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Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Journal of environmental Sciences 2018年第6期30卷 91-99页

作者： Qingru Wu Shuxiao Wang Mei Yang Haitao Su Guoliang Li Yi Tang Jiming Hao State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084 China College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266061 China

Large-scale gold production（LSGP） is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury（Hg） emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile（gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg） for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been *** emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources（e.g., cement plants）. Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.

关键词： Large-scale gold production Mercury Flow analysis Emission characteristics

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Understand the local and regional contributions on air pollution from the view of human health impacts

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2021年第5期15卷 133-143页

作者： Yueqi Jiang Jia Xing Shuxiao Wang Xing Chang Shuchang Liu Aijun Shi Baoxian Liu Shovan Kumar Sahu State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing100084China Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection Beijing100037China Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring CenterBeijing100048China

The source-receptor matrix of PM_(2.5)concentration from local and regional sources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)and surrounding provinces has been created in previous ***,because the spatial distribution of concentration does not necessarily match with that of the population,such concentration-based source-receptor matrix may not fully reflect the importance of pollutant control effectiveness in reducing the PM_(2.5)-related health *** demonstrate that,we study the source-receptor matrix of the PM_(2.5)-related deaths instead,with inclusion of the spatial correlations between the concentrations and the *** advanced source apportionment numerical model combined with the integrated exposure-response functions is used for BTH and surrounding regions in *** observed that the relative contribution to PM_(2.5)-related deaths of local emissions was 0.75%to 20.77%larger than that of PM_(2.5)*** results address the importance of local emissions control for reducing health impacts of PM_(2.5)particularly for local *** of regional transport to PM_(2.5)-related deaths in rural area was 22%larger than that in urban area due to the spatial pattern of regional transport which was more related to the rural *** resulted in an environmental inequality in the sense that people staying in rural area with access to less educational resources are subjected to higher impacts from regional transport as compared with their more resourceful and knowledgeable urban *** unexpected benefit from the multi-regional joint controls is suggested for its effectiveness in reducing the regional transport of PM_(2.5)pollution thus mitigating the associated environmental inequality.

关键词： PM_(2.5) Regional transport Local emissions Health impact environmental inequality

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Characteristics and mixing state of S-rich particles in haze episodes in Beijing

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第5期10卷 59-68页

作者： Jun Hu Fengkui Duan Kebin He Yongliang Ma Shuping Dong Xiande Liu State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Tsinghua University Be(jing 100084 China Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control (Tsinghua University) Beijing 100084 China Sino-Japan Friendship Environmental Protection Center Beijing 100029 China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100029 China

Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online obscrv ation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM2.5 of two typical polluted haze cpisodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including sccondary CaSO4 particles （mainly observed in summer）, S-rich mineral particles （SRM）, S-rich water droplets （SRW） and （C, O, S）-rich particles （COS） were identified. We lbund the differcnt typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that （C, O, S）-rich parliclcs had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles＂ relative abundances. S concentrations and their relationships with PM2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, wc revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally differcnt but significant impacts on the formation of COS.

关键词： S-rich particles Morphology Element distribution Mixing state

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The Increasing Role of Synergistic Effects in Carbon Mitigation and air Quality Improvement, and Its Associated Health Benefits in China

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Engineering 2023年第1期20卷 103-111页

作者： Jie Wang Xi Lu Pengfei Du Haotian Zheng Zhaoxin Dong Zihua Yin Jia Xing Shuxiao Wang Jiming Hao State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of the EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Institute for Carbon Neutrality Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

A synergistic pathway is regarded as a critical measure for tackling the intertwined challenges of climate change and air pollution in China. However, there is as yet no indicator that can comprehensively reflect such synergistic effects;hence, existing studies lack a consistent framework for comparison. Here, we introduce a new synergistic indicator defined as the pollutant generation per gross domestic product (GDP) and adopt an integrated analysis framework by linking the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, response surface model (RSM), and global exposure mortality model (GEMM) to evaluate the synergistic effects of carbon mitigation on both air pollutant reduction and public health in China. The results show that synergistic effects played an increasingly important role in the emissions mitigation of SO_(2), NOx, and primary particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter no greater than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and the synergistic mitigation of pollutants respectively increase from 3.1, 1.4, and 0.3 Mt during the 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2006–2010) to 5.6, 3.7, and 1.9 Mt during the 12th FYP (2011–2015). Against the non-control scenario, synergistic effects alone contributed to a 15% reduction in annual mean PM2.5 concentration, resulting in the prevention of 0.29 million (95% confidential interval: 0.28–0.30) PM2.5-attributable excess deaths in 2015. Synergistic benefits to air quality improvement and public health were remarkable in the developed and population-dense eastern provinces and municipalities. With the processes of urbanization and carbon neutrality in the future, synergistic effects are expected to continue to increase. Realizing climate targets in advance in developed regions would concurrently bring strong synergistic effects to air quality and public health.

关键词： Synergistic effects Indicator Carbon mitigation air pollution control Spatial and temporal disparities

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Deriving Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Emissions and Improving Source Apportionment by the Boundary Layer Mass Balance Technique

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2025年第9期130卷

作者： Fan, Jiale Mo, Ziwei Yuan, Bin Huang, Shan Shao, Min Qi, Jipeng Wang, Baolin School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-sen University & Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhuhai China Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality Guangzhou China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences Shanghai China Institute for Environmental and Climate Research Jinan University Guangzhou China College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Qilu University of Technology Jinan China

Although high-resolution emission inventory (EI) has been compiled, there are still large uncertainties. This study employs a boundary layer mass balance (MB) method (also known as the hypothetical box model) to calculate the nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) emission fluxes based on the ground surface and tower measurements between September and November 2018 in the urban core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. The MB method estimated the propane, toluene, n-butane, m,p-xylene, and i-butane as the major species, which are in reasonable agreement with the estimates by mixed layer gradient technique. The physical dispersion term explained over 80% of the emission flux variations for most species while the chemical loss term took up nearly 60% for the highly reactive species (e.g., isoprene and styrene). Higher emission fluxes were identified during daytime than nighttime, well reflecting the daily activities. The flux-based positive matrix factorization (FLU-PMF) and traditional concentration-based apportionment both revealed that vehicular emissions and oil and gas evaporation were the dominant sources of NMHC emissions. FLU-PMF attributed a higher contribution to biogenic emissions and a reduced contribution to fuel combustion by accounting for chemical loss and atmospheric dilution. Higher NMHC emission flux was found by MB estimates than EI grids near the measurement sites. It was suggested that EI underestimated the emission fluxes due to missing information for the residential fugitive emissions, while industrial contributions were overestimated. The findings provide useful information for policy-makers and government to better constrain volatile organic compound emissions and improving the source apportionment in urban areas. © 2025. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： box model emission inventory positive matric factorization top-down estimate volatile organic compounds

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Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2023年第1期123卷 317-326页

作者： Shijie Liu Xinlu Zhang Linlin Ma Liqiang He Shaojun Zhang Miaomiao Cheng State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Institute of Atmospheric Environment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

In recent years,with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China,the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly *** achieve the precise control of emissions,on-road remote sensing(RS)technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and ***,data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of *** this study,the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site(from 2012 to 2015)were collected,the data screening process was reviewed,the issues with data quality were summarized,a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed,and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally *** results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%,which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission *** annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60%-on average-eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.

关键词： On-road remote sensing(RS) Data quality Spearman rank correlation Least-square regression with a non-zero intercept Cook value

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China Keeps Carrying Forward the key Special Project of ＂air pollution Causes and control＂

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第5期10卷 3-4页

作者： Huan Liu Kebin He State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC School of the EnvironmentTsinghua University State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality Beijing 100084China

The Recommendations for Guide on 2017 air pollution Causes and control Project Application, has recently been made public, seeking for opinions. In 2017, no more than 33 projects （no youth project any more） will be arranged and supported, approximately accounting for 30% of the overall task of this key Special Project. This key Special Project was released by the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2015, to support the implementation of the air pollution Prevention and control Action Plan by the state Council. This key Special Project is meant to strengthen the technological support capacity, which is the urgent need for China＇s air pollution control [1,2], by supporting projects during the period from 2015 to 2020. This project mainly focuses on significant scientific and technological needs in China＇s air pollution prevention and control as well as development of the energy conservation and environment protection industry, seeking to realize an integration of fundamental research, generic technology and application demonstration in major regions.

关键词：空气污染控制控制项目污染原因中国大气污染防治申请指南支撑能力科技需求

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A probe into the acid deposition mitigation path in China over the last four decades and beyond

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National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 84-92页

作者： Qian Yu Xiaodong Ge Haotian Zheng Jia Xing Lei Duan Dongwei Lv Dian Ding Zhaoxin Dong Yisheng Sun Posch Maximilian Danni Xie Yu Zhao Bin Zhao Shuxiao Wang Jan Mulder Thorj?rn Larssen Jiming Hao State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control &Resource Reuse and School of the Environment Nanjing University State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex School of EnvironmentTsinghua University International Institute for Applied System Analysis(IIASA) School of Land Engineering Chang'an University Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Norwegian Institute for Water Research

China currently has the highest acid deposition globally, yet research on its status, impacts, causes and controls is lacking. Here, we compiled data and calculated critical loads regarding acid deposition. The results showed that the abatement measures in China have achieved a sharp decline in the emissions of acidifying pollutants and a continuous recovery of precipitation p H, despite the drastic growth in the economy and energy consumption. However, the risk of ecological acidification and eutrophication showed no significant decrease. With similar emission reductions, the decline in areas at risk of acidification in China(7.0%) lags behind those in Europe(20%) or the USA(15%). This was because, unlike Europe and the USA, China's abatement strategies primarily target air quality improvement rather than mitigating ecological impacts. Given that the area with the risk of eutrophication induced by nitrogen deposition remained at 13%of the country even under the scenario of achieving the dual targets of air quality and carbon dioxide mitigation in 2035, we explored an enhanced ammonia abatement pathway. With a further 27% reduction in ammonia by 2035, China could largely eliminate the impacts of acid deposition. This research serves as a valuable reference for China's future acid deposition control and for other nations facing similar challenges.

关键词： acid deposition critical loads acidification eutrophication ammonia abatement

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Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2020年第9期32卷 99-110页

作者： Ruolan Hu Qingcheng Xu Shuxiao Wang Yang Hua Noshan Bhattarai Jingkun Jiang Yu Song Kaspar R.Daellenbach Lu Qi Andre S.H.Prevot Jiming Hao State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Department of Environmental SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute5232 VilligenSwitzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research University of HelsinkiFinland

PM2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site(referred herein as "LLH site") located in the southwest of *** offline aerosol mass spectrometry(offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization(PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of watersoluble organic aerosol(WSOA).Organic aerosol(OA) always dominated PM2.5 during the sampling period,especially in *** pollution was serious during the polluted period both in autumn(31.1 μg/m3) and winter(31.9 μg/m3),while WSOA accounted for 54.4%of OA during the polluted period in autumn,much more than that(21.3%) in *** oxidation degree of WSOA at LLH site was at a high level(oxygen-to-carbon ratio,O/C=0.91)and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) contributed more mass ratio of WSOA than primary organic aerosol(POA) during the whole observation *** winter,coal combustion OA(CCOA) was a stable source of OA and on average accounted for 25.1% of *** autumn,biomass burning OA(BBOA) from household combustion contributed 38.3% of WSOA during polluted *** addition to oxygenated OA(OOA),aqueous-oxygenated OA(aq-OOA) was identified as an important factor of *** heavy pollution period,the mass proportion of aq-OOA to WSOA increased significantly,implying the significant SOA formation through aqueous-phase *** result of this study highlights the concentration on controlling the residential coal and biomass burning,as well as the research needs on aqueous chemistry in OA formation.

关键词： pollution aerosol winter

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Six-day measurement of size-resolved indoor fluorescent bioaerosols of outdoor origin in an office

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Particuology 2017年第2期15卷 161-169页

作者： Yangyang Xie Oscar A. Fajardo Weizhuo Yan Bin Zhao Jingkun Jiang Department of Building Science School of Architecture Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Beijing Key Laboratory oflndoorAir Quality Evaluation and Control Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084 China

Indoor airborne bioaerosols of outdoor origin play an important role in determining the exposure of humans to bioaerosols because people spend most of their time indoors. However, there are few studies focusing on indoor bioaerosols originating from outdoors. In this study, indoor versus outdoor size-resolved concentrations and particle asymmetry factors of airborne fluorescent bioaerosols in an office room were measured continuously for 6 days （144 h） using a fluorescent bioaerosol detector. The windows and door of this room were closed to ensure that there was only air infiltration; moreover, any human activities were ceased during sampling to inhibit effects of indoor sources. We focused on fine particles, since few coarse particles enter indoor environments, when windows and doors are closed. Both indoor and outdoor fluorescent bioaerosol size distributions were fit with two-mode lognormal distributions （indoor R2 = 0.935, outdoor R2 = 0.938）. Asymmetry factor distributions were also fit with lognormal distributions （indoor R2 = 0.992, outdoor R2 = 0.992）. Correlations between indoor and outdoor fluorescent bioaerosol concentrations show significant concentration-attenuation and a time lag during the study period. A two-parameter, semi-empirical model was used to predict concentrations of indoor fluorescent bioaerosols of outdoor origin. The measured and predicted concentrations had a linear relationship for the studied size fractions, with an R2 for all size fractions of larger than 0.83.

关键词： Fluorescent bioaerosols Indoor air Outdoor air Waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor(WIBS)Particle size distributions Concentrations

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