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Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第12期19卷 1409-1415页

作者： FENG Jing-wei SUN Ya-bing ZHENG Zheng ZHANG Ji-biao LI Shu TIAN Yuan-chun State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation with low cell current （≤ 1A） and soluble electrodes （mild steel electrodes and aluminum electrodes） was studied. Compared with aluminum electrodes, mild steel electrodes were more effective for the removal of sulfide, with a removal efficiency of over 90%. But during the treatment process, black color precipitate typical to iron（Ⅱ） sulfides was produced. While aluminum electrodes were effective to eliminate the colority of the effluent, the removal efficiency of sulfide was lower than 12%. The mechanisms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total organic carbon, sulfide and colority with the two soluble electrodes （mild steel and aluminum electrodes） were discussed in detail. In order to exert the predominance of diffenent types of electrodes, the tannery wastewater was treated using mild steel electrodes first followed by the filter and finally by the aluminum electrodes, the elimination rates of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total organic carbon, sulfide and colority were 68.0%, 43.1%, 55.1%, 96.7% and 84.3%, respectively, with the initial concentrations 2413.1 mg/L, 223.4 mg/L, 1000.4 mg/L, 112.3 mg/L and 256 dilution times, respectively. The absorbance spectra and energy consumption during electrocoagulation process were also discussed.

关键词： tannery wastewater electrocoagulation mild steel electrodes aluminum electrodes

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Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第2期19卷 135-140页

作者： JIANG Zhen-mao LI Ai-min CAI Jian-guo WANG Chun ZHANG Quan-xin The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Department of Environment Engineering Nanfing University Nanfing 210093 China Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Organic Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Nanjing 210046 China

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.

关键词： hypercrosslinked polymer phenolic compounds amino groups modified static adsorption

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Removal of cadmium using MnO_2 loaded D301 resin

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第6期19卷 652-656页

作者： ZHU Zhi-liang MA Hong-mei ZHANG Rong-hua GE Yuan-xin ZHAO Jian-fu Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

关键词： cadmium kinetics adsorption loaded resin removal

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Reactions Between Humic Acid Solutions and Excessive ClO_2 or Cl_2

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Journal of Donghua University(English Edition) 2007年第5期24卷 622-626页

作者：葛元新朱志良马红梅赵建夫 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji University

Reactions between humic acid solutions and excessive ClO2 or Cl2 have been investigated. Under various experimental conditions, the removal efficiency of TOC, UV254and A410 from humic acid solutions were examined. The relationship between the removal efficiency and the consumption of ClO2 or Cl2 was discussed. The results showed that the maximum demand of ClO2 was 2.19 mg/mg TOC for the humic acid solution under the experimental conditions, and that of ClO2 was 1.88 mg/mg TOC. The variation tendency of ClO2 consumption was similar to that of Cl2. TOC of humic acid solutions decreased 15.2% and 15.6% after the reaction with ClO2 or Cl2 respectively. Under the experimental conditions, 21.4% of unsaturated bonds and 52.8% of humic acid color were removed by ClO2 in 168 h. As for Cl2, removal efficiency of unsaturated bonds and humic acid color were 16.8% and 41.7% respectively. Larger molecules from humic acid were oxidized to smaller molecules by ClO2 and Cl2. Higher oxidation potential of ClO2 than that of Cl2 was also indicated by variation of UV254/A410 ratios. The similar tendency, that exhibited faster variation in the initial 24 h, existed for all the research factors.

关键词： humic acid ClO2 Cl2, removal efficiency drinking water

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Novel modified pectin for heavy metal adsorption

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2007年第3期18卷 325-328页

作者： Feng Ting Li Hong Yang Yan Zhao Ran Xu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

Modified pectin cross-linked with adipic acid, was synthesized and used for heavy metal removal from wastewater. SEM and FTIR were used to investigate its structure and morphology. The modified pectin had a rough, porous phase covered with carboxy groups, resulting a high adsorption capacity. And at the room temperature, the saturated loading capacity for Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋ reached 1.82 retool/g, 1.794 mmol/g and 0.964 retool/g, respectively. The results proved its potential application to remove of the heavy metal.

关键词： Modified pectin Adsorption Heavy metal

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Differential pulse voltammetric studies on the effects of Al(Ⅲ) on the lactate dehydrogenase activity

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2007年第7期18卷 857-860页

作者： Kai An Yao Na Wang Jing Yue Zhuang Zheng Biao Yang Hai Yan Ni Quan Xu Cheng Sun Shu Ping Bi State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse ＆ Key Laboratory of MOE for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

In this paper, differential pulse voltammetry （DPV） was applied to study the effects of aluminum Al（Ⅲ） on the lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） activity. Michaelis-Menten constant （Km^NADH） and maximum velocity （vmax） in the enzyme promoting catalytic reaction of ＂pyruvate（Pyr）＋ NADH ＋ H^＋ ↑LDH←→lactate ＋ NAD^＋＂ under different conditions by monitoring DPV reduction current of NAD^＋ were reported.

关键词： Al（Ⅲ） DPV Lactate dehydrogenase Biomarker

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Immunotoxicity of bisphenol A to Carassius auratus lymphocytes and macrophages following in vitro exposure

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第2期19卷 232-237页

作者： YIN Da-qiang HU Shuang-qing GU Ying WEI Li LIU Shu-shen ZHANG Ai-qian State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanfing University Nanjing 210093 China Key laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Ministry of Education Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.

关键词： bisphenol A immunotoxicology lymphocyte macrophage Carassius auratus

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Rapid Determination of HAAs Formation Potential of the Reaction of Humic Acid with Chlorine or Chlorine Dioxide

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2007年第3期23卷 268-272页

作者： ZHU Zhi-liang GE Yuan-xin ZHANG Rong-hua MA Hong-mei ZHAO Jian-fu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 P. R. China

On the basis of gas chromatography（GC） coupled with a short capillary column and an electron capture detector （ ECD）, a simple and rapid method for the determination of five haloaceric acids （ HAAs ） in drinking water was developed by the optimization of derivation conditions and the modification of gas chromatographic program. HAAs formarion potential（HAAFP） of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine was determined via this method. The major advantages of the method are the simplicity of chromatographic temperature program and the short run time of GC. Dichloroaceric acid（DCAA） and Trichloroacetic acid（TCAA）, which were detected in the determination of HAAFP, were rapidly formed in the first 72 h of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine. HAAFP of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine increased with the increase in the concentrations of humic acid and chlorine. The average HAAFP of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine was 39.9μg/mg TOC under the experimental conditions. When the concentration of humic acid was 4 mg/L, the concentration of HAAs, which were produced in the reaction of humic acid with choline, may exceed MCL of 60μg/L HAAs as the water quality standards for urban water supply of China and the first stage of US EPA disinfecrion/disinfection by-products（D/DBP） rule; when the concentration of humic acid was 2 mg/L, the concentration of HAAs may exceed MCL of 30 μg/L HAAs for the second stage of US EPA D/DBP rule. When humic acid was reacted with chlorine dioxide, only DCAA was detected with a maximum concentration of 3.3 μg/L at a humic acid content of 5 mg/L. It was demonstrated that the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chorine may entirely or partly control the formation of HAAs and effectively reduce the health risk associated with disinfected drinking water.

关键词： Humic acid Short capillary column Chlorine HAAs formation potential（HAAFP）

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Production and application of a novel bioflocculant by multiple-microorganism consortia using brewery wastewater as carbon source

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第6期19卷 667-673页

作者： ZHANG Zhi-qiang LIN Bo XIA Si-qing WANG Xue-jiang YANG A-ming State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China College of Environmental -Science and Engineering Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China

The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.

关键词： bioflocculant multiple-microorganism consortia brewery wastewater carbon source indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater

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Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第10期19卷 1235-1238页

作者： LIU Ting-feng SUN Cheng TA Na HONG Jun YANG Shao-gui CHEN Chuan-xiang State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanfing 210093 China School of Material Science and Engineering Jiangsu University of Scienee and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 China

The influence of coexisting copper （Cu） ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied. Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time, the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carded out using gas chromatography （GC）. The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation. The effect of Cu^2＋ on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life 00.5） of degradation. It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed. But Cu^2＋ could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water. The t0.5 for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil. As for photodegradation, t0.5 for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 min and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min. The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms. However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system. The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed. Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.

关键词： degradation photodegradation copper cypermethrin cyhalothrin

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