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Regional differences in the factors that influence China’s energy-related carbon emissions, and potential mitigation strategies

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Energy Policy 2011年第12期39卷 7712-7718页

作者： Yan Zhang Jinyun Zhang Zhifeng Yang Shengsheng Li State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19 Beijing 100875 China

Energy-related carbon emissions in China have increased significantly. To mitigate these emissions, it is necessary to estimate the trends (increase or decrease) and the magnitudes of the influences (tons of carbon emitted) as a result of four causal factors that affect emissions: GDP, economic structure, energy intensity, and fuel mix. To do so, we have divided the study period into three intervals (from 1995 to 2009) based on China’s three most-recent 5-year plans. We then divided China’s 30 provinces into four categories based on the individual and net effects of these factors on carbon emissions. On this basis, we discuss potential strategies for reducing China’s carbon emissions. Increasing GDP caused the largest increase in carbon emissions, whereas decreasing energy intensity significantly decreased emissions. Changes in the economic structure increased emissions, with the economic structure becoming more carbon-intensive; efforts to optimize the fuel mix slightly decreased emissions during the first and third periods, but increased emissions during the second period. Our analysis also revealed differences between provinces and regions, allowing local managers to focus on the most important problems for their area. To reduce future energy-related carbon emissions, China’s economic structure, energy intensity, and fuel mix must all be improved.

关键词： China Carbon emissions Mitigation

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NO_x Release from Snow and Ice Covered Surface in Polar Regions and the Tibetan Plateau

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2011年第3期2卷 141-148页

作者： Feng Wang Weili Lin Junxia Wang Tong Zhu Centre for Atmosphere Watch ~ Services Meteorological Observation Centre . China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China China Quality Certification Center Beijing 100070 China

The exchanges of NOx between snow and air have significant impact on the atmospheric components and photochemical processes in the overlying boundary layer. Such exchanges increase the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and may have a crucial impact on the air signals that are retrieved from ice cores. In the recent years, sunlit snow and ice have been demonstrated to be important NOx sources in the polar atmospheric boundary layer. This paper makes a thorough review on the release of NOx from snow and ice, including field observations and experimental evidences, release mechanisms and influential parameters that affect such a release process, polar NOx concentrations and fluxes, and environmental impacts of the chemical processes of NOx in the polar atmospheric boundary layer. In the Tibetan Plateau, the released NOx observed recently in the sunlit snow/ice-cover is 1-order magnitude more than that in polar regions, but further scientific research is still needed to reveal its impact on the atmospheric oxidizing capacity.

关键词： NOx exchange between snow and air polar area atmospheric oxidizing capacity Tibetan Plateau

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Effects of EGR rate and excess air ratio on the combustion characteristics of compressed natural gas engine

Effects of EGR rate and excess air ratio on the combustion c...

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International Conference on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering (TMEE)

作者： Xiao-cao Yu Zhong-chang Liu Zhong-shu Wang Hui-li Dou State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control Jilin University Changchun P.R.C. China FAW Group Cooperation R&D Center Changchun P.R.C.

The influence of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and excess air ratio (λ) on the combustion and emissions of a twofold dilution compressed natural gas (CNG) engine CA6SE3-21E4N were investigated experimentally to solve the limited decreasing-ability on NO x emissions with air dilution. The results show that as EGR rate and λ increase, the peak of cylinder pressure and heat release rate decrease and delay, the heat release centroids and the start of combustion move backward, the main combustion duration becomes longer and then the flame propagation velocity slows down. The cyclic variations intensify versus the EGR rate and λ increase. With smaller λ than that of air dilution under equivalent NO x emission levels, the twofold dilution makes the engine operating more stably. Considering the trade-off between NO x emissions and fuel economy, values as optimal control point can be obtained under 1750r/min, 75% load conditions, namely, λ is 1.35, EGR rate is 7%.

关键词： Combustion Engines Natural gas Fuel economy Heating Valves

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Parameter sensitivity analysis of automotive ride comfort

Parameter sensitivity analysis of automotive ride comfort

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International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks

作者： Shuang Chen Chang-fu Zong Ren-jun Wu Tai-wu Zhang State Key Laboratory of Automobile Dynamic Simulation Jilin University Changchun China Institute of Automotive Engineering Changan Automotive Holding Limited Chongqing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781612844589

The sensitivity of ride comfort performance to the vehicle elastic component is studied in this paper, including suspension spring, suspension rubber component, seat and tire. Firstly the quarter ride dynamics model considering the elastic characteristic of vehicle and the friction and hysteresis characteristic of suspension system of one passenger car, having three degrees of freedom, is established. By the MatLab/Simulink simulation, the vibration responses of seat and floor under random input are achieved and some objective evaluation indexes of ride comfort are calculated. Furthermore the sensitivity analysis for objective evaluation indexes on key parameters which influence ride comfort is carried out with Parameter Sensitivity Analysis theory and some conclusions are summarized.

关键词： Rubber Suspensions Mathematical model Vehicles Sensitivity analysis Springs

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Dynamic Modeling and Steering Performance Analysis of Active Front Steering System

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Procedia Engineering 2011年 15卷 1030-1035页

作者： Zhenhai Gao Jun Wang Deping Wang State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control Jilin University 130025Changchun China China First Automobiles Group Corporation 130011Changchun China

The kinematic models of planetary gear set and steering gear are established, based on the analysis of the transmission mechanism of angle superposition with Active Front Steering system (AFS). A controller of variable steering ratio for Active Front Steering system is designed, and virtual road tests are made in CarMaker driver-vehicle-road simulation environment. The results of simulation tests validate the controller performance and the advantage of variable steering ratio function, also show that the driving comfort is improved at low speed especially, due to the Active Front Steering system alters the steering ratio according to the driving situation.

关键词： Active Front Steering system steering performance dynamic model variable steering gear ratio

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A predictive DC voltage control scheme for back-to-back converters based on energy balance modeling

A predictive DC voltage control scheme for back-to-back conv...

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International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

作者： Lu Yin Zhengming Zhao Ting Lu Fanbo He Liqiang Yuan State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China

This paper presents a predictive control scheme of DC-link voltage for back-to-back converters based on energy balance modeling. Since the variation of DC-link voltage is affected by the energy mismatch between rectifier and inverter, the energy distribution in a rectifier-inverter is analyzed. Moreover, in order to calculate the input and output energy in one control period accurately, the grid current is regulated by predictive control and the instantaneous active power consumed by the induction motor is estimated. Then, an equation based on energy balance in one control period is established, and the DC-link voltage can be controlled by solving it. Finally, simulation results show that with the proposed control scheme, the back-to-back converter exhibits both good dynamic and steady-state performances.

关键词： Voltage control Induction motors Rectifiers Capacitors Vectors Pulse width modulation Inverters

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Pollution Discharge Feature of Stormwater Runoff on Two Urban Underlying Surfaces and Treatment in Beijing

Pollution Discharge Feature of Stormwater Runoff on Two Urba...

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IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)

作者： Ouyang Wei Xin Shen Xiangyi Li Tianzei Song School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Beijing Normal University Beijing Beijing China

In this paper, stormwater runoff from an urban traffic road and building located in Beijing, China, was characterized to measure the stormwater runoff discharge rates and pollutant concentrations. Based on monitoring, the runoff water quality on two underlying surface conditions was analyzed. The temporal dynamics of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH 3- N, NO 3 -N and total phosphorus (TP) were similar and the concentration dropped quickly in the first half hour. The initial concentration of COD, NH 3 -N, NO 3 -N and TP are worse than the fifth category of national surface water standard, some of them were even beyond the standard of the third category of emission discharge standard. In the urban water resource conservation, reuse of stormrain is a good potential. So, a simple combination of treatment methods with Quartz sand and activated carbon was proposed to reduce the pollution concentration. The COD and TP concentration decreased significantly after the treatment, and the removal rate is sensitive to the hydrological loading of inlet water. The activated carbon did not have impact on NH 3 -Nand NO 3 -N and the removal rate is stable on three kinds of hydrological scenarios. The study demonstrates the discharge characteristics of urban sotrmrain runoff and provides the results of simple and cheap treatment equipment.

关键词： Carbon dioxide Water pollution Roads Surface contamination Monitoring Buildings

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Optimization of ride comfort and handing stability base on virtual prototyping

Optimization of ride comfort and handing stability base on v...

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International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC)

作者： Yue Cheng Wen-ku Shi Wei Liu Guo-Hui Sun State Key Laboratory of Automobile Dynamic Simulation Jilin university Changchun China China FAW Group Corporation R&D Center Changchun China

Ride comfort and handing stability are the two important driving features of vehicle. In the process of suspension design, ride comfort and handing stability are two conflicting considerations. Magneto-rheological(MR) fluid dampers are a new class of devices that more suitable for the requirements of automotive applications, including having very low power requirements. According to different driving conditions and body posture, semi-active suspension based on MR damper can coordinate the body posture angle, and reduce the vibration from suspension pass to vehicle body. This paper deals with theoretical analysis and experiments of MR fluid damper in semi-active suspension system. Based on a large number of experimental data, a mathematical MR damper model was adopted to predict both the force-displacement behavior and the complex nonlinear force-velocity response. For the purpose of developing semi-active controller, a detailed vehicle Virtual Prototyping model with steering, frame and semi-active suspensions systems was established by vehicle dynamics simulation software SIMPACK. The co-simulation of ride comfort and handing stability showed that the semi-active suspension designed in this paper was suitable for solving the conflict between ride comfort and handing stability, and improve the ride and handing performance simultaneously.

关键词： Vehicles Shock absorbers Stability analysis Mathematical model Acceleration Virtual prototyping

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Effects of Fuel Octane Number on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition(HCCI) Combustion with Rapid Compression Machine

Effects of Fuel Octane Number on Homogeneous Charge Compress...

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2011 International Conference on Energy and Environment(ICEE 2011)

作者： Wang Youkun Cheng Peng Wang Yunkai Li Hua Guo Yingnan State Key Laboratory of Automobile Dynamic Simulation Jilin University Centre of Test Science of Jilin University College of Automotive Engineering Armor Technique Institute of PLA

The effects of fuel octane number(RON) on homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) combustion were studied under different combustion boundary conditions on a rapid compression machine. The results show that the maximum pressure raise rate and maximum combustion temperature decreased as the RON increased while the start of combustion is delayed and the combustion duration is shortened at the same time.

关键词： octane number homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion characteristic rapid combustion machine mixed fuel

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Optimal design of the back-to-back IGBT-based converter with the concept of systematic safe operating area

Optimal design of the back-to-back IGBT-based converter with...

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International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

作者： Gaoyu Zou Zhengming Zhao Liqiang Yuan Xuesong Wang Ting Lu State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China

The key parameters of SOA (safe operating area) of semiconductor devices are hard to be measured when converter is operating, which is not helpful to protect converter at any time. On the other hand, surplus estimating method is widely used to design the main circuit. In order to guarantee the whole system works safely and improve utilization rate of devices, the concept of SSOA (systematic safe operating area) is presented. By determining the relationship of key parameters between devices and converter, the expression of SSOA is described quantitatively. Then it is implemented as a basic rule to design a back-to-back converter based on IGBT for 55kW induction motor optimally. Rated value of DC-link voltage and grid filter of the system is obtained reasonably as well.

关键词： Inductance Insulated gate bipolar transistors Rectifiers Power harmonic filters Semiconductor optical amplifiers Induction motors

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