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Study on the Formation Mechanism of Oxygen-containing Groups on the Surfaces of Hypercrosslinked Polystyrenes

Chinese Chemical Letters 2006年第1期17卷 121-124页

作者： Guan Hua MENG Ai Min LI Lin WU Fu Qiang LIU Quan Xing ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 Engineering Technology Research-Center of Organic Toxic Substance Control and Resource Reuse of Jiangsu Province Nanjing 210038

The synthetic parameters were changed to explore the formation mechanism of the oxygen-containing groups on the surfaces of the hypercrosslinked polymers. The FT-IR spectra and the Boehm titration were used to characterize the surface chemistry of the synthesized polymers. The GC-MS was applied to analyze nitrobenzene which was the solvent in the reaction. The functionalities such as carbonyls and phenols were formed through the oxidation of residual chloromethyl groups by nitrobenzene and the carboxylic groups were formed through further oxidation by oxygen. The nitrobenzene was deoxidized to nitrosobenzene and further to aniline.

关键词： Synthesis oxygen-containing groups mechanism.

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EFFECT OF HYPERCROSSLINKED RESINS SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON THE ADSORPTION OF PHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2006年第6期24卷 585-591页

作者： Guan-hua Meng Ai-min Li Wei-ben Yang Fu-qiang Liu Quan-xing Zhang State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Engineering Technology Research Center of Organic Toxie Substance Control and Resource Reuse of Jiangsu Province Nanjing 210038 China

Two hypercrosslinked resins with similar physical characters but different surface chemistry were synthesized and used to remove phenol from aqueous solutions. The FTIR spectra, elemental analysis and the Boehm titration were used to characterize the chemical properties of the resins. The adsorption experiments were carried out using the bottle-point technique, and the effects of the surface chemistry on the adsorption were discussed. The adsorption data fit well with the Freundlich model, indicating the heterogeneity of the resins surface. It could be seen from the experimental results that the adsorption capacity increased with the increase in the total surface concentration of oxygen-containing groups. The pH dependence and the effects of ionic strength were also discussed. The kinetic adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second order model, and the results showed that the surface oxygen-containing groups have little effect on the adsorption rate.

关键词： Hypercrosslinked resin Phenol Surface chemistry Adsorption isotherm Kinetic study.

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Genotoxicity evaluation and a primary risk assessment of organic pollutants in the drinking water sources of Nanjing, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第5期18卷 983-988页

作者： LI Yi-qiang WU Yu-lin CHEN Yuan-gao KONG Zhi-ming The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China National Accredited Laboratory Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province Nanjing 210036 China

An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.

关键词： genotoxicity comet assay risk assessment organic pollutants drinking water sources Nanjing City

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Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第6期18卷 1094-1100页

作者： DAI Jia-yin CHEN Ling ZHAO Jian-fu MA Na Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy *** Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, ho

关键词： sewage sludge characteristic lixiviation test pot experiments land application

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PTA wastewater molecular toxicity detected with gene chip

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第3期18卷 514-518页

作者： ZHU Cheng-jun CHENG Shu-pei ZHANG Xu-xiang LANG You-zhe SUN Shi-lei GU Ji-dong ZHAO Da-yong PAN Wen-yang YU Hong-xia State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Department of Ecology and Biodiversity University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

The purified terephthalic acid （PTA） petrochemical wastewater molecular toxicity detected by use of Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 GeneChip was conducted in this research. The toxic dose to male mice was 0.03 g/（kg, d） of PTA in the wastewater. The mice liver total RNA was isolated as the temple for synthesis of eDNA and then the cDNA as the temple for synthesis of cRNA. Hybridizing the cRNA with the target genes on the gene chip, there were 232 genes expression levels up-regulated and 74 genes down-regulated discovered obviously. The foremost 40 genes for both the highest and the lowest expression levels involved endogenetic steroid and hormone metabolism, immune system, the leukocyte activity and inflammation, detoxification in liver, reproduction and growth hormone, regulation immune factors of anti-tumor and anti-infection and cancer to the mice sampled. The data suggest the PTA wastewater contained over 5 aromatics and their toxicities integrated were much higher than the pure chemical PTA. And the pure chemical PTA toxicities data cannot be used to evaluate the toxicity of the PTA wastewater instead.

关键词： gene chip PTA wastewater male mice molecular toxicity predication of security

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Allelopathic activity of volatile substance from submerged macrophytes on Microcystin aeruginosa

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Acta Ecologica Sinica 2006年第11期26卷 3549-3554页

作者： Xian, Qiming Chen, Haidong Zou, Huixian Yin, Daqiang State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Considerable attention has been paid on the allelopathic potential of aquatic macrophytes against blue-green algae. This study compared inhibitory activity of volatile compounds that were contained in two submerged macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum and Vallisneria spiralis, on Microcystin aeruginosa. When the concentration of essential oils was 100 mg/L, the antialgal activities for fresh macrophytes were similar between C. demersum and V. spiralis but stronger than those for dry macrophytes. Essential oils from C. demersum in dry macrophytes showed stronger antialgal activity than those from V. spiralis. There exists a positive correlation between the concentration of the essential oils and the inhibitory activity. The essential oils were composed of fatty compounds, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, phthalates, and some unknown compounds. More than 40% of the essential oils from fresh macrophytes were composed of phthalates, whereas approximately 70% of those from dry macrophytes were composed of lipid compounds and terpenoids. However, approximately 20% of the essential oils from fresh macrophytes were composed of unknown compounds, which were unstable and undetectable in dry macrophytes. Therefore, their chemical structures and bioactivities need further study. © 2006 Ecological Society of China.

关键词： allelopathy essential oil GC-MS Microcystin aeruginosa Submerged macrophytes

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Radiation-induced reduction of chromium(VI) in aqueous solution by γ-irradiation in a laboratory-scale

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第2期18卷 254-258页

作者： YUAN Shou-jun ZHENG Zheng MU Yan-yan YU Xin ZHAO Yong-fu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Institute of Atomic Energy Jiangsu Academy of Agricullure Sciences Nanjing 210014 China

Radiation-induced reduction of chromium（Ⅵ）（Cr（Ⅵ） by ,γ-irradiation was studied with an initial concentration of 42 mg/L in aqueous solutions. Several factors which might affect the reduction of Cr（Ⅵ） to Cr（Ⅲ） were examined, pH of aqueous solution affects the reduction efficiency significantly. Acidic condition of aqueous solution accelerates the process. At pH 2, a reduction of 86.2% was achieved with the absorbed dose of 15 kGy, while, with the same dose, at pH 5 and 7, the reduction ofCr （Ⅵ） were only 36.3% and 22.2%, respectively. Ethanol （0.1% in V：V） and sodium carbonate （1 mmol/L） were added into the solution respectively as relatively non-toxic hydroxyl radical scavengers. Reduction rate increased greatly in the presence of ethanol at each pH. Reduction efficiency of Cr（Ⅵ） was enhanced in neutral condition with the addition of sodium carbonate, however, no enhancement was found in acidic condition. The reduction of Cr（Ⅵ） was restrained when the solution was saturated with oxygen; however, the restraint was not significant.

关键词： γ-irradiation radiation-induced reduction of Cr（Ⅵ） hydroxyl radical scavengers kinetics

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Bioaccumulation of Lanthanum and Its Effect on Growth of Maize Seedlings in a Red Loamy Soil

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Pedosphere 2006年第6期16卷 799-805页

作者： HU Xin WANG Xiao-Rong WANG Chao State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 （China） School of Environmental Science and Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 （China）

Through a pot culture lanthanum nitrate was applied to maize seedlings grown in a red loamy soil to investigate the physiological and toxic effects of added La on the growth of crop seedlings and La bioaccumulation to help understand the environmental chemistry behaviors of rare earth element as fertilizers in soils. Compared to the control, La concentrations in shoots and especially in roots of maize seedlings increased with an increase of La in the soil. Also, with added concentrations of La≥0.75 g La kg-1 soil and≥0.05 g La kg-1 soil, the dry weight of shoots and roots of maize seedlings was significantly reduced (P≤0.05), respectively, compared with the control. Additionally, La≥0.5 g kg-1 in the soil significantly inhibited (P≤0.05) primary root elongation. Roots were more sensitive to La stress than shoots and thus could be used as a biomarker to La stress. Overall, in the red loamy soil studied, La had no significant beneficial effects on the growth of maize at the added La levels above 0.1 g kg-1 soil.

关键词： bioaccumulation growth lanthanum maize seedlings red loamy soil

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Adsorption of surfactants onto acrylic ester resins with different pore size distribution

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Science China Chemistry 2006年第5期49卷 445-453页

作者： YANG Weiben1,2,3,LI Aimin1,3,CAI Jianguo1,3,MENG Guanhua1,3 & ZHANG Quanxing1,3 1. state key laboratory of pollution control and resource reuse,School of the Environment,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China 2. Nanjing College of Chemical Technology,Nanjing 210048,China 3. Jiangsu Engineering & Technology Research Center for Organic Toxicant control and resource reuse,Nanjing 210038,China 1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China 2. Nanjing College of Chemical Technology Nanjing 210048 China 3. Jiangsu Engineering & Technology Research Center for Organic Toxicant Control and Resource Reuse Nanjing 210038 China

In this study, a series of acrylic ester resins with different pore size distribution were prepared successfully by varying the type and the amount of pore-forming agents. In order to inves-tigate the adsorption behavior and mechanism of surfactants on acrylic ester resins, three kinds of surfactants were utilized as adsorbates that were sodium 6-dodecyl benzenesulfonate (6-NaDBS), sodium 1-dodecyl benzene sulfonate (1-NaDBS) and sodium 1-dodecyl sulfonate, respectively. It was observed that the surface area was available in a particular pore size and an appropriate pore size of resins appeared to be more important for the adsorption of surfactants. As compared to commercial acrylic ester resins XAD-7 and HP2MG, 50# and 38# resins exhibited more excellent adsorption properties toward 1-NaDBS and 6-NaDBS. The experimental equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, and double-Langmuir models. Two models provided very good fittings for all resins over the temperature range studied. The investigation indicated that electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bond between resins and surfactants were the main forces and had an obvious effect on adsorption proc-ess.

关键词： acrylic ester resin, surfactant, adsorption, pore size distribution, isotherm.

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Landfill leachate treatment in assisted landfill bioreactor

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第1期18卷 176-179页

作者： HE Pin-jing QU Xian SHAO Li-ming LEE Duu-jong State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Department of Chemical Engineering ＂National＂ Taiwan University No. 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 China

Landfill is the major disposal route of municipal solid waste（MSW） in most Asian countries. Leachate from landfill presents a strong wastewater that needs intensive treatment before discharge. Direct recycling was proposed as an effective alternative for leachate treatment by taking the landfill as a bioreactor. This process was proved not only considerably reducing the pollution potential of leachate, but also enhancing organic degradation in the landfill. However, as this paper shows, although direct leachate recycling was effective in landfilled MSW with low food waste fraction （3.5%, w/w）, it failed in MSW containing 54% food waste, as normally noted in Asian countries. The initial acid stuck would inhibit methanogenesis to build up, hence strong leachate was yielded from landfill to threaten the quality of receiving water body. We demonstrated the feasibility to use an assisted bioreactor landfill, with a well-decomposed refuse layer as ex-situ anaerobic digester to reducing COD loading in leachate. By doing so, the refuse in simulated landfill column （2.3 m high） could be stabilized in 30 weeks while the COD in leachate reduced by 95%（61000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L）. Meanwhile, the biogas production was considerably enhanced, signaling by the much greater amount and much higher methane content in the biogas.

关键词： bioreactor landfill leachate recycling organics enhancement leachate pretreatment

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