by supervising if they are in sync with the physical counterpart. The approach is agnostic to the type of models used in the DT, as long as they are compositional, and based on monitoring critical properties (behavioral or functional aspects) of the system at run-time. In the case violations are detected, it reasons on the DT's structure to localize and identify parts of the model that cause deviations and need to be adapted. We give a formal description and an implementation of this approach, and illustrate it with an example from building climatisation. © Elaheh Hosseinkhani, Martin Leucker, Martin Sachenbacher, Hendrik Streichhahn, and Lars B. Vosteen.

关键词： Predictive maintenance

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Coordination and Explanation of Reconfigurations in Self-Adaptive High-Performance Systems 22

Coordination and Explanation of Reconfigurations in Self-Ada...

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ACM/IEEE 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)

作者： Stiess, Sarah Becker, Steffen Ege, Florian Hoeppner, Stefan Tichy, Matthias Univ Stuttgart Inst Software Engn Stuttgart Baden Wurttembe Germany Ulm Univ Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Ulm Baden Wurttembe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394673

Self-adaptive systems that modify their architecture to achieve different Service Level Objectives (SLOs) are becomingwell-established parts of a company's portfolio. Current systems however do a poor job of coordinating the underlying rules and explaining the system's behavior to developers. This negatively impacts a system's performance due to behaving in unintended and hard-to-comprehend ways. In this vision paper, we introduce an approach that intends to alleviate these problems, for the use-case of high-performance cloud clusters, through the use of a cyber-cyber digital twin based on the Palladio ecosystem. The conceived digital twin allows for several functions that are unexplored in literature so far: the combination of design time analysis with explainability, use of state-space prediction bounded by likelihood, and explanation of non-applicability. This is achieved through a digital twin performing three main activities: 1) The predicting activity predicts system performance along several potential paths. 2) The planning activity analyzes reconfiguration rules and predicted system behavior to produce reconfiguration plans that try to optimally utilize available resources and achieve all SLOs without unintended interactions between the execution of rules. 3) The explaining activity processes all artifacts produced during system simulation time or runtime to provide comprehensive visualizations to developers. We explain how each activity is performed and what models it processes and produces based on a running example.

关键词： Self-adaptive system digital twin cyber-cyber digital twin Palladio explainability reconfiguration coordination

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A Model-Based Approach to Automotive Feature Development for Updates and Upgrades 17

A Model-Based Approach to Automotive Feature Development for...

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17th IEEE International Congress on Intelligent and Service-Oriented Systems Engineering (CISOSE)

作者： Schindewolf, Marc Wittler, Jan Willem Kuehn, Thomas Grimm, Daniel Sax, Eric Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Tech Informat Verarbeitung Karlsruhe Germany Karlsruhe Inst Technol Dependabil Software Intens Syst Karlsruhe Germany Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg Software Engn & Programming Languages Halle Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350322392

The automotive industry faces challenges due to the increasing demand for customization and individualization by consumers. With a wide range of equipment levels and feature options, it has become impossible to test all possible configurations for a single vehicle during development and especially for vehicles already in service. As a basis for solving these challenges, integrated approaches for the development of upgradeable vehicles are required. In this context, future upgrade options should be considered and planned already in the design stage to enable sustainable business models for next vehicle generations. This paper proposes a refined variability model that combines two existing approaches to address the challenges faced by the industry. The same model can perform buildability or upgradeability checks and dynamic allocation optimization. The model is evaluated qualitatively by three exemplary use cases.

关键词： Automotive E/E architecture SOA software engineering reconfiguration model-driven software engineering software evolution software product lines

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Efficient Detection of Commutative Factors in Factor Graphs 12

Efficient Detection of Commutative Factors in Factor Graphs

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12th International Conference on Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGM)

作者： Luttermann, Malte Machemer, Johann Gehrke, Marcel German Res Ctr Artificial Intelligence DFKI Lubeck Germany Univ Lubeck Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Lubeck Germany Univ Hamburg Inst Humanities Ctr Artificial Intelligence Hamburg Germany

Lifted probabilistic inference exploits symmetries in probabilistic graphical models to allow for tractable probabilistic inference with respect to domain sizes. To exploit symmetries in, e.g., factor graphs, it is crucial to identify commutative factors, i.e., factors having symmetries within themselves due to their arguments being exchangeable. The current state of the art to check whether a factor is commutative with respect to a subset of its arguments iterates over all possible subsets of the factor's arguments, i.e., O(2(n)) iterations for a factor with n arguments in the worst case. In this paper, we efficiently solve the problem of detecting commutative factors in a factor graph. In particular, we introduce the detection of commutative factors (DECOR) algorithm, which allows us to drastically reduce the computational effort for checking whether a factor is commutative in practice. We prove that DECOR efficiently identifies restrictions to drastically reduce the number of required iterations and validate the efficiency of DECOR in our empirical evaluation.

关键词： probabilistic graphical models factor graphs lifted inference

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TeSSLa - An Ecosystem for Runtime Verification 22nd

TeSSLa - An Ecosystem for Runtime Verification

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22nd International Conference on Runtime Verification (RV) held as part of the Computational Logic Autumn Summit (CLAS)

作者： Kallwies, Hannes Leucker, Martin Schmitz, Malte Schulz, Albert Thoma, Daniel Weiss, Alexander Univ Lubeck Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Lubeck Germany Accem Technol GmbH Kiefersfelden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783031171963;9783031171956

Runtime verification deals with checking correctness properties on the runs of a system under scrutiny. To achieve this, it addresses a variety of sub-problems related to monitoring of systems: These range from the appropriate design of a specification language over efficient monitor generation as hardware and software monitors to solutions for instrumenting the monitored system, preferably in a non-intrusive way. Further aspects play a role for the usability of a runtime verification toolchain, e.g. availability, sufficient documentation and the existence of a developer community. In this paper we present the TeSSLa ecosystem, a runtime verification framework built around the stream runtime verification language TeSSLa: It provides a rich toolchain of mostly freely available compilers for monitor generation on different hardware and software backends, as well as instrumentation mechanisms for various runtime verification requirements. Additionally, we highlight how the online resources and supporting tools of the community-driven project enable the productive usage of stream runtime verification.

关键词： Ecosystems

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FLEXIBLE CORRECT-BY-CONSTRUCTION programming

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LOGICAL METHODS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2023年第2期19卷 16:1-16:36页

作者： Runge, Tobias Bordis, Tabea Potanin, Alex Thuem, Thomas Schaefer, Ina Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Informat Secur & Dependabil KASTEL Karlsruhe Germany TU Braunschweig Inst Software Engn & Automot Informat Braunschweig Germany Stellenbosch Univ Sch Data Sci & Computat Thinking Stellenbosch South Africa Australian Natl Univ Sch Comp Canberra Australia Univ Ulm Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Ulm Germany

. Correctness-by-Construction (CbC) is an incremental program construction process to construct functionally correct programs. The programs are constructed stepwise along with a specification that is inherently guaranteed to be satisfied. CbC is complex to use without specialized tool support, since it needs a set of predefined refinement rules of fixed granularity which are additional rules on top of the programming language. Each refinement rule introduces a specific programming statement and developers cannot depart from these rules to construct programs. CbC allows to develop software in a structured and incremental way to ensure correctness, but the limited flexibility is a disadvantage of CbC. In this work, we compare classic CbC with CBC-BLocK and TRAITCBC. Both approaches CBC-BLocK and TRAITCBC, are related to CbC, but they have new language constructs that enable a more flexible software construction approach. We provide for both approaches a programming guideline, which similar to CbC, leads to well-structured programs. CBC-BLocK extends CbC by adding a refinement rule to insert any block of statements. Therefore, we introduce CBC-BLocK as an extension of CbC. TRAITCBC implements correctness-by-construction on the basis of traits with specified methods. We formally introduce TRAITCBC and prove soundness of the construction strategy. All three development approaches are qualitatively compared regarding their programming constructs, tool support, and usability to assess which is best suited for certain tasks and developers.

关键词： Traits Correctness-by-Construction Formal Methods Post-hoc Verification

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Investigation of Processes of Heating a Non-Ferromagnetic Rod under the Action of an Unsteady Electromagnetic Field 19

Investigation of Processes of Heating a Non-Ferromagnetic Ro...

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IEEE 19th International Conference on the Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH)

作者： Musii, Roman Drohomyretska, Khrystyna Bilushchak, Halyna Melnyk, Nataliia Demkiv, Ihor Kunynets, Andrii Lviv Polytech Natl Univ Dept Math Lvov Ukraine Lviv Polytech Natl Univ Dept Computat Math & Programming Lvov Ukraine Lviv Polytech Natl Univ Dept Software Lvov Ukraine

ISBN: (纸本)9798350378634;9798350378627

A physical and mathematical model is formulated for determining the axial component of the magnetic field intensity vector and specific Joule heat density in a non-ferromagnetic conductive rod under the conditions of its induction heating through an unsteady electromagnetic field. The initial relations for the initial-boundary value problem of electrodynamics were written for the considered rod. We chose the axial component of the magnetic field intensity vector as a determining function. To obtain the solution, the cubic approximation along the radial coordinate of distribution of the determining function along the radius of the rod was used. In consequence of this, the original initial-boundary value problem is reduced to Cauchy problem in time for the integral characteristics of the determining function in the radial variable. Applying the integral Laplace transform, the expression for the integral characteristics and the axial component of the magnetic field intensity vector is written down. Expressions of Joule heat and the determining function in the considered rod under the action of an unsteady electromagnetic field were obtained. A numerical analysis of change in time and distribution along radius of the rod of the axial component of the magnetic field intensity vector and Joule heat was performed depending on frequency of the carrier electromagnetic oscillations and duration of the unstable electromagnetic field.

关键词： electroconductive rod unsteady electromagnetic field induction heating axial component of magnetic field intensity vector Joule heat

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PFCS: An efficient Path setup and Fast Channel Switching protocol for cognitive mobile IoTs

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AD HOC NETWORKS 2025年 171卷

作者： Nadeem, Muhammad Rehan, Muhammad Maaz Ahmad, Saima Gulzar Munir, Ehsan Ullah Rehan, Muhammad Waqas COMSATS Univ Islamabad Dept Comp Sci Wah Campus Islamabad Pakistan Univ Cent Lancashire Sch Engn & Comp Dept Comp Sci Preston PR1 2HE Lancs England Univ Lubeck Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages ISP D-23562 Lubeck Germany

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have become a prominent platform in recent years, particularly in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 5.0. CRNs include Primary Users (PUs) and Secondary Users (SUs). PUs are licensed users with priority over SUs for spectrum utilization. The growth rate of wireless devices is 40% annually. The available wireless spectrum is not quite enough to handle this immense growth rate. These facts makes channel assignment in CRNs as one of the highly explored research areas. In this study, we propose a cross-layer efficient routing protocol and channel selection algorithm for IoT named, an efficient Path setup and Fast Channel Switching (PFCS) for IoT-based Mobile Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs). PFCS evaluates multiple paths using various important network parameters and selects the path with minimal end-to-end channel switching and the highest score. Additionally, PFCS proposes a local channel recovery algorithm to handle PU activity through controlled broadcast. The recovery algorithm aims to resume ongoing communication with minimal control overhead. The proposed PFCS is compared with state-of-the-art, software-Defined Routing Protocol (SDRP) and Optimal Channel Selection algorithm for CRahNs (OCSCRN) with varying numbers of PUs and SUs in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks (MCRNs). Results demonstrate that PFCS outperforms SDRP and OCSCRN in terms of Delay, Packet Delivery Function (PDF), Routing overhead, and Network life.

关键词： Cognitive radio IoT Multichannel Routing Cross-layer design Channel switching

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UVL: Feature modelling with the Universal Variability Language☆

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2025年 225卷

作者： Benavides, David Sundermann, Chico Feichtinger, Kevin Galindo, Jose A. Rabiser, Rick Thuem, Thomas Univ Seville Dept Comp Languages & Syst Ave Reina Mercedes Seville 41012 Spain Univ Ulm Inst Software Engn & Programming Languages Albert Einstein Allee 11 D-89069 Ulm Germany Karlsruhe Inst Technol KASTEL Dependabil Software intens Syst CRC 1608 Fasanengarten 5 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Christian Doppler Lab VaSiCS LIT CPS Lab Altenberger Str 69 A-4040 Linz Austria TU Braunschweig Inst Software Engn & Automot Informat Muhlenpfordtstr 23 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany

Feature modelling is a cornerstone of software product line engineering, providing a means to represent software variability through features and their relationships. Since its inception in 1990, feature modelling has evolved through various extensions, and after three decades of development, there is a growing consensus on the need for a standardised feature modelling language. Despite multiple endeavours to standardise variability modelling and the creation of various textual languages, researchers and practitioners continue to use their own approaches, impeding effective model sharing. In 2018, a collaborative initiative was launched by a group of researchers to develop a novel textual language for representing feature models. This paper introduces the outcome of this effort: the Universal Variability Language (UVL), which is designed to be human-readable and serves as a pivot language for diverse software engineering tools. The development of UVL drew upon community feedback and leveraged established literature in the field of variability modelling. The language is structured into three levels - Boolean, Arithmetic, and Type - and allows for language extensions to introduce additional constructs enhancing its expressiveness. UVL is integrated into various existing software tools, such as FeatureIDE and flamapy, and is maintained by a consortium of institutions. All tools that support the language are released in an open-source format, complemented by dedicated parser implementations for Python and Java. Beyond academia, UVL has found adoption within a range of institutions and companies. It is envisaged that UVL will become the language of choice in the future for a multitude of purposes, including knowledge sharing, educational instruction, and tool integration and interoperability. We envision UVL as a pivotal solution, addressing the limitations of prior attempts and fostering collaboration and innovation in the domain of software product line engineering.

关键词： Feature model software product lines Variability

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