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Electrification of Transportation: Policy Framework, Technical Aspects and Challenges in Pakistan - A Case Study

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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical engineering, Electronics and Energy 2024年 10卷

作者： Masood, Arsalan Hassan, Syed Zulqadar Kamal, Tariq Khan, Salman Rizvi, Syed Asad Abbas Salman, Salman Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture University of Sialkot Pakistan Department of Computer Science Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science University of Central Pubjab Lahore Pakistan School of Technology and Innovations Electrical Engineering University of Vaasa Vaasa Finland Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics Tallinn University of Technology Estonia State Key Lab. for Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University) Beijing China Department of Electrical Engineering Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology Balochistan Khuzdar Pakistan

Pakistan faces severe air pollution and high dependency on imported fossil fuels for transportation, urgently needing solutions. Electrification of transportation could address these issues, but Pakistan lacks a clear roadmap for adopting electric vehicles. This paper examines the electrification of transportation in Pakistan, focusing on policies, technical aspects, and standards. It looks at best practices from developed countries and discusses incentives offered by the Pakistani government to boost electric vehicle adoption. The study also explores challenges and opportunities in adopting electric vehicles within existing power systems. A SWOT analysis is included, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to electric vehicle policies and market integration in Pakistan. By reviewing these factors, the paper provides insights into the obstacles and potential benefits of electric vehicle adoption. It also suggests ways for developing nations like Pakistan to encourage widespread use of electric vehicles, aiming to reduce fossil fuel dependency and meet environmental goals. © 2024

关键词： Electric transportation Electric vehicles key challenges Policy SWOT analysis

Effect of O2on Partial Discharge Characteristic of C5F10O/CO2Gas Mixture

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Effect of O2on Partial Discharge Characteristic of C5F10O/CO...

2021 International Conference on Advanced Electrical Equipment and Reliable Operation, AEERO 2021

作者： Xia, Yalong Liu, Fan Wei, Zhuo Zhang, Xiaoxing Han, Pu Xiao, Song Li, Zhen Li, Yi Li, Yalong Research Institute State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Cheng Du China Wuhan University School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Wuhan China Hubei University of Technology Hubei Key Lab. for High-efficiency Utiliz. of Solar Ener. and Oper. Control of Energy Storage System Wuhan China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665402644

C5F10O, as a new eco-friendly gas insulating medium with great application potential, has attracted much attention from researchers. There are few studies on the partial discharge (PD) characteristics of C5F10O/CO2O2 gas mixture at present. In this paper, we used needle-plate electrodes to simulate the extremely inhomogeneous electric field caused by the defects of metal protrusions in electrical equipment and tested the partial discharge initial voltage (PDIV) of C5F10O/CO2O2 gas mixture. The effect of oxygen on the partial discharge characteristics of C5F10O gas mixture was revealed. We found that C5F10O gas mixture has an obvious polarity effect, and PDIV+ is always larger than PDIV-. The addition of oxygen reduces the PDIV- and PDIV+ of C5F10O gas mixture and the reduction effect on PDIV+ is more obvious. Therefore, the degrading effect of O2 on the partial discharge characteristics of C5F10O gas mixture should be considered and the proportion of oxygen in C5F10O gas mixture should be strictly controlled. © 2021 IEEE.

关键词： Partial discharges

A Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Assisted by Ideal Hyperplane

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Zhang, Zhixia Wen, Jie Wang, Hui Cai, Xingjuan Cui, Zhihua Zhang, Wensheng School of Computer Science and Technology Taiyuan University of Science and Technology China School of Information Engineering Nanchang Institute of Technology Nanchang330099 China State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Management of Complex System Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences China State Key Lab. for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University China

In many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs), it is a difficult task for evolutionary algorithms to balance convergence and diversity while rapidly converging to the Pareto front. As the number of objectives increases, the difficulty of evolutionary algorithms increases with individual selection pressure. To address above problems, we propose a many-objective evolution algorithm assisted by an ideal hyperplane (MaOEA-IH). Firstly, the ideal hyperplane as a reference surface to guide the individual to search the Pareto front, which is established from the extremum of each dimension of the objective space. Secondly, a parallel p -norm mating selection strategy is proposed to improve convergence. In addition, two factors are considered in this strategy: 1) different p -norm are used to measure different spatial scales;2) individual selection uncertainty is defined by incorporating a probabilistic perturbation mechanism. Thirdly, the improved shift-based density estimation strategy is used as the evaluation criterion for environmental selection to improve the convergence and diversity of solution sets and enhance selection pressure. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, MAOEA-IH is compared with seven excellent algorithms in three benchmark sets (DTLZ, WFG and MaF). The results show that the proposed MAOEA-IH is highly competitive in solving MaOPs. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Geometry

Strengthen High-Loading Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants by Composite Micron Powder Carrier: Microscale control of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Metabolic Pathways

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Wang, Cheng Xian Lu, Bin Chen, Hao Chen, Huizhen Li, Tingting Lu, Wei Chai, Xiaoli State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai200092 China Changsha housing and Urban Rural Development Bureau Changsha410006 China Hunan Sanyou Environmental Protection Co. Ltd. Changsha410205 China Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials School of Materials Science & Engineering Tongji University Shanghai201804 China

The concentration of activated sludge is a critical factor affecting the capacity and efficiency of s wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, high concentrations of sludge can lead to the sludge loss in the secondary sedimentation tank, resulting in the decline in processing capacity, especially during low-temperature stages and sludge bulking. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding composite micron powder carriers (CMPC) to the biochemical units of WWTPs on sludge concentration and settling performance. The addition of 4 g/L of CMPC maintained the sludge concentration in the bioreactor at 8 g/L and resulted in good settling performance (Average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85 mL/g). Under a hydraulic retention time of 4.8 h, total nitrogen was removed from 35.00 mg/L to 11.40 mg/L with a removal efficiency of up to 67.43%. In addition, the SVI value of bulking sludge decreased from the original 695 to 111 mL/g by the 9th day of operation with the carrier dosage was 2 g/L. Metagenomic analysis revealed that CMPC can increase the relative abundance of denitrification functional bacteria, eg. Nitrospira_sp. and Myxococcales, from 9.44% to 13.98%. Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism pathways analysis showed that CPMC could enhance the utilization of small molecular fatty acids in activated sludge and promote electron transfer between nitrate and nitrite, improving the treatment capacity of wastewater. Furthermore, CPMC enhanced the relative abundance of Saprospiraceae in sludge, which could accelerate the degradation of polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances, weaken the hydrophilic properties of sludge, and improve the settling performance of sludge. Overall, these findings suggest that CMPC can effectively strengthen the high-loading operation of WWTPs by improving sludge concentration and sedimentation performance. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nitrogen

Microstructure and Properties of In-Situ Crb2-Cr3c2-Al2o3 Composite Coating Prepared by Plasma Spraying

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Wang, Yan-Wei Yang, Yong Ru, Pei-Wen Ren, Xian-Xing Shao, Yu-Xuan Wang, Xing-Yu Wang, Liang Key Lab. for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin300132 China Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academic of Science Shanghai201899 China

The composite coating with CrB2, Cr3C2 and Al2O3 as the main phases was prepared in situ on TC4 titanium alloy substrate by plasma spraying Cr2O3-Al-B4C composite powder to improve the performance of CrB2 coating. The results show that in the process of plasma spraying Cr2O3-Al-B4C composite powder, chemical reaction occurred between Cr2O3, Al and B4C, and CrB2, Cr3C2, and γ-Al2O3 phases with nano size were formed in-situ in the composite coating prepared by Cr2O3-Al-B4C. Compared with the coating prepared by plasma spraying CrB2-Cr3C2-Al2O3 composite powder, the coating prepared by plasma spraying Cr2O3-Al-B4C composite powder has more uniform and refined microstructure, lower porosity, higher microhardness, better toughness, excellent scratch resistance and sliding wear resistance. This is attributed to the densification effect by the participation of the chemical reactions in the plasma spraying process of Cr2O3-Al-B4C composite powder and the fine grain strengthening and toughening effect of nanocrystals produced by in-situ reaction. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wear resistance

controllab.e Electrical Characteristic of Ti3c2t2/Mos2 (T=Oh, F, O) Interfaces for High Performance Electronics: Insights from First-Principles

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Zhang, Qiang Liu, Yan Zhang, Riguang Lv, Bohan Hao, Runfang Sang, Shengbo Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi Taiyuan030024 China Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of The Ministry of Education Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi Taiyuan030024 China School of Software Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi Taiyuan030024 China State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization China Laboratory of Aerospace Servo Actuation and Transmission Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls Beijing100000 China

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have shown competitive potential for applications into beyond-silicon electronics. However, the controllab.e electrical characteristic of metal-semiconductor interfaces is still a challenge for high performance electronics due to Fermi level pinning. To explore Ti3C2T2/MoS2 (T= OH, F, O) for high performance electronics, the vertical electric field and interlayer distance are adopted here to regulate the electrical characteristic of interfaces based on the first-principles calculations. Though this, the electrical characteristic of Ti3C2O2/MoS2 and Ti3C2F2/MoS2 are more sensitive to electric field or interlayer distance than that of Ti3C2(OH)2/MoS2. Especially, the negative electric field with larger than -0.2 V/Å makes Ti3C2O2/MoS2 interface change from p-type Schottky to n-type Schottky contact. Furthermore, the Ti3C2O2/MoS2 interface can not only switch from p-type Schottky to n-type Schottky contact, but also from p-type Schottky to n-type Ohmic contact by varying interlayer distance. Moreover, the tunneling barriers of all interfaces are more sensitive to interlayer distance than to electric field. This work provides vital insights for high-performance electronics of Ti3C2T2/MoS2 (T=OH, F, O) in experiments. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electric fields

Investigation on the screening model of chemical hazards based on the risk of domino effect and terrorist attack 10

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Investigation on the screening model of chemical hazards bas...

2020 10th Chinese Geosynthetics Conference and International Symposium on Civil engineering and Geosynthetics, ISCEG 2020

作者： Huang, Wenduo Shao, Xuechun Wang, Jiajie Xiao, Yang Sun, Dongliang State Environ. Protect. Key Lab. of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China

The heavy losses are often caused in modern chemical plants at the time of the accident. In order to prevent accidents, the screening and identification of hazards is needed. In this paper, the screening model of hazards in chemical plants was studied under the domino effect and the risk of terrorist attack. According to the threshold and strength of the domino effect of the unit under the main accident scenarios, the index of domino effect was developed. The risk index of terrorist attacks was determined in line with the distance between the unit and the boundary under the assumption of terrorist attacks. The hazards screening model Z was designed based on two aspects of the study. The model was applied in screening the hazards. The results showed that closer units near the border were more dangerous under the risk of terrorist attack, and the devices surrounded by units with greater influence of accidents were more dangerous under the risk of domino effect. The indices of the tanks were ordered: Z105>Z101>Z103>Z106>Z104>Z102>Z201>Z202>Z203>Z204>Z205>Z206>Z303>Z304>Z301>Z302>Z306>Z305. The domino effect and the risk of terrorist attacks were combined into the present model for perfection and correction of the existing hazards screening model, as the new basis for major hazards identification. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences 2020.

关键词： Chemical plants

Influence mechanism of congestion degree of layout on domino effect in petrochemical plants 10

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Influence mechanism of congestion degree of layout on domino...

2020 10th Chinese Geosynthetics Conference and International Symposium on Civil engineering and Geosynthetics, ISCEG 2020

The study focused on the establishment of the congestion degree in describing the layout of process plants, and discovering the influence mechanism of congestion degree on the risk of domino effect, in view of the fact that the congestion degree has not been used to represent the characteristics of petrochemical plant layout. A characterization model was built for the congestion degree of process plant layouts applying the theory of fuzzy model that it took safety distance, the amount of materials involved and the hazard of these substances into consideration, and came out with a membership function through logical calculus, which made congestion degree a comparable data. Secondly, a systematic domino effect risk analysis method was generalized on account of domino effect quantitative risk analysis method which include the equipment damage probability, the domino effect occurrence probability, risk analysis based on the consequences, individual risk index and social risk index, the process plant natural risk index and real risk index, and then these indices were compared to select the most suitable ones to illustrate the risk of domino effect and to research about part of the storage tank field of a petrochemical plant. Finally, the influence mechanism of layout congestion degree on domino effect of regional accident was obtained through this quantitative analysis. Simultaneously, a range of the congestion degree was acquired according to the individual risk index which can be used as a reference in the design stage of the process plant. The result proved that high congestion degree in process plant greatly increased the risk of domino effect in most of the quantitative risk analysis index, such as the probability of resulting in secondary accidents, the harm on both human and the equipments caused by the initial accident, and the individual risk and social risk, etc. The characterization models for the congestion degree and the domino risk analysis method establish

关键词： Petrochemical plants

Preparation of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete from Construction Waste 3

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Preparation of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete from Construction...

3rd International Conference on Environmental Prevention and Pollution control Technologies, EPPCT 2021

作者： Xia, Jiageng Chen, Yongliang Chen, Junbao Li, Aojun Chen, Tiejun Ushin High Technology Co Ltd Suzhou Jiangsu215000 China College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei430081 China State Environ. Protect. Key Lab. of Mineral Metall. Resources Utilization and Pollution Control Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei430081 China

This research focuses on the preparation of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) with construction waste as the main raw materials. The properties of dry density and compressive strength of AAC were tested to determine the optimum mix proportion of raw materials and the construction waste fineness. The results indicated that the optimum mix proportion of raw materials was consist of 55-65% construction waste, 15-21% cement and 18-22% quicklime, together with 2% gypsum and 0.1% aluminum powder, the construction waste was mechanically milled for 20 min, and cured in the conditions of autoclave pressure 1.5 MPa for 6 h, the compressive strength of AAC samples were higher than 5.0 MPa, and dry density value could reach 650-700 Kg/m3, which meet the requirements of A5.0 B07 grade in the Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks (GB11968-2006). The analysis of microstructure and phase compositions of the AAC samples showed that the tobermorite, calcite and CSH were formed in the process of autoclave curing, and CSH gels were combined through the skeletons formed by tobermorite crystals, the interconnected and porous microstructure contributed to the good properties of low density and high strength of AAC. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Curing