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arXiv 2025年

作者： Wang, Changgang Liu, Wei Cao, Yu Liang, Dong Li, Yang Mo, Jingshan Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology Ministry of Education Northeast Electric Power University Jilin Province Jilin132012 China School of Electrical Engineering Northeast Electric Power University Jilin Province Jilin132012 China Jilin Power Supply Company Substation Secondary Maintenance Center Jilin Province Jilin132012 China

In the context of the rising share of new energy generation, accurately generating new energy output scenarios is crucial for day-ahead power system scheduling. Deep learning-based scenario generation methods can address this need, but their black-box nature raises concerns about interpretability. To tackle this issue, this paper introduces a method for day-ahead new energy scenario generation based on an improved conditional generative diffusion model. This method is built on the theoretical framework of Markov chains and variational inference. It first transforms historical data into pure noise through a diffusion process, then uses conditional information to guide the denoising process, ultimately generating scenarios that satisfy the conditional distribution. Additionally, the noise table is improved to a cosine form, enhancing the quality of the generated scenarios. When applied to actual wind and solar output data, the results demonstrate that this method effectively generates new energy output scenarios with good adaptability. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Markov chains

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Performance-Aware control of Modular Batteries For Fast Frequency Response

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： He, Yutong Ruan, Guangchun Zhong, Haiwang State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Lab for Information and Decision Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

Modular batteries can be aggregated to deliver frequency regulation services for power grids. Although utilizing the idle capacity of battery modules is financially attractive, it remains challenging to consider the heterogeneous module-level characteristics such as dynamic operational efficiencies and battery degradation. In addition, real-time decision making within seconds is required to enable fast frequency response. In order to address these issues, this paper proposes a performance-aware scheduling approach for battery modules to deliver fast frequency response (FFR) support. In particular, the conduction loss and switching loss of battery packs as well as converters are captured within a mix-integer quadratic constrained program (MIQCP). The cycle-based aging model identifies the aging cost of battery modules during frequent cycling by introducing the aging subgradient calculation and linearization. Case studies based on real-world battery data show that the proposed scheduling approach can effectively reduce power loss cost by nearly 28%-57% and battery aging cost by 4%-15% compared to conventional methods, which can also enhance the SoC balance. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Battery management systems

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Effect of ZnO Catalyst on the Degradation of SF6 by DBD Plasma

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 2025年

作者： Li, Yalong Tan, Huiyu Gao, Peng Zhang, Xiaoxing Wang, Dibo Fu, Mingli Zhuo, Ran Yu, Lei Liu, Wei Hubei University of Technology Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System Wuhan430068 China CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co. Ltd Guangzhou510663 China State Grid Anhui Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute Hefei230022 China

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is widely used in gas-insulated equipment due to its excellent electrical properties. However, SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas, and with the implementation of the "dual carbon" strategy, reducing SF6 emissions has become imperative. This paper analyzes the interaction between SF6 and the ZnO surface through simulation calculations and studies the effects of ZnO-filled systems on SF6 degradation by DBD through experiments. The results demonstrate that the charge transfer of individual fluorine atoms is relatively weak, with no significant charge transfer occurring before and after the adsorption of each fluorine atom. Furthermore, after adsorption on the ZnO surface, the SF6 molecule does not undergo noticeable deformation, indicating that the adsorption of SF6 on the ZnO surface is physical adsorption. Under the conditions of a 2% SF6 concentration, a gas flow rate of 150 mL/min, and an input power of 90 W, the SF6 degradation rate and equivalent capacitance with ZnO filling were found to be 96.6% and 79.31 pF, respectively. At an input power of 80W, the energy yield reached a maximum value of 12.41 g/kWh, and the main decomposition products of SF6 were SO2, SO2F2, and SOF2. This study provides a theoretical basis for the efficient degradation and harmless treatment of SF6 © 1994-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Adsorption

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Small Signal Stability-Guaranteed Moving Target Defense Against Load Redistribution Attack On IoT-based Smart Grid

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Wang, Bingdong Zhang, Zhenyong Wang, Mufeng Liu, Mengxiang Ye, Rui Deng, Ruilong Zhang, Xin Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data College of Computer Science and Technology Guiyang550025 China China Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team Beijing100040 China University of Sheffield Department of Automatic Control and System Engineering Sheffield United Kingdom Guizhou Power Grid Co. Ltd. Intelligent Operation Center China Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology College of Control Science and Engineering Hangzhou310027 China Huzhou Institute of Industrial Control Technology Huzhou313000 China

Moving target defense (MTD) is a promising approach to defend against load redistribution attacks on the internet-of-things (IoT)-based smart grid networks by probing the distorted state estimates with the distributed flexible AC transmission system. However, existing studies mainly focus on optimizing the performance of MTD and ignore the safety effect of it on the system’s operation. In this paper, we fill this gap by deeply analyzing the effect of MTD on the small signal stability and aim to alleviate the negative impact and guarantee its defending performance simultaneously. Firstly, the stability is formally described using the eigenvalue sensitivity. The relationship between the MTD-induced perturbation (MTDper) and the stability criteria is derived. Secondly, a new indicator is proposed to measure the effectiveness of MTDper. Thirdly, a constrained optimization problem is formulated to compute the bound of MTDper for guaranteeing the small signal stability. In addition, a surprising finding is that the stability margin can be improved and enhanced by optimizing the value of MTDper without losing the MTD’s effectiveness. Finally, we evaluate the performance of MTDper and its impact on the small signal stability with extensive simulations on the IEEE 30-bus, 39-bus, and 68-bus test power systems. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Constrained optimization

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High Abundance of Atmospheric Sulfonates Derived from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

ACS ES&T Air

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ACS ES&T Air 2025年第4期2卷 607-614页

作者： Shuang Chen Huixia Han Lihong Ren Yisheng Xu Libin Wu Yuanguan Gao Yuanbi Yi Xinping Yang Mingliang Fu Hang Yin Yan Ding Pingqing Fu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China；School of Earth System Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China School of Earth System Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China Department of Ocean Science and Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV) pose a threat to both air quality and human health. However, the molecular compositions and chemical properties of these complex mixtures are poorly understood. In this study, we performed a detailed characterization of exhaust PM from LDGV at various speed phases at the molecular level by employing ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. We found that with increasing speed, the number of organic compounds increased significantly, especially organic nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing compounds. Moreover, the increase of speed leads to high temperature and high pressure in the cylinder, which in turn leads to a series of thermal cracking–polymerization–cyclization reactions, resulting in new particulate matter with more aromatic structures. In addition, considerable intermediate volatility organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds were identified in the exhaust PM. Notably, we observed the presence of sulfonates in tailpipe particulate matter during low- or high-speed phases, which highlights a previously negligible source of organic sulfonates in the atmosphere.

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In-situ Monitoring of Maximum and Average Chip Junction Temperature within Multichip IGBT power Modules Using Kelvin Emitter Voltage

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IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in power Electronics 2025年

作者： Yang, Jianxiong Ran, Li Che, Yanbo Du, Mingxing Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Control Theory and Applications in Complicated System Tianjin300384 China Chongqing University State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing400044 China University of Warwick School of Engineering CoventryCV4 7AL United Kingdom Tianjin University Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin300072 China

Parallel configurations of power chips within a multichip IGBT power module (M-IGBT-PM) are employed to meet the required current and power ratings. When the internal chips of an M-IGBT-PM experience uneven temperature distributions and package aging, it becomes challenging to determine the maximum and average temperatures of the chips within the module. This paper investigates the relationship between four transient thermal-sensitive electrical parameters (T-TSEPs) derived from the Kelvin emitter voltage and the chip junction temperature, while establishing relevant mathematical models. It compares the sensitivity and linearity of these four T-TSEPs, and also assesses the influence of external gate resistance, bus voltage, and load current on each of them. A key innovation in this paper is the proposal of a method for monitoring the maximum and average temperatures across the chips within the M-IGBT-PM, which is not influenced by the load current. The experimental results suggest that the temperature derived from the quasi-turn-on delay time is a good approximation of the maximum chip temperature, whereas the temperatures predicted by the other T-TSEPs are nearer to the average temperature. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT)

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Toward net-zero cement: linking demand-side measures with plant-level technology strategies

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Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2025年 220卷

作者： Song, Xinke An, Kangxin Wang, Rui Liu, Gang Wang, Can State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing100871 China Institute of Carbon Neutrality Peking University Beijing100871 China

Achieving climate goals in the cement sector requires combining supply- and demand-side strategies. To explore this interplay, this study develops a spatially explicit modeling framework that integrates sectoral decarbonization pathways and plant-level optimization. Results show that, in 2060, incorporating demand-side measures—compared to relying solely on supply-side technologies—reduces required carbon capture and storage (CCS)-equipped clinker capacity from 941.9 to 353.8 Mt/year, inter-provincial CO₂ transport from 182.6 to 41.7 Mt/year, and mitigation costs from 246 to 217 CNY/tCO₂. These measures also enable net-negative emissions of -69.0 Mt CO₂/year. Spatial analysis highlights Henan, Hebei, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces as priority regions for CCS deployment across all scenarios, reflecting the existing industrial structure and proximity to geological storage sites. These findings offer practical insights for optimizing plant-level technology choices, strengthening regional coordination, and advancing integrated mitigation policy development. © 2025

关键词： Carbon capture and storage Cement industry Demand-side transformation Net-zero Spatial optimization

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Wavelet-based data compression for wide-area measurement data of oscillations

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Journal of Modern power systems and Clean Energy 2018年第6期6卷 1128-1140页

作者： Lin CHENG Xinchi JI Fang ZHANG He HUANG Song GAO State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment Tsinghua University State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company

This paper proposes a wavelet-based data compression method to compress the recorded data of oscillations in power systems for wide-area measurement systems. Actual recorded oscillations and simulated oscillations are compressed and reconstructed by the waveletbased data compression method to select the best wavelet functions and decomposition scales according to the criterion of the minimum compression distortion composite index, for a balanced consideration of compression performance and reconstruction accuracy. Based on the selections, the relationship between the oscillation frequency and the corresponding optimal wavelet and scale is discussed, and a piecewise linear model of the base-2 logarithm of the frequency and the order of the wavelet is developed, in which different pieces represent different scales. As a result, the wavelet function and decomposition scale can be selected according to the oscillation frequency. Compared with the wavelet-based data compression method with a fixed wavelet scale for disturbance signals and the real-time data compression method based on exception compression and swing door trending for oscillations, the proposed method can provide high compression ratios and low distortion rates.

关键词： Data compression Oscillation Wavelet transform Wide-area measurement system(WAMS)

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Categorical Spatial Interpolation of Solar Irradiance for Regional Distributed Photovoltaic power Forecasting

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IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2025年

作者： Ruan, Chenglong Li, Kangping Li, Zhenghui Huang, Chunyi Wang, Fei Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Smart Energy Shanghai200240 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute Shanghai200240 China Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion Shanghai200240 China North China Electric Power University Department of Electrical Engineering Baoding071003 China State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Beijing102206 China Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Microgrid North China Electric Power University Baoding071003 China

High-spatial-resolution (HSR) solar irradiance forecast data is important for regional distributed photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting. Distributed PV sites are widely geographically distributed and the cost of obtaining HSR irradiance forecast data with full regional coverage is very high. Improving spatial resolution through interpolation based on limited sparse irradiance forecast reference points is a low-cost and feasible approach. However, existing irradiance spatial interpolation methods would produce large errors under variable weather conditions (e.g., cloudy) with limited reference points, because local abrupt changes in irradiance usually occur under such weather conditions due to cloud movement. This paper proposes a categorical spatial interpolation method to improve the accuracy of distributed PV power forecasting with limited sparse irradiance forecast data. The method first converts satellite-derived shortwave radiation images into binary irradiance maps through adaptive thresholding, then trains a 3D U-net model to predict future irradiance category probabilities for each grid. These probability maps dynamically govern two parallel interpolation processes: one using reference stations in predicted clear-sky regions, another utilizing stations in cloudy zones, with final irradiance values determined by probability-weighted fusion. Case studies on a real dataset verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Solar irradiance

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Simplified equivalent models of large-scale wind power and their application on small-signal stability

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Journal of Modern power systems and Clean Energy 2013年第1期1卷 58-64页

作者： Nan DING Zongxiang LU Ying QIAO Yong MIN State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipments Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

With the rapid growth of grid-connected wind power penetration level,it is necessary to study the impacts of wind power on power system *** small-signal stability of power systems with large-scale wind power is explored using the eigenvalue analysis method.A prototype sample system,the two-synchronous-generator system with a wind farm,is proposed for theoretical ***,simplified models of wind turbines(WTs)and the corresponding equivalent models of wind farms are *** kinds of typical WT models,i.e.,squirrel cage induction generator,doubly-fed induction generator,and permanent magnet synchronous generator are ***,based on the simplified equivalent models,effects of large-scale wind farms on the electromechanical oscillation modes(EOMs)of synchronous systems are *** results indicate that wind farms of the three kinds of WTs have positive effects on ***,long transmission lines connecting wind farmto the systemmay produce negative effects on the small-signal stability of the system.

关键词： Wind turbine(WT) Small-signal stability Electromechanical oscillation mode(EOM) Simplified model Equivalent model

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