This review covers three decades of research on mesoscale phenomena in chemical engineering, from the energy minimization multiscale (EMMS) model specific for gas–solid fluidization to a general principle of compromi...
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This review covers three decades of research on mesoscale phenomena in chemical engineering, from the energy minimization multiscale (EMMS) model specific for gas–solid fluidization to a general principle of compromise in competition between dominant mechanisms, leading to the proposed concept of mesoscience. First, the concept of mesoscales is reviewed with respect to their commonality, diversity, and misunderstanding in different fields. Then, the evolution from the EMMS model to the EMMS principle common to all mesoscales is described to show the rationale of mesoscience referring to both mesoscales and mesoregimes. Finally, the potential universality of mesoscience and its importance, particularly to enable virtual processengineering (VPE) by realizing the consistency of logic and structure between the problem, the model, the software, and the computer, are discussed. The review concludes by illustrating possible case studies to collect more evidence and a potential framework for mesoscience.
Intelligent micromachines, with dimensions ranging from a few millimeters down to hundreds of nanometers, are miniature systems capable of performing specific tasks autonomously at small scales. Enhancing the intellig...
Intelligent micromachines, with dimensions ranging from a few millimeters down to hundreds of nanometers, are miniature systems capable of performing specific tasks autonomously at small scales. Enhancing the intelligence of micromachines to tackle the uncertainty and variability in complex microenvironments has applications in minimally invasive medicine, bioengineering, water cleaning, analytical chemistry, and more. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the construction of intelligent micromachines, evolving from simple micromachines to soft, compound, reconfigurable, encodable, multifunctional, and integrated micromachines, as well as from individual to multiagent, multiscale, hierarchical, self-organizing, and swarm micromachines. The field leverages two important trends in robotics research—the miniaturization and intelligentization of machines—but a compelling combination of these two features has yet to be realized. The core technologies required to make such tiny machines intelligent include information media, transduction, processing, exchange, and energy supply, but embedding all of these functions into a system at the micro- or nanoscale is challenging. This article offers a comprehensive introduction to the state-of-the-art technologies used to create intelligence for micromachines and provides insight into the construction of next-generation intelligent micromachines that can adapt to diverse scenarios for use in emerging fields.
This review discusses the complex behaviors in diverse chemical and biochemical systems to elucidate their commonalities and thus help develop a mesoscience methodology to address the complexities in even broader topi...
This review discusses the complex behaviors in diverse chemical and biochemical systems to elucidate their commonalities and thus help develop a mesoscience methodology to address the complexities in even broader topics. This could possibly build a new scientific paradigm for different disciplines and could meanwhile provide effective tools to tackle the big challenges in various fields, thus paving a path toward combining the paradigm shift in science with the breakthrough in technique developments. Starting with our relatively fruitful understanding of chemical systems, the discussion focuses on the relatively pristine but very intriguing biochemical systems. It is recognized that diverse complexities are multilevel in nature, with each level being multiscale and the complexity emerging always at mesoscales in mesoregimes. Relevant advances in theoretical understandings and mathematical tools are summarized as well based on case studies, and the convergence between physics and mathematics is highlighted.
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