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SSRN 2022年

作者： Cui, Liang Ni, Hong Lei, Kun Gao, Xiangyun Wang, Xiaonan Liu, Zhengtao State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Institute of Water Ecology and Environment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China

Automobile exhaust has become the main source of atmospheric particulate matter with the increase in the number of automobiles. Automobile exhaust particles (AEPs) discharged into the atmosphere can enter the aquatic environment through atmospheric deposition, rainwater rinse, surface wash, drainage water and urban sewage and further affect aquatic organisms. However, there is no perfect theory and method to evaluate the water ecological effect of AEPs. The new European driving cycle (NEDC) and world harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC) were used to analyze the ecotoxicity of AEPs. The SUV gasoline, SUV hybrid and sedan gasoline under WLTC were used for further analyzed. The chemical characteristics of AEPs were analyzed, and the ecotoxicity of AEPs on aquatic organisms was studied with Vibrio fischeri and Danio rerio as test organisms. The ecological effect of AEPs was studied through species sensitivity distribution based on interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models. The results showed that (ⅰ) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the main organic substances in AEPs. The total concentrations of PAHs in the NEDC and WLTC were 237.4 and 159.8 mg·kg-1, respectively, and the EC50 values for V. fischeri in the NEDC and WLTC were 42.02 and 47.05 mg·L-1, respectively. (ⅱ) The total heavy metal concentrations of SUV gasoline, SUV hybrid and sedan gasoline were 197.52, 104.86 and 89.68 mg·kg-1, respectively, and the LC50 values for D. rerio were 3.22, 4.46 and 5.62 mg·L-1, respectively. Cu and Mn were the main toxic heavy metals in AEPs. (ⅲ) The PNEC values for SUV gasoline, SUV hybrid and sedan gasoline were 0.57, 0.83 and 1.02 mg·L-1, respectively. This exploratory study can provide technical information on water ecological safety assessment for determining the impact of AEPs on the surface water environment and for further improving automobile exhaust emission standards. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surface waters

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Transformation of dissolved organic matter during groundwater arsenite removal using air cathode iron electrocoagulation

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Chemosphere 2024年 358卷 142083页

作者： Yuan, Ying Chen, Jiabao Zhang, Hao Wu, Yue Xiao, Yu Huang, Wan Wang, Yang Tang, Jun Zhang, Fang State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin541004 China

Dissolve organic matters (DOM) usually showed negative effect on the removal of inorganic arsenic (As) in groundwater by electrochemical approaches, yet which parts of sub-component within DOM played the role was lack of evidence. Herein, we investigated the effects of land-source humic-like acid (HA) on groundwater As(III) removal using air cathode iron electrocoagulation, based on the parallel factor analysis of three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix and statistical methods. Our results showed that the land-source HA contained five kinds of components and all components presented significantly negative correlations with the removal of both As(III) and As(V). However, the high aromatic fulvic-like acid and low aromatic humic-like acid components of land-source HA presented the opposite correlations with the concentration of As(III) during the reaction. The high aromaticity fulvic-like components of land-source HA (Sigma-Aldrich HA, SAHA) produced during the reaction facilitated the oxidation of As(III) due to its high electron transfer capacities and good solubility in wide pH range, but the low aromaticity humic-like ones worked against the oxidation of As(III). Our findings offered the novel insights for the flexible activities of DOM in electron Fenton system. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Groundwater

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Credibility Evaluation of Pems Measurements in Rde Tests: Nox Measurement Uncertainty

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Su, Sheng Hou, Pan Lyu, Liqun Wang, Xin Lyu, Tao Lai, Yitu Luo, Wanyou Ge, Yunshan Wang, Yachao Wang, Qihu College of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering Jimei University Xiamen361021 China Xiamen Environment Protection Vehicle Emission Control Technology Center Xiamen361023 China National Laboratory of Automotive Performance & Emission Test School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China Qinghai Plateau Technology Development Co. Ltd. Xining810000 China

First systematic evaluation on the NOx measurement uncertainty of Portable emission Measurement System (PEMS) has been completed in China. Zero and span drift, parameters directly related to the measurement accuracy, were re-evaluated, and the results showed that the zero and step drifts were not linear or stepped, which were independent of to the boundary conditions or measurement principle. The range of zero drift was ± 3.0ppm, meanwhile, more than 95% span drifts were within a range of 1.5%. Then the largest additional NOx emissions due to the step zero drift of 3ppm was 9.4mg/km with the worst case being 6.6mg/km by span drift under Worldwide Light-Duty vehicle Test Cycle(WLTC). Bring these parameters into the evaluation framework, the NOx measurement uncertainty corresponding to China-6a and China-6b were 37.1% and 56.3% respectively, which are larger than previous EU evaluation results, mainly due to the more stringent NOx limit. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Uncertainty analysis

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A Convolutional Neural Network Prediction Model for Aviation Nitrogen Oxides emissions Throughout All Flight Phases

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Chen, Longfei Zhang, Qian Zhu, Meiyin Li, Guangze Chang, Liuyong Xu, Zheng Zhang, Hefeng Wang, Yanjun Zheng, Yinger Zhong, Shenghui Pan, Kang Zhao, Yiwei Gao, Mengyun Zhongfa Aviation Institute of Beihang University Yuhang District Hangzhou311115 China School of Energy and Power Engineering Beihang University Beijing100191 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China Beijing101300 China Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China

In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research on nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and the environmental impact of aviation NOx emissions at cruising altitudes has received widespread attention. NOx may play a crucial role in altering the composition of the atmosphere, particularly regarding ozone formation in the upper troposphere. At present, the ground emission database based on the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle is more comprehensive, while high-altitude emission data is scarce due to the prohibitively high cost and the inevitable measurement uncertainty associated with in-flight sampling. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive NOx emission database for the entire flight envelope, encompassing both ground and cruise phases. This will enable a thorough assessment of the impact of aviation NOx emissions on climate and air quality. In this study, a prediction model has been developed via convolutional neural network (CNN) technology. This model can predict the ground and cruise NOx emission index for turbofan engines and mixed turbofan engines fueled by either conventional aviation kerosene or sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). The model utilizes data from the engine emission database (EEDB) released by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and results obtained from several in-situ emission measurements conducted during ground and cruise phases. The model has been validated by comparing measured and predicted data, and the results demonstrate its high prediction accuracy for both the ground (R2>0.95) and cruise phases (R2>0.9). This surpasses traditional prediction models that rely on fuel flow rate, such as the Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2). Furthermore, the model can predict NOx emissions from aircrafts burning SAFs with satisfactory accuracy, facilitating the development of a more complete and accurate aviation NOx emission inventory, which can serve as a basis for aviation environmental and climatic researc

关键词： Forecasting

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Evaluation of Fine Particulate Matter emissions from Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Reinforced with Aligned Carbon Nanotubes: A Study Based on Unit Wear Mass Analysis

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Wang, Ruilin Qu, Junhao He, Huabo Liu, Jiachang Wang, Yanjun Wang, Yonggang Huang, Haibo School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Ningbo University No. 818 Fenghua Road Zhejiang Province Ningbo315211 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering Ministry of Education of China Ningbo University Ningbo315211 China

The rubber filled with CNTs oriented along a specific direction has excellent tribological performance owing to CNTs’ unique directional structure, and has been a widely potential application in the future. However, fine wear particle matters (WPM) are emitted, which inevitably include CNTs when CNT-reinforced rubbers are worn, and induce a potential concern for the respiratory health risk. This study explored the relationship between the fine wear particle matters (sizes [[EQUATION]]) emission against a frosted glass disc under sliding condition and tribological performance of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by the oriented-CNTs using a self-developed test rig. WPM per unit worn mass (WPMpuwm) was defined to evaluate the emission amount when a unit mass was worn. The results show that SBR with CNTs oriented perpendicular to the wear surface (denoted as CNTs-z-SBR) exhibits a higher emission rate of WPM3.0/puwm and WPM5.0/puwm, owing to its superior wear resistance. A greater worn mass results in larger amounts of WPMs, but less WPM3.0/puwm and WPM5.0/puwm. Water lubrication and lower COF both promote WPM3.0/puwm emissions. Greater load and velocity result in a decrease in the WPM5.0/puwm and WPM5.0/puwm emissions. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wear resistance

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Ozone Production Sensitivity Analysis for the Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration Based on a Muti-Site and Two-Episode Observation

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Zhou, Ming Liu, Yuhan Lu, Keding Yu, Dan Li, Chunmeng Zhai, Tianyu Yang, Suding Tan, Zhaofeng Ma, Xuefei Li, Xin Dong, Huabin Zeng, Limin Chen, Shiyi Chen, Junhui Tan, Qinwen Song, Danlin Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang, Yuhang State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing China China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing China Center for Environmental Metrology National Institute of Metrology Beijing China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing China Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences Chengdu China Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences Chengdu China Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province School of Atmospheric Sciences Chengdu University of Information Technology Chengdu China

Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration (CPUA) is one of the most serious areas suffering ozone pollution in China. A comprehensive field observation focused on the ozone production rate and its sensitivity was conducted at CPUA in the summer of 2019. Six sampling sites were set and two ozone pollution episodes were recognized. The daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) O3 concentration reached 137.9 ppbv in the urban sites during the ozone pollution episode. Peak concentration of O3 was closely related to intense solar radiation, high temperatures, and precursor emissions. The OH-HO2-RO2 radical chemistry and ozone production rate (P(O3)) was calculated using an observation-based model (OBM). The daily peak OH concentration varied in the range of 3-13×106 molecules cm−3, and peak HO2 and RO2 were in the range of 2–14×108 molecules cm−3 during ozone pollution episodes. During the ozone pollution episode, the average maximum of P(O3) in suburban sites (about 30 ppbv h-1.) was compared with urban sites, and the maximum of P(O3) was 18 ppbv h-1 in rural sites. The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) results demonstrate that it was a VOC-limited regime in the central urban area of Chengdu, with NOx suppression effect in some regions. In the southern neighboring suburb of Chengdu, it was VOC-limited as well. However, the northern suburban area was a transition region. In the remote rural areas of the southern CPUA, it was highly NOx-limited. Local ozone production driven by the photochemical process is crucial to the ozone pollution formation in CPUA. The geographically differentiated recognition of the ozone regime found by this study can help to tailor control strategies for local conditions and avoid the negative effects of a one-size-fits-all approach. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Molecules

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Tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle using palm oil biodiesel blended fuels

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Science of the Total Environment 2024年 955卷 177048页

作者： He, Liqiang Li, Yang Min, Yihang Yoong, Junhao Chen, Shiqing Jiao, Jiwen Li, Zhenhua Zhu, Luole Zhang, Shaojun Wu, Ye State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Institute of Environment and Ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen518055 China Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang43000 Malaysia Palm Oil Research and Technical Service Institute of Malaysian Palm Oil Board Shanghai201108 China Beijing Tus Deqing Bioenergy Co. Ltd Beijing100084 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing100084 China

Biodiesel application, such as using waste cooking oil biodiesel in Shanghai, China, is a sustainable solution that addresses the challenges posed by escalating air pollution, energy security, and climate change. Future efforts may involve blending biodiesel from alternative sources like crude palm oil with diesel in China. This study tested a China V heavy-duty diesel vehicle equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system using various palm oil biodiesel blended fuels (i.e., B0, B5, B10, and B20). The findings indicated that using biodiesel blends led to reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particle number (PN) emissions compared to B0, while nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions remained similar. Higher biodiesel content significantly reduced petroleum diesel consumption, but no statistically significant differences were found in total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel consumption. Various factors such as vehicle speed, payload, and cold starts influence tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Specifically, high-speed phases notably reduced CO, HC, and PN emissions with the use of biodiesel blends. Lower payloads were linked to decreased CO2 emissions and fuel consumption but increased NOX emissions. Cold starts increased HC and NOX emissions, especially with higher biodiesel blending ratios. These results can provide valuable empirical insights into palm oil biodiesel emissions. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Low emission

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High emission of Black Carbon in Heavy-Duty Diesel vehicles: Insights from Microscopic Operating Conditions

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Chen, Ting He, Xiao He, Liqiang Q. You, Yan Zeng, Lewei Gao, Mingqiu Cao, Yihuan Li, Zhenhua Zheng, Xuan Zhang, Shaojun Wu, Ye College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao Macao Environmental Research Institute Macau University of Science and Technology Macao999078 China Co. Ltd. Guangzhou511300 China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

The in-depth investigation of the high black carbon (BC) emission scenarios of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) is a crucial step toward developing effective control strategies. Chassis dynamometer tests were conducted for three in-use HDDVs, namely, vehicle #1, #2, and #3, focusing on the instantaneous BC characterizations during multiple driving conditions, i.e., speed phases and acceleration intervals. BC emission was found to increase with positive acceleration, and high acceleration could result in instantaneous BC spikes. The total BC emissions during velocity-acceleration interval 15-60 km h-1 and 0.1-0.9 m s-2 contributed to 43.4 ± 10.2% of the whole-cycle emissions, while the proportions of time spent in the velocity-acceleration interval to the whole cycle were 23.1 ± 7.6%. The cold-start microscopic operating condition was assessed by the cold-start extra emissions (CSEEs). Under various pre-defined cold-start durations, the proportions of CSEEs in the total cycle emissions were 9.4-21.0%, 0-9.1%, and 6.8-39.4% for vehicles #1, #2, and #3, respectively. The CSEEs exhibited an initial rise, followed by a plateau as the assumed cold-start durations extended. A uniform cold-start duration of 600 s was established based on the criterion that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of CSEEs during the plateau period was less than 10%. We proposed that the updated cold-start duration can enhance the accuracy and consistency of cold-start corrections in emission inventory models. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Acceleration

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Nox emission Durability of Modern Heavy-Duty Diesel vehicles Based on Long-Term Real Driving Measurement

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Lyu, Liqun Ji, Zhongrui Yin, Hang Wang, Junfang Yang, Wenjuan Tan, Jianwei Hao, Lijun Wang, Xin Wang, Huaiyu Ge, Yunshan Wang, Yachao School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Emission Regulation Office Weichai Power Co. Ltd. Weifang261061 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China Shandong Shengxiang Intelligent Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Weifang262100 China

NOx emission from diesel vehicles generally deteriorates with the increased durability mileage due to the wear and deterioration of engines, after-treatment systems, etc. Three China-VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were selected for four-phase real driving emission (RDE) tests in this paper. After 200,000 km of on-road driving, long-term NOx measurement by portable emission measurement system (PEMS) reveals that the maximum NOx emission factors (387.06 mg/kWh) of test HDDVs are significantly lower than the NOx limit of 690 mg/kWh. For any driving condition, the NOx conversion efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction (SCR) falls off almost linearly as durability mileage rises. Importantly, a discernible temperature difference is shown in NOx conversion efficiency deterioration, with the NOx conversion efficiency deterioration rate under low-temperature interval being much higher than that under high-temperature. The NOx conversion efficiency at 200℃ drops by 16.67% ~ 19.82% with the higher durability mileage;however, the highest values at 275℃ ~ 400℃ barely decrease by 4.11%. Interestingly, the de-NOx performance of the SCR catalyst at 250°C demonstrates strong durability, with the maximum NOx conversion efficiency only declining by 2.11% due to the higher durability mileage. With the increased durability mileage, the de-NOx performance deterioration also causes a roughly linear increase in NOx specific emissions under all driving conditions. Urban driving conditions dramatically increase NOx specific emissions compared to the other two. Under urban driving conditions, the poor durability of SCR catalyst under low-temperature intervals and low NOx conversion efficiency have created significant difficulties for HDDVs’ NOx emission control and urban atmospheric protection. The moving average window (MAW)-based NOx results’ linear fitting correlation coefficient is 0.90 ~ 0.92, indicating that the results may be trusted. After 702,700 km of on-road driving, Vehi

关键词： Durability

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On-Road GHG emissions Characteristics and Durability of Typical China-Vi Hddts in Intercity Transportation

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Lyu, Liqun Zhang, Youyuan Qin, Zhaoxiang Wang, Junfang Yin, Hang Feng, Jianyong Tan, Jianwei Hao, Lijun Ge, Yunshan School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co. Ltd Liuzhou545005 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China TRADING CO. LTD Beijing Branch Beijing100080 China National Laboratory of Automotive Performance &amp Emission Test China

China confronts rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation sector, particularly under-addressed emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), challenging its carbon neutrality goal by 2060. Using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), the on-road CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions characteristics and durability of seven typical China-VI HDDVs applied for intercity transportation were evaluated. A direct correlation was observed between increased instantaneous CO2 emissions and vehicle specific power (VSP), affirming the positive dependency of CO2 emissions on engine power. However, CH4 emissions remained negligible across various speeds, displaying no obvious correlation with VSP, suggesting that power fluctuations were not the primary factor impacting the CH4. N2O emissions, on the other hand, were independent of speed but increased with increasing VSP. The main explanation is that power fluctuations change the pathway of selective reduction processes in selective catalytic reduction (SCR), affecting N2O selectivity. On-road emission factors indicated declining CO2 and CH4 with increased speed, in contrast to N2O, which presented minimal speed correlation. CH4 and N2O collectively constituted 2.78 – 6.41% of total CO2-equivalent emissions, with negligible CH4 contributions. Consequently, enhancing energy efficiency and optimizing N2O selectivity in SCR are pivotal strategies for controlling GHG emissions of China-VI HDDVs. Regarding durability, engine wear will not significantly increase CO2 emissions, and the CH4 emission durability does not require attention. However, the N2O emission durability necessitates particular attention, given that SCR aging markedly increases N2O selectivity. Notably, the N2O emissions from China-VI HDDVs appear to deteriorate linearly with the increased driving mileages, with R2 ranging from 0.85 to 0.94, and the emission factors are significantly higher than those of HDDVs equipped with other after-treatment techn

关键词： Selective catalytic reduction

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