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Performance-Aware control of Modular Batteries For Fast Frequency Response

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2025年

作者： He, Yutong Ruan, Guangchun Zhong, Haiwang Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Beijing100084 China Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lab for Information and Decision Systems CambridgeMA02139 United States

Modular batteries can be aggregated to deliver frequency regulation services for power grids. Although utilizing the idle capacity of battery modules is financially attractive, it remains challenging to consider the heterogeneous module-level characteristics such as dynamic operational efficiencies and battery degradation. In addition, real-time decision making within seconds is required to enable fast frequency response. In order to address these issues, this paper proposes a performance-aware scheduling approach for battery modules to deliver fast frequency response (FFR) support. In particular, the conduction loss and switching loss of battery packs as well as converters are captured within a mix-integer quadratic constrained program (MIQCP). The cycle-based aging model identifies the aging cost of battery modules during frequent cycling by introducing the aging subgradient calculation and linearization. Case studies based on real-world battery data show that the proposed scheduling approach can effectively reduce power loss cost by nearly 28%-57% and battery aging cost by 4%-15% compared to conventional methods, which can also enhance the SoC balance. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Battery management systems

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Aerodynamic reconstruction of wind turbines using terrestrial laser scanning: Methodology, validation, and error analysis

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Energy Conversion and Management 2025年 334卷

作者： Xie, Zhen Lin, Zhongwei Cai, Qinlin Chen, Zhenyu State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources School of Control and Computer Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing102206 China China Huaneng Group Co. Ltd. Beijing100031 China

Aerodynamic performance analysis is essential for improving wind turbine efficiency and reliability, yet it is often constrained by the lack of aerodynamic models, either due to commercial confidentiality or the legacy turbine types. This study proposes a novel method for aerodynamic reconstruction of wind turbines using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). The method allows for efficiently capturing turbine geometry and aerodynamic properties without requiring blade disassembly. The specific procedures, including TLS-based data acquisition, data preprocessing, and blade parameterization, are outlined systematically to demonstrate the complete framework. A field implementation on a 2 MW commercial wind turbine proved its effectiveness, with validation against historical data and manufacturer-supplied performance curves showing strong consistency. Challenges such as blade twist variations and wind speed measurement inaccuracies are analyzed as potential error sources, and strategies for enhancing precision and reliability are provided. The proposed method offers a competitive, engineering-oriented solution for wind turbine aerodynamic reconstruction, laying a foundation for enhanced turbine design, operational efficiency, and long-term performance optimization. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Laser applications

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Energy-carbon comprehensive efficiency evaluation of hydrogen metallurgy system considering low-temperature waste heat recovery

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Ji, Qiang Cheng, Lin Liang, Zeng Zhuang, Yingrui Shi, Fashun Zhang, Jianliang Li, Kejiang State Key Laboratory of Power Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing100083 China

To address the lack of energy-carbon efficiency evaluation and the underutilization of low-temperature waste heat in traditional direct reduction iron (DRI) production, this paper proposes a novel zero-carbon hydrogen metallurgy system that integrates the recovery and utilization of low-temperature and high-temperature waste heat, internal energy, and cold energy during hydrogen production, storage, reaction and circulation. Firstly, the detailed mathematical models are developed to describe energy and exergy characteristics of the operational components in the proposed zero-carbon hydrogen metallurgy system. Additionally, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and energy-carbon efficiency indices are introduced from a full life-cycle perspective of energy flow, avoiding the overlaps in energy inputs and outputs. Subsequently, the efficiency metrics of the proposed zero-carbon hydrogen metallurgy system are then compared with those of traditional DRI production systems with H2/CO ratios of 6:4 and 8:2. The comparative results demonstrate the superiority and advancement of the proposed zero-carbon hydrogen metallurgy system. Finally, sensitivity analysis reveals that the overall electricity energy generated by incorporating the ORC and expander equipments exceeds the heat energy recovered from the furnace top gas, highlighting the energy potential of waste energy utilization. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Low temperature production

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An Optimal Competitive Bidding and Pricing Strategy for Electric Vehicle Aggregator Considering the Bounded Rationality of Users

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IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2025年

作者： Wang, Qi Huang, Chunyi Wang, Chengmin Xie, Ning Li, Kangping Qiu, Peng Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai200240 China Northeast Electric Power University Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology Ministry of Education Jilin132012 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Smart Energy Shanghai200240 China State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute Hangzhou310014 China

Accurate estimation of the charging demand of electric vehicle (EV) users has a profound impact on the profitability of the EV aggregator (EVA). Existing studies concerning the market strategy of EVA normally assume the EV users are equipped with complete rationality and simplify the real interactive process among EVAs and EV users, making the derived strategy unable to adapt to the practical situations. To address this bottleneck, a novel competitive bidding and pricing strategy for EVA considering both the bounded rationality of EV users and various game relationships between multiple agents is proposed. Firstly, the evolutionary game theory is utilized to simulate the bounded rational charging behaviors of EV users under differentiated charging prices, while their demand elasticity and uncertainty of driving pattern is also taken into account. Secondly, the complex interactions among EVAs and EV users are modeled, where the competition between EVAs is constructed by a non-cooperative game with incomplete information and the interplay between EVAs and EV users is built as a Stackelberg game. Finally, numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrate the pricing strategy preferences of EVAs based on the diverse price elastic coefficients of EV users. © 2025 IEEE. All rights reserved

关键词： Game theory

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Sharing energy in wider area: A two-layer energy sharing scheme for massive prosumers

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Applied Energy 2025年 392卷

作者： Su, Yifan Yang, Peng Kang, Kai Wang, Zhaojian Qi, Ning Liu, Tonghua Liu, Feng State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing400044 China School of Electronics and Information Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an710048 China State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Ministry of Education of China Department of Automation Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New YorkNY10027 United States

The popularization of distributed energy resources transforms end-users from consumers into prosumers. Inspired by the sharing economy principle, energy sharing markets for prosumers are proposed to facilitate the utilization of renewable energy. This paper proposes a novel two-layer energy sharing market for massive prosumers, which can promote social efficiency by wider-area sharing. In this market, there is an upper-layer energy sharing market (U-ESM) in the distribution system and numerous lower-layer energy sharing markets (L-ESMs) in local communities. Prosumers in the same community share energy with each other in the L-ESM, which can be uncleared. The energy surplus and shortage of L-ESMs are cleared in the U-ESM. Thanks to the wider-area two-layer structure, the market outcome is near-social-optimal in large-scale systems. However, the proposed market forms a complex mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). To solve the problem, we propose an efficient and hierarchically distributed bidding algorithm. The proposed two-layer market and bidding algorithm are verified on the IEEE 123-bus system with 11,250 prosumers, which demonstrates the practicality and efficiency for large-scale markets. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Game theory

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A Quasi-Parallel Resonant Switched Capacitor DC-DC Converter with Wide Input Voltage Range Regulation and Enhanced Dynamic Performances

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IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in power Electronics 2025年

作者： Qi, Jingjing Wu, Xuezhi Sun, Kai Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Beijing100084 China Beijing Jiaotong University National Active Distribution Network Technology Research Center Beijing100044 China

Wide-range and high-efficiency DC-DC converters are in high demand for various applications, such as distributed systems, electric vehicles, and DC buildings. Resonant switched capacitor converters (ReSCC) can achieve soft switching, have small passive device capacity, and exhibit low voltage stress, but the voltage ratio is difficult to be regulated continuously. In this paper, a quasi-parallel resonant switched capacitor DC-DC converter is proposed to satisfy the design requirements, which incorporates a ReSCC with soft-switching and variable voltage ratio, as well as a Buck converter. In addition, a simplified optimal trajectory controller for ReSCC is investigated, which can be combined with PI controller of Buck converter to enhance the load transient of the proposed converter. Moreover, the input voltage feedforward control is implemented with the optimized feedforward coefficient to suppress the input voltage disturbance. The proposed converter can achieve high efficiency and rapid dynamic response over a wide conversion range. The correctness of the theoretical analyses is verified by a 36V∼60V-5V/20A prototype. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Capacitor bank

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Energy-carbon pricing-guided collaborative optimization for local integrated energy communities with multi-vector electrification consumers

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Applied Energy 2025年 392卷

作者： Xi, Yufei Zuo, Lujie Chen, Meng Zhang, Jiansheng Cheng, Lin Lestas, Ioannis State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Energy and Power Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Engineering University of Cambridge CambridgeCB2 1PZ United Kingdom

The integration of multi-energy services and CO2 reduction measures is crucial for advancing the transition to low-carbon energy. This study proposes a novel Integrated Energy Community (IEC) framework that synergizes Electric Vehicles (EVs), power-to-Chemical (P2C), and power-to-Heat (P2H) electrification consumers to optimize renewable energy utilization and carbon management. The framework incorporates Electrochemical CO2 Reduction (ECO2R) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, enabling carbon trading and chemical product commercialization. Meanwhile, an energy-carbon pricing-guided collaborative optimization model is developed, utilizing Nash bargaining game theory to coordinate electricity, gas, and heat operations under limited communication. Case studies validate the model's effectiveness, with numerical results demonstrating its superior performance in operational efficiency, renewable energy utilization, and carbon reduction compared to conventional community systems. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Energy utilization

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The staged optimal scheduling method for a multi-source industrial park with wind, solar, thermal, and energy storage

The staged optimal scheduling method for a multi-source indu...

引用

3rd International Conference on Smart Energy and Electrical Engineering, SEEE 2024

作者： Hao, Ling Xu, Hui Tan, Zhenlong Zheng, Zhibao Xu, Fei Yang, Ruixuan Xu, Zhenyu Dai, Xuhui State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Co. Ltd. Beijing101199 China School of Economics and Management Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology Chongqing University Chongqing400044 China

The increase in the proportion of renewable energy generation capacity has placed significant pressure on thermal power operations. Constructing energy storage facilities within the metering output of thermal power plants, allowing them to participate in peak load regulation with generating units jointly, is one effective way to alleviate the operational pressure on thermal power. To achieve comprehensive scheduling of thermal power plants with energy storage, this paper first establishes an overall output model for the coupling operation of thermal power and energy storage. Secondly, a staged optimal scheduling method for a multi-source industrial park with wind, solar, thermal, and energy storage is proposed to solve the optimization scheduling problem for the industrial park involving thermal power plants with energy storage participation. Finally, the simulation results based on a specific regional power grid in Inner Mongolia validate the feasibility of the proposed method. © 2025 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

关键词： Thermoelectric power plants

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NSVineCopula: R package for modeling non-stationary multivariate dependence

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Environmental Modelling and Software 2025年 190卷

作者： Zhang, Q. Li, Y.P. Huang, G.H. Huang, X.M. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Xu, Z.P. Wang, Y.Y. Shen, Z.Y. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Department of Earth System Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Institute for Global Change Studies Tsinghua University Beijing100875 China Institute for Energy Environment and Sustainable Communities University of Regina ReginaSKS4S0A2 Canada

A vine copula is a flexible method for multivariate dependence simulations that assumes stationarity. However, only a few studies have focused on non-stationarity and comprehensively developed nonstationary vine copula functions. In this study, a novel R package, NSVineCopula was developed and presented. Canonical-vine and Drawable-vine structure with 36 bivariate copula functions were considered in NSVineCopula. This package is capable of capturing non-stationary multivariate dependence, providing time-varying parameters for each bivariate copula, and quantifying the conditional probability. Notably, NSVineCopula provides a simple way for sampling non-stationary vine copulas. The capability of NSVineCopula was evaluated through two case studies: (1) agricultural drought risk assessment under compound dry-hot extreme conditions and water level prediction. The results demonstrate the advantages of NSVineCopula in non-stationary multivariate dependence analysis, and highlights the potential of NSVineCopula in many fields. Overall, NSVineCopula can provide valuable and robust functionalities for modeling nonstationary multivariate dependence. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Copula Multivariate dependence Non-stationarity R package Vine copula

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Unraveling Plasma Characteristics and Breakdown Mechanism in Nanosecond Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 2025年

作者： Li, Mengbo Chen, She Cui, Yingzhe Wang, Qiao Liu, LinLin Zhou, Xuan Zhuang, Chijie Wang, Feng Hunan University College of Electrical and Information Engineering Changsha410082 China Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute Beijing100120 China School of Electric Power South China University of Technology Guangzhou510641 China State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Reduction for Power Grid Changsha University of Science & Technology Changsha410114 China State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

Nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) have gained significant attention for its promising applications in various fields. More systematic investigations are necessary to better understand the fundamental processes of pulsed DBD. In this study, the characteristics and the initial breakdown mechanism of atmospheric nanosecond-pulsed DBD are investigated. The Electric Field-Induced Second Harmonic (E-FISH) technique is employed to investigate the electric field within the discharge gap. Additionally, the effects of pulse amplitude and pulse repetition rate on discharge characteristics, particularly the electric field, are analyzed. The results indicate that an increase in pulse amplitude leads to higher breakdown currents and a more pronounced reverse electric field peak, whereas the pulse repetition rate has a minimal effect on discharge behavior. A two-dimensional fluid model is developed to simulate discharge dynamics and analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of particles. Based on both experimental and simulation results, the discharge process is characterized by three distinct stages: Stage I (discharge breakdown), Stage II (surface charge accumulation), and Stage III (surface charge neutralization). The breakdown mechanism is further elucidated by examining the role of residual charges near the dielectric layer, which enhance the local electric field and facilitate the generation of secondary electrons, leading to ionization and subsequent discharge establishment. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Dielectric barrier discharge

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