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Effects of the expressway on the soil-plant systems in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A02期52卷 203-212页

作者： ZHAO Hui CUI BaoShan BAI JunHong REN HuaLi State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

作为一个例子在纵的范围峡区域( LRGR )拿 Da-Bao 高速公路，沿着道路的三种土壤植物系统上的高速公路的效果被索引的七种类型分析，它是土壤营养素，土壤的重金属，土壤潮湿和土壤的 pH ，种植物和植物差异的滋养的、重金属。通过比较... 详细信息

作为一个例子在纵的范围峡区域( LRGR )拿 Da-Bao 高速公路，沿着道路的三种土壤植物系统上的高速公路的效果被索引的七种类型分析，它是土壤营养素，土壤的重金属，土壤潮湿和土壤的 pH ，种植物和植物差异的滋养的、重金属。通过比较典型采样点和他们的通过对比区别的点，第一，单个索引上的高速公路的效果被分析并且讨论；第二，在高速公路之中的相互作用和各种索引与关联词分析被讨论；最后，三个系统上的效果的范围和紧张与灰色的相关分析被分析。所有结果显示出那 1 ) 在由高速公路的效果的范围以内，所有索引的表示的形式对高速公路的干扰不同。2 ) 高速公路能引起 HMS 和 HMP 的累积，特别在农田系统；并且带土壤的一点碱性化，特别在灌木系统。3 ) 高速公路是森林和灌木里的 HMS， SM， HMP 和 PD 的最重要的影响因素在农田系统的系统，而是仅仅 HMS 和 HMP。到与道路的不足道的关联的索引，高速公路通过系统的效果链间接地工作。与三种土壤植物系统作比较，效果主要在森林和农田系统里从高速公路专注于 10 m 的区域，并且在灌木系统上的 30 m 的区域上。

关键词：土壤植被纵向岭谷区生态系统高速公路

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Characteristics of mass distributions of aerosol particle and its inorganic water-soluble ions in summer over a suburb farmland in Beijing

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2007年第2期1卷 159-165页

作者： ZHAO Peng ZHU Tong LIANG Baosheng HU Min KANG Ling GONG Jicheng State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Agricultural activity is one of the most important sources of aerosol *** understand the mass distribu-tion and sources of aerosol particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in a suburb farmland of Beijing,particle samples were collected using a microorifice uniform deposit impactor(MOUDI)in the summer of 2004 in a suburb vege-table *** distribution of the particles and their inor-ganic water-soluble ions in the diameter range of 0.18-18 mm were *** dominant fine particle ions were SO_(4)^(2−),NO^(3−),and NH_(4)^(+).The association of day-to-day variation of the concentration of these ions with temperature,humidity,and solar radiation suggested that they are formed by the reac-tion of NH_(3) released from the vegetable field with the acid species produced from photochemical *** particle K+is likely from vegetation emission and biomass *** particles like Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),NO_(3)^(−),and SO_(4)^(2−)are sug-gested to come from the mechanical process by which the soil particle entered the atmosphere,and from the reaction of the acid species at the surface of the soil *** results show that fertilizer and soil are important factors determining the aerosol particle over agricultural fields,and vegetable fields in suburban Beijing contribute significantly to the aerosol particle.

关键词： mass size distribution coarse particle fine particle source

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A holistic approach for evaluating ecological water allocation in the Yellow River Basin of China

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2007年第1期1卷 99-106页

作者： YANG Zhifeng CUI Baoshan CHEN He State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

The characteristics and sustainable management of water resources on a basin scale require that they should be managed using a holistic *** this study,a holistic methodology called the holistic approach in a basin scale(HABS)is proposed to determine the ecological water requirements of a whole *** are three principles in ***,ecological water requirements in a basin scale indicate not only the coupling of hydrological and ecological systems,but also the exchange of matter and energy between each ecological type through all kinds of physical geography ***,ecological water requirements can be divided into different types according to their functions,and water requirements of different types are ***,ecological water requirements are related to a multiple system including water quality,water quantity,and time and space,which interact with each *** holistic approach in a basin scale was then used in the Yellow River Basin and it suggested that 265.0x108 m3 of water,45%of the total surface water resources,should be allocated to ecological systems,such as rivers,lakes,wetlands and cities,to sustain its function and *** ecological water requirements of inside river systems and outside river systems were respectively 261.0×10^(8) and 3.65×10^(8)m^(3).

关键词： holistic approach ecological flow Yellow River Basin

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Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during summer in Beijing, 2004

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2007年第2期1卷 147-152页

作者： LU Sihua LIU Ying SHAO Min HUANG Shan State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were measured at six sites in Beijing in August,*** to 148 VOC species,including C_(3) to C_(12) alkanes,C_(3) to C_(11) alkenes,C_(6) to C_(12) aromatics,and halogenated hydrocarbons,were *** the concentrations differed at the sites,the chemical compositions were similar,except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the *** on the source profiles measured from previous studies,the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance(CMB)*** results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions,which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs(in mass concentrations)to ambient air at most *** important sources are gasoline evaporation,painting,and *** exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust,painting,and solvents have about equal contribution,around 35% of the ambient VOC *** the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species,such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene,other methodologies need to be further explored.

关键词： volatile organic compounds(VOCs) chemical composition chemical mass balance model reactive species

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Estimation and prediction of black carbon emissions in Beijing City

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第9期52卷 1274-1281页

作者： LIU Yuan SHAO Min State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871 China

Black carbon is a by-product of incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels. It can alter atmos-pheric radiation property and make adverse impacts on human health. The energy consumption in Beijing City depends largely on coal burning. Recently,Beijing City has been performing the municipal energy structure adjustment as a tool for air pollution abatement,aiming at the air quality goal for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Based on Beijing energy use data in 2000,combined with emission fac-tors of major sources of black carbon,the emission of black carbon in Beijing City is estimated to be 7.77 Gg. Coke,raw coal and biomass as non-commercial energy are the main contributors to municipal black carbon emissions. Based on Beijing energy planning in the year 2008,the emission of black carbon in 2008 will be 2.97 Gg if the contribution from biomass is not taken into account. Assuming that the black carbon emission from rural biomass in 2008 is the same as that in 2004,the biomass burning will be the largest emitter of black carbon to Beijing City in 2008.

关键词：北京炭黑排放估计预测空气污染物

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Eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism: a case study in Shenzhen, China

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Acta Ecologica Sinica 2007年第8期27卷 3124-3131页

作者： Zhang, Yan Yang, Zhifeng State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

The keys of studying urban sustainable development are material metabolism flux and efficiency. Metabolism flux of urban materials can only reflect the metabolism velocity, while its eco-efficiency can determine the metabolism capacity to support socio-economic development. The general model and the measure model of the eco-efficiency were set up, based on the source recycle (decreasing the consumption of crude resources) and the terminal recycle (decreasing the discharge of pollutants) of production and life. These models were employed to study material metabolism flux and efficiency in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that water, energy and waste metabolism fluxes have increased since 1998 with constant socio-economic development, and their eco-efficiencies have also increased rapidly. When GDP rose by 2.7 times, the metabolism fluxes of urban water and electricity rose by 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively. When the added value of industry rose by 3.7 times, the metabolism fluxes of industrial water, electricity, energy and waste rose by 1.9, 3.5, 2.7 and 2.0 times, respectively. When population rose by 1.5 times, the metabolism fluxes of residential water and electricity rose by 1.8 and 1.7 times, respectively. During the period, the resource efficiency, environmental efficiency and eco-efficiency rose by 1.8, 3.7 and 2.3 times, respectively. Whereas the efficiency of material metabolism has been improved in Shenzhen, the scarcity of material resources has become more and more serious. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the efficiency of material metabolism. The keys of improving the eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism are the increasing of resource and environmental efficiencies, and the establishing of the recycling chain of re-utilization of waste resources. © 2007 Ecological Society of China.

关键词： city eco-efficiency material metabolism metabolism flux

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Integrated assessment and changes of ecological environment in the Daning River Watershed

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Frontiers in Biology 2007年第4期2卷 474-478页

作者： LIU Ruimin SHEN Zhenyao State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Based on Remote Sensing(RS),Geographical Information Systems(GIS),and the Spatial Principal Compo-nent Analysis(SPCA)method,the integrated assessment and changes in the ecological environment of Daning River Watershed are studied in this *** watershed is located in the Three Gorge Area in *** result of the integrated assessment showed that level 9 had the biggest proportion in the year 1990,which was about 40%.In the year 2000,however,there were no levels with a proportion significantly bigger than the *** comparing the assessment results in 1990 and 2000,it is discovered that the ecological environ-ment in Daning River Watershed in 1990 was better than that in 2000.

关键词： Daning River watershed remote sensing GIS spatial principal component analysis eco-environmental integrated assessment

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Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2007年第2期19卷 167-175页

作者： ZHANG Yuan-xun SHAO Min ZHANG Yuan-hang ZENG Li-min HE Ling-yan ZHU Bin WEI Yong-jie ZHU Xian-lei State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.

关键词： biomass burning cereal straw particulate organic matter source profile

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Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2007年第3期1卷 362-367页

作者： SUI Pengzhe WEN Xianghua HUANG Xia State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreac-tor(AMBR).Short-term running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic *** experimental results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s,mem-brane fouling could be controlled effectively only by hydro-dynamic methods without *** ultrasound was applied,an ultrasonic power range of 60-150 W was suitable for the membrane fouling control in the experimental *** experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance(ΣR)could stay at 5×10^(11)m^(−1) for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s,which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than 1.0 m/s without ultrasound.

关键词： anaerobic membrane bioreactor membrane fouling control ultrasound

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Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2007年第1期1卷 89-94页

作者： ZHOU Xiaoyan WEN Xianghua FENG Yan The State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited(C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L)*** sets of shaking flask experiments were *** results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture(24 h after the inoculation)stimulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme *** manganese peroxidase(MnP)activ-ity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures with-out glucose ***,the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also *** to cul-tures with glucose feeding every 48 h,cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L(final concentration)every 24 h produced more *** peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture,respectively,and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L.

关键词： white-rot fungus ligninolytic enzymes glucose feeding fed-batch culture

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