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Significantly underestimated traffic-related ammonia emissions in Chinese megacities: Evidence from satellite observations during COVID-19 lockdowns

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Chemosphere 2024年 361卷 142497页

作者： Chen, Peilin Wang, Qin'geng Shao, Min Liu, Rui State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing210044 China School of the Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing210046 China

Ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, but the contribution of traffic-related emissions remains unclear, particularly in megacities with a large number of vehicles. Taking the opportunity of the stringent COVID-19 lockdowns implemented in Beijing and Shanghai in 2022, this study aims to estimate the traffic-related NH3 emissions in these two megacities based on satellite observations. Differences between urban and suburban areas during the lockdown and non-lockdown periods are compared. It was found that despite different dominating sources, the overall NH3 concentrations in urban and suburban areas were at a similar level, and the lockdown resulted in a more prominent decrease in urban areas, where traffic activities were most heavily affected. The traffic-related contribution to the total emission was estimated to be ∼30% in megacities, and ∼40% in urban areas, which are about 2–10 times higher than that in previous studies. The findings indicate that the traffic-related NH3 emissions have been significantly underestimated in previous studies and may play a more critical role in the formation of air pollution in megacities, especially in winter, when agricultural emissions are relatively low. This study highlights the importance of traffic-related NH3 emissions in Chinese megacities and the need to reassess the emissions and their impacts on air quality. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： COVID-19

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Benchmarking Wastewater Discharge Standards, Treatment Technologies and Implications in the Southern Africa Development Community Region, Africa

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Ndiweni, Kwanele Wang, Hongtao UNEP Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development College of Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai200092 China Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Ministry of Education State key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai200092 China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Tongji University Shanghai200092 China

Wastewater discharge standards have continual evolved in both spatial and limit stringency in the recent decades, due to realization of linkages between environmental degradation to effluent disposals. We analysed wastewater discharge standards and treatment technologies within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), inland member states. We found that all inland SADC countries have legislated effluent discharge standards for point sources, with a total of 127 parameters across the eleven countries. Analysis revealed high variation, 33.89% standard deviation in the general parameter coverage and on comparative index ranking, only 36.36% occupy third and fourth quartiles within SADC region countries indicating inherent, weak threshold limits and fragmented effluent discharge approaches. In order to achieve discharge regulatory limits and reach Sustainable Development Goals 6 (SDG 6) targets, appropriate technologies for wastewater treatment have to be utilized. Here, we found countries wastewater technologies consist of waste stabilization ponds at approximately 45 – 83.3% and convectional activated sludge plants being remainder. Past performance assessments indicated these wastewater technologies in use by the SADC countries are failing to reach agreed discharge regulatory limits. Hence, our analysis concludes that existing weak operational nexus for wastewater discharge standards and treatment technologies for the region exposes the region to intra-region water pollution transmission. These findings are useful for policy implementors as they bring perspective of need to have regional benchmarks and guidelines for environmental protection strategies. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wastewater treatment

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In Situ Microplastic Sers Sensor Based on Flexible AU Tapes

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Sun, Zhenli Hong, Zijin Zhang, Yiyan Xie, Dan Duan, Fengkui Du, Jingjing MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization College of Environmental Science and Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing102206 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100085 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

A B S T R A C TMicroplastic analysis is crucial for human health. Thus far, research has primarily focused on investigating microplastics within aqueous environments, while in situ techniques for detecting microplastic particles in the atmosphere remain scarce. Herein, we introduce an innovative flexible sensor for the in-situ detection of microplastics in the atmosphere, using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. Our sensor, composed of Au nanoparticle (AuNP) tapes fabricated via a novel "drop-coating and peel-off" method, demonstrates outstanding SERS performance. The size, morphology, and electromagnetic field enhancement of the AuNP tape were thoroughly characterized using multiple complementary techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and the finite-difference time-domain method. Owing to its exceptional transparency and sensitivity, the AuNP tape facilitates the reliable identification of multi-component microplastics in the atmospheric environment. This study bridges a critical gap in microplastic research and enhances our understanding of microplastic pollution. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Scanning electron microscopy

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Insights into the Surface Structure-Sensitive Photocatalytic Oxidation of Gaseous Toluene on Pd/Tio2 Catalysts

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Wu, Cong Liu, Qinglong Zhan, Yu Tan, Wei Wei, Xiaoqian Tong, Qing Wan, Haiqin Dong, Lin State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environment Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control Center of Modern Analysis Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China

Indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), represented by toluene, can pose a serious threat to human health. In this work, a series of Pd/TiO2 catalysts with different surface structures (i.e., dispersion/valence of Pd species, surface Ti3+/oxygen defect concentration and Pd-TiO2 interactions, etc.) was constructed by various methods. It was found that Pd/TiO2 catalyst prepared by one-step reduction of NaBH4 method (Pd/TiO2-N) with metallic Pd particles possessed more surface Ti3+/oxygen defects and stronger Pd-TiO2 interaction than Pd/TiO2 catalysts prepared by ethylene glycol reduction loading method (Pd/TiO2-E) and incipient wetness impregnation method (Pd/TiO2-I). Further photochemical characterizations and reaction mechanism study revealed that the relatively higher concentration of Pd0 species on Pd particles, stronger Pd-TiO2 interaction and more surface Ti3+/oxygen defects on Pd/TiO2-N could facilitate the generation of more reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation. The partial oxidation of toluene to benzyl alcohol/benzaldehyde/benzoic acid and the subsequent ring-opening process were found to be highly determined by the valence states of Pd particles and the concentration of surface Ti3+/oxygen defects. This work provides instructive insights into the construction of highly efficient Pd/TiO2 catalysts for the removal of indoor VOCs. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Volatile organic compounds

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High Emission of Black Carbon in Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Insights from Microscopic Operating Conditions

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Chen, Ting He, Xiao He, Liqiang Q. You, Yan Zeng, Lewei Gao, Mingqiu Cao, Yihuan Li, Zhenhua Zheng, Xuan Zhang, Shaojun Wu, Ye College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao Macao Environmental Research Institute Macau University of Science and Technology Macao999078 China Co. Ltd. Guangzhou511300 China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

The in-depth investigation of the high black carbon (BC) emission scenarios of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) is a crucial step toward developing effective control strategies. Chassis dynamometer tests were conducted for three in-use HDDVs, namely, vehicle #1, #2, and #3, focusing on the instantaneous BC characterizations during multiple driving conditions, i.e., speed phases and acceleration intervals. BC emission was found to increase with positive acceleration, and high acceleration could result in instantaneous BC spikes. The total BC emissions during velocity-acceleration interval 15-60 km h-1 and 0.1-0.9 m s-2 contributed to 43.4 ± 10.2% of the whole-cycle emissions, while the proportions of time spent in the velocity-acceleration interval to the whole cycle were 23.1 ± 7.6%. The cold-start microscopic operating condition was assessed by the cold-start extra emissions (CSEEs). Under various pre-defined cold-start durations, the proportions of CSEEs in the total cycle emissions were 9.4-21.0%, 0-9.1%, and 6.8-39.4% for vehicles #1, #2, and #3, respectively. The CSEEs exhibited an initial rise, followed by a plateau as the assumed cold-start durations extended. A uniform cold-start duration of 600 s was established based on the criterion that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of CSEEs during the plateau period was less than 10%. We proposed that the updated cold-start duration can enhance the accuracy and consistency of cold-start corrections in emission inventory models. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Acceleration

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Exogenous Application of Hesperidin Ameliorates Chromium Toxicity in Wheat Irrigated with Tannery Wastewater

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2025年第3期94卷 929-951页

作者： Gohar Ayoub Shafaqat Ali Muhammad Arslan Ashraf Shoaib Ahmad Mohamed A.El-Sheikh Department of Environmental Sciences Government College University FaisalabadFaisalabad38000Pakistan Department of Biological Sciences and Technology China Medical UniversityTaichung40402Taiwan Department of Botany Government College University FaisalabadFaisalabad38000Pakistan Department of Plant Biotechnology College of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China Botany and Microbiology Department College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia

Chromium (Cr), a persistent soil pollutant, has detrimental effects on plants and living things, and its contamination in soil increased as a result of human-induced activities. Pakistan suffers from a lack of fresh water supplies;hence most people use metal-containing water and wastewater to irrigate their crops. Exposure to Cr toxicity, the plant reduces their morphological and physiological growth which ultimately decreases crop productivity. The current study was designed to investigate the foliar application of hesperidin (HSP) at varying effluent rates (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L^(−1)) on wheat growth under tannery wastewater irrigated soil. Cr toxicity caused a change in the concentration of chlorophyll molecules, indicating early signs of stress. Modifications in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, the elevated activity of chlorophyllase, and the generation of reactive oxygen species were causing the reduction in chlorophyll. Cr stress disrupted total soluble protein concentrations and the activity of antioxidation-related enzymes and NRA, suggesting the onset of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the application of HSP reduced oxidative damage by improving protein concentration (37%), chlorophyll concentration (37%), and antioxidant enzyme activity such as CAT (65%), SOD (46%), and POD (68%). Furthermore, HSP raised the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules, which may indicate better redox homeostasis and stress tolerance. These molecules include GSH, GSSG, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins. HSP therapy lessened the impact of Cr stress on lipid peroxidation markers. HSP enhanced these measures during the investigation. Cr stress raised the concentrations of total free amino acids and nitrogen oxide and decreased the radical scavenging activity in wheat. Cr stress raised the concentration of all soluble sugars, primarily reducing and non-reducing sugars, whereas the application of HSP strengthened these osmo protectants e

关键词： Chlorophyll concenttration foliar application hesperidin heavy metal.oxidant SPAD stress wheat crop

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Field measurement of the organic peroxy radicals by the low-pressure reactor plus laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2020年第10期31卷 2799-2802页

作者： Shule Li Keding Lu Xuefei Ma Xinping Yang Shiyi Chen Yuanhang Zhang State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

A low-pressure reactor(LPR) was developed for the measurement of ambient organic peroxy(RO2)radicals with the use of the laser-induced fluorescence(LIF) *** reactor converts all the RO_(x)(=RO2+HO2+RO+OH) radicals into HO2 *** can conduct different measurement modes through altering the reagent gases,achieving the speciated measurement of RO2 and RO2^#(RO2 radicals derived from the long-chain alkane,alkene and aromatic hydrocarbon).An example of field measurement results was given,with a maximum concentration of 1.88 × 10^(8) molecule/cm^(3) for RO2 and 1.18×10^(8) molecule/cm^(3) for RO2^(#).Also,this instrument quantifies the local ozone production rates directly,which can help to deduce the regional ozone control strategy from an experimental *** new device can se rve as a potent tool for both the explo ration of frontier chemistry and the diagnosis of the control strategies.

关键词： Organic peroxy radicals Flow tube reactor LIF RO_(2)measurement Field observation Ozone production rate

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Combination of suspect and nontarget screening with exposure assessment for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance prioritization in Chinese municipal wastewater

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environment International 2025年 198卷 109384页

作者： Mu, Hongxin Chen, Ling Zhou, Rong Gu, Luyao Yu, Yue Tang, Jin Zhang, Houhu Ren, Hongqiang Wu, Bing Bu, Yuanqing Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution and Prevention Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing210042 China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environment Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology 219 Ningliu Road Nanjing210044 China

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic environments, making their identification and priority rank crucial for risk control. Wastewater samples were collected from 148 municipal WWTPs in China to determine the occurrence and risk prioritization of PFASs. A total of 61 PFASs were identified, including 14 legacy and 47 emerging PFASs, using machine learning prediction-enhanced suspect and nontarget screening techniques. PFASs were detected in all wastewater samples, with perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA), perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), fluoromeric sulfonic acid (FTSA), and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide-like (PFSM) substances being the predominant classes. The exposure loads of legacy and emerging PFASs to the Chinese population were 71.8 and 52.9 μg·day−1·people−1, respectively, and textile and clothing products might be the primary PFAS exposure pathways. Through a risk prioritization method integrating toxicity and exposure data, ten legacy and five emerging PFASs were flagged as high-priority substances requiring additional attention. As the PFAS risk removal efficiency by conventional biological treatment processes was only 0.7 %, the PFAS risk priority patterns in influent and effluent were similar (r = 0.86, p © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Wastewater treatment

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Promotional Effect of Doping Aluminum on the Sulfated Fe2o3 Catalyst in Nh3-Scr Reaction

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Wang, Xuping Fang, Siyong Zhang, Lei Ma, Menglan Li, Mingjing Huang, Yangyang Li, Tingzhen Zhang, Liuyi Zou, Weixin Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in the Three Gorges Reservoir School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Chongqing Three Gorges University Chongqing404000 China Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College Chongqing401220 China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environment Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China

FemAlnOx catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and sulfated by (NH4)2SO4 impregnation method. Among the catalysts, 1.2S/Fe3Al1Ox exhibits more than 90% NO conversion in the range of 260−410 ℃ both in the catalytic activity and the resistance to K poisoning testing. Structures and physicochemical properties of catalysts were measured via different characterization techniques. Through comparative studies between 1.2S/Fe2O3 and 1.2S/Fe3Al1Ox, it is found that doping Al into Fe2O3 can reduce its particle size, increase its specific surface area, and suppress the formation of crystalline phase Fe2(SO4)3 at high calcination temperature, which is propitious to generate more surface sulfates on FemAlnOx. NH3-TPD and in-situ DRIFTS prove that K ions preferentially interact with surface sulfates, and more surface sulfates can provide more Brönsted acid sites to obtain higher ability of resistance to K poisoning. This work provides a simple strategy to improve the catalytic performances of Fe-based catalysts. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Catalyst activity

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Impact of Mixed Benzene Site Exposure on Bioaccessibility in Simulated Lung Fluids and Health Risk Assessment

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Ma, Xuemin Wang, Ying Chen, Shuhe Wu, Changyong Wang, Weipeng Wang, Yue Engineering Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China College of Urban and Rural Construction Agricultural University of Hebei Baoding071001 China

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with petroleum production, posing significant health risks via inhalation. Conventional risk assessments primarily focus on single-compound or single-concentration exposures, overlooking the complex mixed-exposure scenarios prevalent at contaminated sites. This study refines health risk assessment frameworks by incorporating bioaccessibility-driven indices for inhalation exposure. Using a membrane oxygenator system, benzene and ethylbenzene were evaluated as representative pollutants under single and mixed exposures at low (5 mg/kg), medium (10 mg/kg), and high (20 mg/kg) concentrations. Results revealed significantly enhanced bioaccessibility of benzene and ethylbenzene in simulated lung fluid under mixed exposure compared to single exposure (P © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lung cancer

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