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Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing

作者： Chen, Licheng Huang, Yongbing Bao, Yungang Mutlu, Onur Tan, Guangming Chen, Mingyu Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences China Carnegie Mellon University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450301022

In modern multi-core chip architecture, the DRAM system is shared by more and more cores and high bandwidth I/O devices. This trend would make the problem of request contention and un-fairness more serious. Previous research focused on memory sche-duling mechanisms to efficiently and fairly serve memory requests generated by multiple cores. However, the performance is mod-erately improved due to the limited bank-level parallelism in preva-lent DRAM chips. Based on the observation that virtual channel memory (VCM) provides more opportunities for exploiting MLP because it has more channel buffers than banks in conventional DRAM chip, we evaluate VCM technology as an alternative to DRAM for addressing the issues of contention, unfairness and MLP. In this work we implement VCM and leverage the state of art scheduling mechanism on a multi-core architecture. The experi-mental results show that (i) VCM with 32 channels improves ho-mogeneous workloads' IPC by 2.08X on a 16-core system compared to the system with conventional DRAM chips, causing extra area cost by 0.5%, and dynamic and background power pe-nalties by only 5.8% and 0.03% respectively. (ii) For heterogene-ous workloads, VCM significantly reduces unfairness by 82.0% as well as improves the workloads' performance by 1.86X in term of system throughput. © 2011 Authors.

关键词： Dynamic random access storage

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Eliminating data invalidation in debugging multiple-clock chips

Eliminating data invalidation in debugging multiple-clock ch...

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作者： Gao, Jianliang Han, Yinhe Li, Xiaowei Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences China School of Information Science and Engineering Central South University China

ISBN: (纸本)9783981080179

A critical concern for post-silicon debug is the need to control the chip at clock cycle level. In a single clock chip, run-stop control can be implemented by gating the clock signal using a stop signal. However, data invalidation might occur when it comes to multiple-clock chips. In this paper, we analyze the possible data invalidation, including data repetition and data loss, when stopping and resuming a multiple-clock chip. Furthermore, we propose an efficient solution to eliminate data repetition and data loss. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments are both conducted for the proposed solution. We implement the proposed Design-for-Debug (DfD) circuit with SMIC 0.18/Ltm technology and simulate the data transfer across clock domains using SPICE tool. The results show that both data repetition and data loss can be avoided with the proposed solution, even if metastability occurs. © 2011 EDAA.

关键词： Clocks

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A processor-DMA-based memory copy hardware accelerator

A processor-DMA-based memory copy hardware accelerator

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IEEE International Conference on Networking, architecture and Storage

作者： Su, Wen Wang, Ling Su, Menghao Liu, Su Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Chinese Academy of Sciences China Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China Loongson Technology Corporation Limited China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545097

For many Operating Systems and device drivers, memory copy is the most time-consuming operation which has always been paid special attention. In this paper, we propose a processor DMA based memory copy hardware accelerator with the goal to reduce the instructions executed on CPU, and exploit the parallelism between computing and data transfer in memory copy. This is accomplished by taking advantage of a proposed Direct Memory Access (DMA) engine in the processor which overcomes many conventional DMA engine shortcomings. Experimental results show that the proposed hardware solution achieves a speedup of 14.79 compared with the optimized software solution and an overlap of 81.8% in computing and data transfer on average. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Engines

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An ultra-fast hybrid simulation framework for ASIP

An ultra-fast hybrid simulation framework for ASIP

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2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2011

作者： Qiu, Ji Gao, Xiang Jiang, Yifei Xiao, Xu Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100190 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781457718458

ISS (Instruction Set Simulator) plays an important role in pre-silicon software development for ASIP. However, the speed of traditional simulation is too slow to effectively support full-scale software development. In this paper, we propose a hybrid simulation framework which further improves the previous simulation methods by aggressively utilizing the host machine resources. The utilization is achieved by categorizing instructions of ASIP application into two types, namely custom and basic instructions, via binary instrumentation. Then in a way of hybrid simulation, only custom instructions are simulated on the ISS and basic instructions are executed fast and natively on the host machine. We implement this framework for an industrial ASIP to validate our approach. Experimental results show that when the implemented ISS, namely GS-Sim, is applied to practical multimedia decoders, an average simulation speed up to 1058.5MIPS can be achieved, which is 34.7 times of the state-of-art dynamic binary translation simulator and is the fastest to the best of our knowledge. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Software design

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No-go theorem for one-way quantum computing on naturally occurring two-level systems

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Physical Review A 2011年第5期83卷 050301(R)-050301(R)页

作者： Jianxin Chen Xie Chen Runyao Duan Zhengfeng Ji Bei Zeng Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA Centre for Quantum Computation and Intelligent Systems (QCIS) Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney New South Wales Australia Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Ontario Canada State Key Laboratory of Computer Science Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Combinatorics and Optimization University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada

The ground states of some many-body quantum systems can serve as resource states for the one-way quantum computing model, achieving the full power of quantum computation. Such resource states are found, for example, in spin-52 and spin-32 systems. It is, of course, desirable to have a natural resource state in a spin-12, that is, qubit system. Here, we give a negative answer to this question for frustration-free systems with two-body interactions. In fact, it is shown to be impossible for any genuinely entangled qubit state to be a nondegenerate ground state of any two-body frustration-free Hamiltonian. What is more, we also prove that every spin-12 frustration-free Hamiltonian with two-body interaction always has a ground state that is a product of single- or two-qubit states. In other words, there cannot be any interesting entanglement features in the ground state of such a qubit Hamiltonian.

关键词： QUANTUM computers QUANTUM theory HAMILTONIAN operator HAMILTONIAN systems PHYSICS

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Cross-layer optimized placement and routing for FPGA soft error mitigation

Cross-layer optimized placement and routing for FPGA soft er...

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作者： Huang, Keheng Hu, Yu Li, Xiaowei Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783981080179

As the feature size of FPGA shrinks to nanometers, soft errors increasingly become an important concern for SRAM-based FPGAs. Without consideration of the application level impact, existing reliability-oriented placement and routing approaches analyze soft error rate (SER) only at the physical level, consequently completing the design with suboptimal soft error mitigation. Our analysis shows that the statistical variation of the application level factor is significant. Hence in this work, we first propose a cube-based analysis to efficiently and accurately evaluate the application level factor. And then we propose a cross-layer optimized placement and routing algorithm to reduce the SER by incorporating the application level and the physical level factor together. Experimental results show that, the average difference of the application level factor between our cube-based method and Monte Carlo golden simulation is less than 0.01. Moreover, compared with the baseline VPR placement and routing technique, the cross-layer optimized placement and routing algorithm can reduce the SER by 14% with no area and performance overhead. © 2011 EDAA.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA)

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A cost-effective substantial-impact-filter based method to tolerate voltage emergencies

A cost-effective substantial-impact-filter based method to t...

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作者： Pan, Songjun Hu, Yu Hu, Xing Li, Xiaowei Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783981080179

Supply voltage fluctuation caused by inductive noises has become a critical problem in microprocessor design. A voltage emergency occurs when supply voltage variation exceeds the acceptable voltage margin, jeopardizing the microprocessor reliability. Existing techniques assume all voltage emergencies would definitely lead to incorrect program execution and prudently activate rollbacks or flushes to recover, and consequently incur high performance overhead. We observe that not all voltage emergencies result in external visible errors, which can be exploited to avoid unnecessary protection. In this paper, we propose a substantial-impact-filter based method to tolerate voltage emergencies, including three key techniques: 1) Analyze the architecture-level masking of voltage emergencies during program execution;2) Propose a metric intermittent vulnerability factor for intermittent timing faults (IV F itf) to quantitatively estimate the vulnerability of microprocessor structures (load/store queue and register file) to voltage emergencies;3) Propose a substantial-impact-filter based method to handle voltage emergencies. Experimental results demonstrate our approach gains back nearly 57% of the performance loss compared with the once-occur-then-rollback approach. © 2011 EDAA.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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On diagnosis of multiple faults using compacted responses

On diagnosis of multiple faults using compacted responses

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作者： Ye, Jing Hu, Yu Li, Xiaowei Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783981080179

With the exponential growth in the number of transistors, not only test data volume and test application time may increase, but also multiple faults may exist in one chip. Test compaction has been a de-facto design-for-testability technique to reduce the test cost. However, the compacted test responses make multiple-fault diagnosis rather difficult. When there is no space compactor, the most likely suspect fault is considered producing the failing responses most similar to the failing responses observed from the automatic test equipment. But when compactor exists, those suspect faults may no longer have the same high possibility of being the actual faults. To address this problem, we introduce a novel metric explanation necessity. By using both of the new metric and the traditional metric explanation capability, we evaluate the possibility of a suspect fault to be the actual fault. For ISCAS'89 and ITC'99 benchmark circuits equipped with extreme space compactors, experimental results show that 98.8% of the top-ranked suspect faults hit the actual faults, outperforming a previous work by 11.3%. © 2011 EDAA.

关键词： Design for testability

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A Case Study: Low Power Design-for-Testability Features of a Multi-core Processor Godson-T

A Case Study: Low Power Design-for-Testability Features of a...

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2011 2nd International Conference on Advanced Measurement and Test (AMT 2011)

作者： Da Wang Dongrui Fan Yu Hu Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences

This paper describes the low power test challenges and features of a multi-core processor, Godson-T, which contains 16 identical coresSince the silicon design technology scales to ultra deep submicron and even nanometers, the complexity and cost of testing is growing up, and the test power of such designs is extremely curious, especially for multicore processorsIn this paper, we use the modular design methodology and scaleable design-for-testability(DFT) structure to achieve low test power, at the same time, an improved test pattern generation method is studied to reduce test power further moreThe experimental results from the real chip show that the test power and test time are well balanced while achieving acceptable test coverage and cost.

关键词： design-for-testability(DFT),multi-core processor,very large scale integration(VLSI),power reduction,pattern filling,multi-capture

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Processes scheduling on heterogeneous multi-core architecture with hardware support

Processes scheduling on heterogeneous multi-core architectur...

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IEEE International Conference on Networking, architecture and Storage

作者： Hao, Shouqing Liu, Qi Zhang, Longbing Wang, Jian Key Laboratory of Computer System and Architecture Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China Loongson Technology Corporation Limited China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545097

Heterogeneous Chip Multi-Processors (heter-CMP) provide suitable resources to various applications and could get more benefits on performance than homogeneous CMP. To fully develop the performance of the heter-CMP system, the applications should be scheduled to the proper cores by the scheduler of the operating system according to their behaviours. Besides, the last level cache (LLC) miss rate is often used as the metric to identify the application features. However, the LLC miss rate could not reflect the application behaviours accurately since the memory access delay, the most important application character is related to patterns of the memory access and many other issues. To improve the accuracy of scheduling on the heter-CMP system, this paper supplies performance counters for the LLC miss penalty to monitor application behaviours. Based on that, the latency-aware scheduling algorithm for asymmetry chip multi-processors (LA-ACMP) is proposed and implemented. Those hardware supports are implemented on the Godson-3 multi-core RTL and simulator and the LA-ACMP algorithm is integrated to the Linux kernel. The performance evaluation on those platforms shows that the LA-ACMP algorithm with LLC miss penalty outperforms the algorithm with LLC miss rate about 32.4%, and outperforms the original schedule algorithm about 18.4%. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Scheduling algorithms

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