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Real-Time Black Carbon emissions from Light-Duty Passenger vehicles Using a Portable emissions Measurement System

Engineering 2022年第9期16卷 73-81页

作者： Xuan Zheng Liqiang He Xiaoyi He Shaojun Zhang Yihuan Cao Jiming Hao Ye Wu College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for Sustainable Systems School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109-1041USA State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

Black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion ***-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic ***,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly *** developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use *** demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 ***^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 ***^(-1))by a factor of *** BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC ***,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

关键词： Black carbon Light-duty gasoline vehicles Portable emissions measurement system Real-time emissions

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Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2020年第2期14卷 207-216页

作者： Xuan Zheng Sheng Lu Liuhanzi Yang Min Yan Guangyi Xu Xiaomeng Wu Lixin Fu Ye Wu College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China International Council on Clean Transportation Beijing 100084China Shenzhen Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Shenzhen 518001China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs)has been reported by several ***,real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement *** on-board diagnostic(OBD)approach,which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection,is a promising fuel consumption monitoring *** LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle,the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC).Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system(CVS,a regulatory method)to verify the accuracy of the OBD *** results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation(e.g.,R^2=0.906-0.977).Compared with the carbon balance results,the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3%lower on ***,the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the *** results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fliel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17%higher than the type-approval-based fuel *** the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption,using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval ftiel *** means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods,a strong relationship(R^2=0.984)was established between the average speed and relative fuel *** congested roads(average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h),the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.

关键词： Fuel consumption Light-duty passenger vehicles On-board diagnostic systems

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Organic nitrogen in PM2.5 in Beijing

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2015年第6期9卷 1004-1014页

作者： Qian ZHANG Fengkui DUAN Kebin HE Yongliang MA Haiyan LI Takashi KIMOTO Aihua ZHENG State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd. Funahashi-Cho Tennouji-Ku Osaka 543-0024 Japan Analysis and Testing Center of Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

Nitrogenous species, as important chemical components in PM2.5, include organic nitrogen （ON） and inorganic nitrogen （IN）, both of which have potential effects on human health, climate change and visibility degradation. In this study, we analyzed total nitrogen （TN） by CHN Elemental analyzer and inorganic nitrogen by ion chromatography （IC） respectively to obtain ON by calculating the difference between TN and IN. The results show that the mean ON concentrations in winter and summer are both 2.86 μg. m-a, ten times higher than other places reported on average. ON contributes about 20%- 30% to TN on average in both seasons, presenting higher contribution in summer. N：C ratios are much higher in summer than winter. ON sources or formation were strengthened by heavy PM2.5 pollution loads, especially sensitive to sulfate. ON concentrations are higher at night in the both seasons, however with distinguished day and night difference patterns influenced by relative humidity （RH） conditions. In winter, ON concentrations increase with RH on average through low RH values to high RH values. The variations are far larger than the ones caused by day and night difference. However in summer, day and night difference dominates the variations of ON concen- trations at low RH values, and RH conditions promote ON concentrations increase significantly only at high RH values. Dust related source and anthropogenic emission related secondary source are identified as important sources for ON. At heavy pollution loads, ON sources are more of secondary formation, possibly strengthened by combination influence of RH and acidity increase.

关键词： organic nitrogen N：C ratio secondary dayand night variation relative humidity （RH） acidity

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Identify the contribution of vehicle non-exhaust emissions:a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer test case at typical road environment

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2023年第5期17卷 117-128页

作者： Qijun Zhang Jiayuan Liu Ning Wei Congbo Song Jianfei Peng Lin Wu Hongjun Mao Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research&State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin 300071China School of Geography Earth and Environment Sciences University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUK

A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SPAMS)was used to accurately quantify the contribution of vehicle non-exhaust emissions to particulate matter at typical road *** PM_(2.5),black carbon,meteorological parameters and traffic flow were recorded during the test *** daily trend for traffic flow and speed on TEDA Street showed obvious“M”and“W”characteristics.6.3 million particles were captured via the SPAMS,including 1.3 million particles with positive and negative spectral map *** Metal,High molecular Organic Carbon,Organic Carbon,Mixed Carbon,Elemental Carbon,Rich Potassium,Levo-rotation Glucose,Rich Na,SiO_(3) and other categories were *** particle number concentration measured by SPAMS showed a good linear correlation with the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5) and BC,which indicates that the particulate matter captured by the SPAMS reflects the pollution level of fine particulate ***,ECOC,OC,HM and crustal dust components were found to show high values from 7:00–9:00 AM,showing that these chemical components are directly or indirectly related to vehicle *** on the PMF model,7 major factors are *** relative contributions of each factor were determined:vehicle exhaust emission(44.8%),coal-fired source(14.5%),biomass combustion(12.2%),crustal dust(9.4%),ship emission(9.0%),tires wear(6.6%)and brake pads wear(3.5%).The results show that the contribution of vehicle non-exhaust to particulate matter at roadside environment is approximately 10.1%.vehicle non-exhaust emissions are the focus of future research in the vehicle pollutant emission control field.

关键词： Non-exhaust emissions SPAMS PMF Roadside environment

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Ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2017年第3期29卷 224-237页

作者： WenJing Wu Bin Zhao Shuxiao Wang Jiming Hao State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality Tsinghua UniversityBeijin9 100084China Joint Institute for Earth System Science and Engineering Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA.

Volatile organic compounds （VOCs） are major precursors for ozone and secondary organic aerosol （SOA）, both of which greatly harm human health and significantly affect the Earth＇s climate. We simultaneously estimated ozone and SOA formation from anthropogenic VOCs emissions in China by employing photochemical ozone creation potential （POCP） values and SOA yields. We gave special attention to large molecular species and adopted the SOA yield curves from latest smog chamber experiments. The estimation shows that alkylbenzenes are greatest contributors to both ozone and SOA formation （36.0% and 51.6%, respectively）, while toluene and xylenes are largest contributing individual VOCs. Industry solvent use, industry process and domestic combustion are three sectors with the largest contributions to both ozone （24.7%, 23.0% and 17.8%, respectively） and SOA （22.9%, 34.6% and 19.6%, respectively） formation. In terms of the formation potential per unit VOCs emission, ozone is sensitive to open biomass burning, transportation, and domestic solvent use, and SOA is sensitive to industry process, domestic solvent use, and domestic combustion. Biomass stoves, paint application in industrial protection and buildings, adhesives application are key individual sources to ozone and SOA formation, whether measured by total contribution or contribution per unit VOCs emission. The results imply that current VOCs control policies should be extended to cover most important industrial sources, and the control measures for biomass stoves should be tightened. Finally, discrepant VOCs control policies should be implemented in different regions based on their ozone/aerosol concentration levels and dominant emission sources for ozone and SOA formation potential.

关键词： Volatile organic compounds （VOCs）OzoneSecondary organic aerosol （SOA）Formation potentialcontrol strategy

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δ^(15)N-stable isotope analysis of NH_(x): An overview on analytical measurements, source sampling and its source apportionment

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2021年第6期15卷 175-185页

作者： Noshan Bhattarai Shuxiao Wang Yuepeng Pan Qingcheng Xu Yanlin Zhang Yunhua Chang Yunting Fang State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China

Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia(NH_(3))that plays a vital role in severe haze *** and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5µm)concentrations remains *** nitrogen isotopic composition(δ^(15)N)of NH_(3)and NH_(4)+(δ^(15)N(NH_(3))andδ^(15)N(NH_(4)+),respectively)can yield valuable information about its sources and associated *** review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques forδ^(15)N(NH_(3))andδ^(15)N(NH_(4)+)measurement,sampling of atmospheric NH_(3)and NH_(4)+in the ambient air and their sources signature(e.g.,agricultural *** fuel),and isotope-based source apportionment of NH_(3)in urban *** study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprintingδ^(15)N(NH_(3))values of NH_(3)emission ***,isotopic fractionation during NH_(3)gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions(e.g.,relative humidity,particle pH,temperature)remains unclear,which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are ***,this study concludes that lack of refinedδ^(15)N(NH_(3))fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH_(3).More experimental work(in chamber studies)and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions,which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NH_(x)(NH_(3)+NH_(4)+)dynamics in the atmosphere.

关键词： Aerosol ammonium Atmospheric gaseous ammonia Isotope fingerprinting Isotope-based source apportionment Ammonia gas-to-particle conversion

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Effects of acid deposition control in China:a review based on responses of subtropical forests

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第6期18卷 115-126页

作者： Danni Xie Xiaodong Ge Lei Duan Jan Mulder School of Land Engineering Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710064China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesBox 5003NO-1432ÅsNorway

For many decades,acid deposition used to pose a significant regional air pollution challenge in *** substantial emission control of anthropogenically derived sulfur and nitrogen containing gasses,both sulfur and nitrogen deposition,as well as the acid rain-affected area,have significantly decreased compared to their peak ***,particularly in the humid subtropics,are sensitive to acid deposition,as evidenced by soil acidification,sulfate and nitrate leaching in stream water,and elevated soil nitrous oxide *** in the total deposition of sulfur and nitrogen,caused a significant decline in sulfate and nitrate leaching from subtropical forest and subsequently in sulfate and nitrate concentrations in stream water,although there was about a 5-year *** delay may be attributed to the desorption of accumulated sulfate and continued elevated mineralization of accumulated nitrogen *** of nitrous oxide,a potent greenhouse gas,also declined in nitrogen-saturated subtropical forest soils,as soil water nitrate concentration ***,subtropical forests in China suffering from elevated acid deposition have begun to ***,the current levels of sulfur and nitrogen deposition continue to exceed the critical loads,i.e.,the assigned threshold levels in accordance with emission control policies,in more than 10%of the country’s land area,respectively,indicating remaining risks of acidification and ***,further emission reductions are urgently needed,also because they will help achieving goals related to air quality and nitrous oxide emissions.

关键词： Acidification Critical load Nitrous oxide Surface water chemistry Recovery

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Effect of current emission abatement strategies on air quality improvement in China:A case study of Baotou,a typical industrial city in Inner Mongolia

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2017年第7期29卷 383-390页

作者： Xionghui Qiu Lei Duan Siyi Cai Qian Yu Shuxiao Wang Fahe Chai Jian Gao Yanping Li Zhaoming Xu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Environmental Protection Bureau of Baotou Baotou 014000China

The national Air Pollution Prevention and control Action Plan required significant decreases in PM_（2.5） levels over *** explore more effective emission abatement strategies in industrial cities,a case study was conducted in Baotou to evaluate the current national control *** total emissions of SO_2,NO_X,PM_（2.5） and NMVOC（non-methane volatile organic compounds） in Baotou were 211.2 Gg,156.1 Gg,28.8 Gg,and 48.5 Gg,respectively in 2013,and they would experience a reduction of 30.4%,26.6%,15.1%,and 8.7%,respectively in 2017 and 39.0%,32.0%,24.4%,and 12.9%,respectively *** SO_2,NO_Xand PM_（2.5） emissions from the industrial sector would experience a greater decrease,with reductions of 37%,32.7 and 24.3%,*** 2013 to 2020,the concentrations of SO_2,NO_2,and PM_（2.5） are expected to decline by approximately 30%,10% and 14.5%,*** reduction rate of SNA（sulfate,nitrate and ammonium）concentrations was significantly higher than that of PM_（2.5） in 2017,implying that the current key strategy toward controlling air pollutants from the industrial sector is more powerful for *** air pollution control measures implemented in the industrial sector could greatly reduce total emissions,constraining the emissions from lower sources such as residential coal combustion would be more effective in decreasing the concentration of PM_（2.5） from 2017 to *** results suggest that even for a typical industrial city,the reduction of PM_（2.5） concentrations not only requires decreases in emissions from the industrial sector,but also from the low emission *** seasonal variation in sulfate concentration also showed that emission from coal-burning is the key factor to control during the heating season.

关键词： emission abatement strategies emission inventory Air pollutants CMAQ

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Gdi Engine Fuel Injection Rate Online Estimation by Improved Zeuch Method

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Fu, Yumin Qian, Liyun Ji, Ou Zhang, Haiyan State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences China

To meet more rigorous economy and emission regulation requirements, high injection pressure, multi-hole injector and split injection strategies are widely used in GDI engines to improve fuel atomization performance. The high injection pressure and split injection shorten single fuel pulse duration and also cause the fuel injector to frequently work in the non-linear region of its flow curve, in which injection rate dispersion is large. The multi-hole design makes it easy for the injector to be fouled and plugged, and its flow curve to be shifted in the vehicle's daily operation. Accordingly, it is necessary to estimate the real fuel injection rate when the engine is running and compensate for its excursion. An online fuel injection rate estimation method is developed in this study. It is based on the improved Zeuch method. During fuel injection, the common rail pressure signal is recorded and employed in a calculus process, by which the fuel mass of each injection pulse is achieved. The calculation result is compared with the measured value from the fuel meter in the engine DYNO test. Fuel pressure and temperature, pressure sensor installation position, high-pressure fuel pump action timing, engine operating condition, and cycle-to-cycle fluctuation are studied to determine their effects on the precision of the fuel injection mass calculation process. Data from engine DYNO show that the calculation error could be less than 5% of the measured value from the fuel meter. This online method is accurate enough for fuel injection rate online monitoring and control. All of the inputs for the method are from sensors on mass-production GDI engines. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fuel injection

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City-specific vehicle emission control strategies to achieve stringent emission reduction targets in China's Yangtze River Delta region

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2017年第1期29卷 75-87页

作者： Shaojun Zhang Ye Wu Bin Zhao Xiaomeng Wu Jiawei Shu Jiming Hao University of Michigan Department of Mechanical EngineeringAnn ArborMI 48109USA Tsinghua University State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlSchool of EnuironmentBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90095USA

The Yangtze River Delta（YRD） region is one of the most prosperous and densely populated regions in China and is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate vehicle emissions and improve air *** assessment has revealed that mitigating vehicle emissions of NOx would be more difficult than reducing the emissions of other major vehicular pollutants（e.g.,CO,HC and PM_（2.5）） in the YRD *** in Shanghai,where the emission control implemented are more stringent than in Jiangsu and Zhejiang,we observed little to no reduction in NOx emissions from 2000 to ***-reduction targets for HC,NOx and PM_（2.5） are determined using a response surface modeling tool for better air *** design city-specific emission control strategies for three vehicle-populated cities in the YRD region：Shanghai and Nanjing and Wuxi in *** results indicate that even if stringent emission control consisting of the Euro 6/VI standards,the limitation of vehicle population and usage,and the scrappage of older vehicles is applied,Nanjing and Wuxi will not be able to meet the NOx emissions target by ***,additional control measures are proposed for Nanjing and Wuxi to further mitigate NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

关键词： vehicle emission control Scenario Yangtze River Delta

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