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Ultrahigh alkali resistance and regeneration capacity of the birnessite deNOx catalysts: A recyclable extraction-insertion strategy

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Separation and Purification Technology 2025年 368卷

作者： Xuan, Yue Zhu, Xiao Wang, Bin Liang, Yanjie Gao, Chuan Li, Bing Wang, Dong Peng, Yue School of Energy and Power Engineering Shandong University Shandong Jinan250061 China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control National Engineering Laboratory for Multi Flue Gas Pollution Control Technology and Equipment School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 in biomass combustion flue gas confronts high-concentration alkali metal (K) poisoning. Herein, we propose a recyclable extraction-insertion strategy using acid-treated birnessite-based catalysts to achieve high alkali resistance. Compared to commercial MnO2 catalyst, which suffered severe deactivation after 1 wt% K+ poisoning, the OL-1(H) catalyst showed a surprising enhancement in SCR activity by 1 wt% K+ and only a modest 15.5 % decrease in NOx conversion at 225 °C with 7 wt% K+. Physicochemical characterizations and density functional theory calculations revealed that K+ deposition form K2O on the surface of commercial MnO2, disrupting Mn-O active sites. In contrast, K+ tended to migrate from the outer surface into the interlayer, spontaneously exchanging with H+ in the OL-1(H) catalyst. The inserted K+ coordinated with six O2–, attracting surrounding electron clouds and facilitating electron loss from Mn species with unsaturated outer coordination. This resulted in an enrichment of Mn5c4+-Lewis acid sites, enhancing NH3 adsorption and activation, thereby improving NOx removal via the Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism. Equally important, the extraction-insertion process between H+ and K+ further regenerated the K-poisoned catalyst efficiently, restoring the NOx conversion by 23.3 % at 150 °C. The recyclable extraction-insertion strategy provides a new paradigm for designing catalysts with ultrahigh alkali resistance and regeneration capacity, applicable across various environmental fields. © 2025

关键词： Nitrogen oxides

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Small Signal Stability-Guaranteed Moving Target Defense Against Load Redistribution Attack On IoT-based Smart Grid

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Wang, Bingdong Zhang, Zhenyong Wang, Mufeng Liu, Mengxiang Ye, Rui Deng, Ruilong Zhang, Xin Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data College of Computer Science and Technology Guiyang550025 China China Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team Beijing100040 China University of Sheffield Department of Automatic Control and System Engineering Sheffield United Kingdom Guizhou Power Grid Co. Ltd. Intelligent Operation Center China Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology College of Control Science and Engineering Hangzhou310027 China Huzhou Institute of Industrial Control Technology Huzhou313000 China

Moving target defense (MTD) is a promising approach to defend against load redistribution attacks on the internet-of-things (IoT)-based smart grid networks by probing the distorted state estimates with the distributed flexible AC transmission system. However, existing studies mainly focus on optimizing the performance of MTD and ignore the safety effect of it on the system’s operation. In this paper, we fill this gap by deeply analyzing the effect of MTD on the small signal stability and aim to alleviate the negative impact and guarantee its defending performance simultaneously. Firstly, the stability is formally described using the eigenvalue sensitivity. The relationship between the MTD-induced perturbation (MTDper) and the stability criteria is derived. Secondly, a new indicator is proposed to measure the effectiveness of MTDper. Thirdly, a constrained optimization problem is formulated to compute the bound of MTDper for guaranteeing the small signal stability. In addition, a surprising finding is that the stability margin can be improved and enhanced by optimizing the value of MTDper without losing the MTD’s effectiveness. Finally, we evaluate the performance of MTDper and its impact on the small signal stability with extensive simulations on the IEEE 30-bus, 39-bus, and 68-bus test power systems. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Constrained optimization

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Estimation of the electromechanical characteristics of power systems based on a revised stochastic subspace method and the stabilization diagram

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2012年第6期55卷 1677-1687页

作者： NI JingMin SHEN Chen LIU Feng State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments Beijing 100084China

Estimating low-frequency oscillation modes and the corresponding mode shapes based on ambient data from WAMS measurements has a promising prospect in power system analysis and *** on the stochastic subspace method,this paper proposes a revised stochastic subspace method by introducing reference channels,which can estimate the modes and the mode shapes simultaneously with great computational ***,the accuracy of the estimated results is not *** discriminate the real modes from the spurious ones,the stabilization diagram is introduced.A novel algorithm is designed to deal with the stabilization diagram which can detect the real modes *** conducted on the IEEE-118 system indicate that the proposed method has good performance in terms of both computational efficiency and accuracy,and has the potential of being used on-line.

关键词： electromechanical oscillation ambient data stochastic subspace method reference channels stabilization diagram

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An Optimal Competitive Bidding and Pricing Strategy for Electric Vehicle Aggregator Considering the Bounded Rationality of Users

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IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2025年

作者： Wang, Qi Huang, Chunyi Wang, Chengmin Xie, Ning Li, Kangping Qiu, Peng Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai200240 China Northeast Electric Power University Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology Ministry of Education Jilin132012 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Smart Energy Shanghai200240 China State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute Hangzhou310014 China

Accurate estimation of the charging demand of electric vehicle (EV) users has a profound impact on the profitability of the EV aggregator (EVA). Existing studies concerning the market strategy of EVA normally assume the EV users are equipped with complete rationality and simplify the real interactive process among EVAs and EV users, making the derived strategy unable to adapt to the practical situations. To address this bottleneck, a novel competitive bidding and pricing strategy for EVA considering both the bounded rationality of EV users and various game relationships between multiple agents is proposed. Firstly, the evolutionary game theory is utilized to simulate the bounded rational charging behaviors of EV users under differentiated charging prices, while their demand elasticity and uncertainty of driving pattern is also taken into account. Secondly, the complex interactions among EVAs and EV users are modeled, where the competition between EVAs is constructed by a non-cooperative game with incomplete information and the interplay between EVAs and EV users is built as a Stackelberg game. Finally, numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrate the pricing strategy preferences of EVAs based on the diverse price elastic coefficients of EV users. © 2025 IEEE. All rights reserved

关键词： Game theory

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T3: Multi-modal Tailless Triple-Flapping-Wing Robot for Efficient Aerial and Terrestrial Locomotion

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Xu, Xiangyu Zheng, Zhi Wang, Jin Chen, Yikai Huang, Jingyang Wu, Ruixin Yu, Huan Lu, Guodong The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310058 China Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Industrial Big Data and Robot Intelligent Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou310058 China Robotics Research Center of Yuyao City Ningbo315400 China College of Control Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China

Flapping-wing robots offer great versatility;however, achieving efficient multi-modal locomotion remains challenging. This paper presents the design, modeling, and experimentation of T3, a novel tailless flapping-wing robot with three pairs of independently actuated wings. Inspired by juvenile water striders, T3 incorporates bio-inspired elastic passive legs that effectively transmit vibrations generated during wing flapping, enabling ground movement without additional motors. This novel mechanism facilitates efficient multi-modal locomotion while minimizing actuator usage, reducing complexity, and enhancing performance. An SE(3)-based controller ensures precise trajectory tracking and seamless mode transition. To validate T3’s effectiveness, we developed a fully functional prototype and conducted targeted modeling, real-world experiments, and benchmark comparisons. The results demonstrate the robot’s and controller’s outstanding performance, underscoring the potential of multi-modal flapping-wing technologies for future aerial-ground robotic applications. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Antenna grounds

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Dynamic simulation based on Jacobian-free Newton-GMRES methods with adaptive preconditioner for power systems

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2013年第8期56卷 2037-2045页

作者： HUANG ShaoWei CHEN Ying SHEN Chen MEI ShengWei State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments(Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University)

Dynamic simulation is one of the most complex and important computations for power systems *** solutions based on normal Newton iterations almost all depend on evaluations of Jacobian matrixes,which increases the programming complexity of and limits the parallelizability of the whole *** this paper,a new adaptive preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton-GMRES(m)method is proposed to be applied to dynamic simulations of power *** new method has totally Jacobian-free characteristics,which saves calculations and storages of Jacobian matrixes and features strong ***,several speedup strategies are introduced to enhance efficiency and parallelizability of overall *** tests are carried out on IEEE standard test systems and results show that in series computing environment,simulations based on the proposed method have comparable speed to those based on classical Newton-Raphson methods.

关键词： dynamic simulation Newton-GMRES preconditioner power system

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Performance-Aware control of Modular Batteries For Fast Frequency Response

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IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2025年

作者： He, Yutong Ruan, Guangchun Zhong, Haiwang Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control Department of Electrical Engineering Beijing100084 China Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lab for Information and Decision Systems CambridgeMA02139 United States

Modular batteries can be aggregated to deliver frequency regulation services for power grids. Although utilizing the idle capacity of battery modules is financially attractive, it remains challenging to consider the heterogeneous module-level characteristics such as dynamic operational efficiencies and battery degradation. In addition, real-time decision making within seconds is required to enable fast frequency response. In order to address these issues, this paper proposes a performance-aware scheduling approach for battery modules to deliver fast frequency response (FFR) support. In particular, the conduction loss and switching loss of battery packs as well as converters are captured within a mix-integer quadratic constrained program (MIQCP). The cycle-based aging model identifies the aging cost of battery modules during frequent cycling by introducing the aging subgradient calculation and linearization. Case studies based on real-world battery data show that the proposed scheduling approach can effectively reduce power loss cost by nearly 28%-57% and battery aging cost by 4%-15% compared to conventional methods, which can also enhance the SoC balance. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Battery management systems

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power grid transformer vibration-noise coupling effect considering subway stray current interference

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Dianli Xitong Baohu yu Kongzhi/power System Protection and control 2025年第9期53卷 70-81页

作者： Pan, Chao An, Jingge Liu, Chuang Li, Zaiyuan Shi, Xiaobo Du, Yi Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology Northeast Electric Power University Ministry of Education Jilin132012 China Dalian Power Supply Company State Grid Dalian Electric Power Co. Ltd. Dalian116001 China

To address the abnormal vibration and noise in power grid transformers caused by stray currents from urban subways, a transformer instability identification method based on the mapping relationship between stray current variations and inherent noise is proposed. First, the primary paths and mechanisms of stray current interference in the power grid are analyzed, and the characteristics of the stray current variations are summarized based on measured data. Next, a multi-physics transformer coupling model considering stray current interference is proposed, dividing the electromagnetic-mechanical-acoustic coupling into an electromagnetic interference domain and a vibration-noise propagation domain. Through simulation analysis under different scenarios, the interference and propagation patterns of stray current mutation rate and timing on transformer parameters such as current and magnetic flux are studied. Finally, an experimental platform is set up to measure the multi-physics characteristics of transformers, while the correctness of the proposed model and conclusions are verified by comparing experimental and simulation results. Moreover, an instability criterion is established based on the mapping between the stray current mutation rate and noise. The results indicate that the vibration and noise of the transformer intensify significantly at points of stray current mutation, with the problem being most severe when the phase angle difference between the stray current mutation timing and the initial phase of power frequency excitation is 90°, leading to an approximately 10% increase in the inherent noise level. This method provides a basis for situational awareness and equipment protection of grid transformers near rail transit systems. © 2025 power System Protection and control Press. All rights reserved.

关键词： Transformer protection

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Integrated generation–consumption dispatch based on compensation mechanism considering demand response behavior

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Journal of Modern power systems and Clean Energy 2018年第5期6卷 1025-1041页

作者： Yumin ZHANG Xueshan HAN Li ZHANG Bo XU Mingqiang WANG Ming YANG Key Laboratory of Power System Intelligent Dispatch and Control of Ministry of Education Shandong University State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University

Demand response(DR) is important to account for behaviors of the demand side to yield an optimal dispatch result. However, it is difficult for energy suppliers to collect customers' private information unless there is an incentive mechanism for customers to do so. Therefore,this paper proposes a new integrated generation–consumption dispatch based on compensation mechanism considering DR behavior. Firstly, in light of the dayahead load forecast data, we deduce the utility function model of different customers. By subtracting generating units' operation cost from consumers' total utility, the dispatch model has a decentralized demand participant structure based on this utility function. The utility function is used to describe consumers' preferences and energy consumption behaviors. Secondly, an effective compensation mechanism is designed to ensure customers to select the level of compensation appropriate to their willingness to curtail load. Finally, a new dispatch model is proposed that incorporates the DR compensation mechanism into the generation–consumption dispatch model. The new model can improve the interaction of generation and consumption,and benefit both the energy supplier and its customers. The proposed model is piecewise linearized and solved by a mixed-integer linear programming method. It is tested on a six-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system. simulation results show that the proposed model can realize both maximum social welfare and Pareto optimal results.

关键词： Compensation mechanism Demand response Demand utility function Integrated generation– consumption dispatch

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A game-theoretic method for prediction of microgrid growing trends in China

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2015年第10期58卷 1760-1766页

作者： ZHAO Min SHEN Chen LIU Feng HUANG XiuQiong State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments Department of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua University Guangxi Power Grid Corporation China Southern Grid

This paper presents a game-theoretic method to predict microgrid(MG) development tendency in China. As many distribution generators(DGs) are integrated in distribution systems, analysis of MG formation necessity is conducted from the aspect of DGs. In order to maximize the profit brought by DGs and to earn money from arbitrage, it may be necessary for customers to combine their DGs and loads and to construct an MG to obtain maximal control ability. A game model is built to emulate trading between MGs and the distribution system based on MG power control, in which both trading profit and outage cost are considered for each MG. Nash equilibrium(NE) is calculated, and sensitivities of NE to some boundary conditions are studied. The results show that variable MG trading prices with appropriate net generation cost(i.e., DG generation cost minus government subsidy price) may encourage the growth of MGs. Government subsidies, generation costs, and trading prices may also affect DG use, and therefore they may impact customer motivation to build MGs.

关键词： microgrid game distributed generation smart grid

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