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Whole-Body Constrained Learning for Legged Locomotion via Hierarchical Optimization

IEEE robotics and Automation Letters 2025年第7期10卷 7460-7467页

作者： Wang, Haoyu Zhou, Ruyi Ding, Liang Liu, Tie Zhang, Zhelin Xu, Peng Gao, Haibo Deng, Zongquan Harbin Institute of Technology State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems Harbin 150001 China

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated impressive performance in legged locomotion over various challenging environments. However, due to the sim-to-real gap and lack of explainability, unconstrained RL policies deployed in the real world still suffer from inevitable safety issues, such as joint collisions, excessive torque, or foot slippage in low-friction environments. These problems limit its usage in missions with strict safety requirements, such as planetary exploration, nuclear facility inspection, and deep-sea operations. In this paper, we design a hierarchical optimization-based whole-body follower, which integrates both hard and soft constraints into RL framework to make the robot move with better safety guarantees. Leveraging the advantages of model-based control, our approach allows for the definition of various types of hard and soft constraints during training or deployment, which allows for policy fine-tuning and mitigates the challenges of sim-to-real transfer. Meanwhile, it preserves the robustness of RL when dealing with locomotion in complex unstructured environments. The trained policy with introduced constraints was deployed in a hexapod robot and tested in various outdoor environments, including snow-covered slopes and stairs, demonstrating the great traversability and safety of our approach. © 2016 IEEE.

关键词： Robots Safety Legged locomotion Training Foot Torque Adaptation models Stress Dynamics Robustness

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The Autonomous Pipeline Navigation of a Cockroach Bio-Robot with Enhanced Walking Stimuli

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Cyborg and Bionic systems 2023年第1期4卷 47-55页

作者： Songsong Ma Yuansheng Chen Songlin Yang Shen Liu Lingqi Tang Bing Li Yao Li State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Morphing Mechanisms and Adaptive Robotics Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhenChina School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhenChina The Biorobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPisaItaly

Tens of crawling bio-robots with cockroaches as the mobile platform have been developed with various *** with artificial crawling robots of the same size,they revealed better flexibility,larger payload,and stronger *** features made bio-robots ideal for pipeline inspection scenarios because the advancements in locomotion mechanisms and efficient power systems are still hurdles for current artificial *** this study,we controlled the bio-robot to crawl in the confined dark pipeline and achieved autonomous motion control with the help of an onboard sensing ***,a micro-camera was mounted on the electronic backpack of the cockroach for image collection,and an IMU sensor was used to compute its body *** electronic backpack transmitted images to the host computer for junction recognition and distance ***,the insect's habituation to electrical stimulation has long been an uncertain factor in the control of ***,a synergistic stimulation strategy was proposed to markedly reduce the habituation and increase the number of effective turning controls to over 100 *** is also found that both the increase of payload and the application of stimulations could promote the metabolic rate by monitoring carbon dioxide *** the integration of synergistic stimulation and autonomous control,we demonstrated the fully autonomous pipeline navigation with our cockroach bio-robot,which realized the cycle number of approximately 10 in a *** research provides a novel technology that has the potential for practical applications in the future.

关键词： robot artificial Robot

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Control of myoelectric prosthetic hand with a novel proximity-tactile sensor

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2022年第7期65卷 1513-1523页

作者： YANG Bin JIANG Li GE ChuanYang CHENG Ming ZHANG Jia State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150080China Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructure Manufacturing Ministry of Education Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150080China

Currently, prosthetic hands can only achieve several prespecified and discrete hand motion patterns from popular myoelectric control schemes using electromyography(EMG) signals. To achieve continuous and stable grasping within the discrete motion pattern, this paper proposes a control strategy using a customized, flexible capacitance-based proximity-tactile sensor. This sensor is integrated at the fingertip and measures the distance and force before and after contact with an object. During the pregrasping phase, each fingertip’s position is controlled based on the distance between the fingertip and the object to make all fingertips synchronously approach the object at the same distance. Once contact is established, the sensor turns to output the tactile information, by which the contact force of each fingertip is finely controlled. Finally, the method is introduced into the human-machine interaction control for a myoelectric prosthetic hand. The experimental results demonstrate that continuous and stable grasping could be achieved by the proposed control method within the subject’s discrete EMG motion mode. The subject also obtained tactile feedback through the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after contact.

关键词： prosthetic hand proximity tactile sensor myoelectric control sensory feedback

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A Real-Time Planning and Control Framework for Robust and Dynamic Quadrupedal Locomotion

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2023年第4期20卷 1449-1466页

作者： Jun Li Haibo Gao Yuhui Wan Haitao Yu Chengxu Zhou State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China School of Mechanical Engineering University of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK

Legged locomotion poses significant challenges due to its nonlinear,underactuated and hybrid dynamic *** challenges are exacerbated by the high-speed motion and presence of aerial phases in dynamic legged locomotion,which highlights the requirement for online planning based on current states to cope with uncertainty and *** article proposes a real-time planning and control framework integrating motion planning and whole-body *** the framework,the designed motion planner allows a wider body rotation range and fast reactive behaviors based on the 3-D single rigid body *** addition,the combination of a Bézier curve based trajectory interpolator and a heuristic-based foothold planner helps generate continuous and smooth foot *** developed whole-body controller uses hierarchical quadratic optimization coupled with the full system dynamics,which ensures tasks are prioritized based on importance and joint commands are physically *** performance of the framework is successfully validated in experiments with a torque-controlled quadrupedal robot for generating dynamic motions.

关键词： Bionic robot Legged locomotion Motion planning Whole-body control

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Gradient-based attitude planning for rigid spacecraft on SO(3)

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2025年第5期68卷 163-174页

作者： Tao HUO Jin YANG Chengfei YUE Xueqin CHEN Xibin CAO School of Astronautics Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Management Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China State Key Laboratory of Micro-Spacecraft Rapid Design and Intelligent Cluster Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Aerospace Science Harbin Institute of Technology ShenzhenShenzhen 518055China

Attitude planning of rigid bodies has many applications in robotics and ***,because the attitude configuration space is non-Euclidean and the constraints are complex and non-linear,the design of the attitude curve has always been a tricky *** this paper,a gradient-based attitude planning method is proposed to simultaneously handle attitude pointing,angular velocity,torque,and time constraints on Lie group SO(3).Firstly,the attitude interpolation algorithm on SO(3)gives an attitude curve connecting the initial and target *** shape of the curve is determined by the fitting coefficients and maneuvering ***,to match the curve with suitable angular velocity and control torque,a nonlinear planning model with fitting coefficients and maneuver time as decision variables is *** the problem gives a smooth attitude curve that satisfies both kinematic and dynamic constraints and also avoids complicated time ***,to apply the gradientbased solver,analytical formulas for the derivatives of each order of the attitude curve with respect to the decision variables are given in this ***,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by a series of numerical simulations.

关键词： attitude planning attitude constraints gradient optimization three-dimensional special orthogonal group(SO(3))

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Design of a linear-rotary ultrasonic motor for optical focusing inspired by the bionic motion principles of the earthworms

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International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 2022年第2期13卷 346-365页

作者： Yingzhi Wang Jie Deng Shijing Zhang He Li Weishan Chen Yingxiang Liu State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinHeilongjiang ProvinceChina

Multi-motor configuration of multi-DOF(degree of freedom)optical system is a major source of redundant structure,putting a limitation on the simple and miniaturized ***,a novel two-DOF ultrasonic motor(USM)is proposed to provide a feasible method of application in the lens autofocus of the optical *** proposed USM operates by one longitudinal mode and two orthogonal bending modes,which is inspired by the bionic motion principle of the *** frequency degeneration among the three working modes is per-formed,and the working principle of the USM is verified via the FEM simulation.A prototype of the two-DOF USM is fabricated,and its mechanical output characteristics are *** experimental results indicate that the prototype achieves the maximum rotary and linear speeds of 3319.6 rpm and 57.6 mm/s,***,we demonstrate the result of a simple focusing experiment using the prototype and obtain a series of clear pictures,which verifies the feasibility of application in the optical focusing system.

关键词： Ultrasonic motor bondedtype two-DOF motions optical focusing bionic motion

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Investigation on laser annealing mechanism of fused silica optics polished by CO2 lasers based on fictive temperature distribution 8

Investigation on laser annealing mechanism of fused silica o...

引用

Advanced Laser Processing and Manufacturing VIII 2024

作者： Zhang, Tianhao Zhao, Linjie Chen, Mingjun Cheng, Jian Yin, Zhaoyang Li, Tianyuan State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of Technology Heilongjiang Harbin150001 China

ISBN: (数字)9781510681972

ISBN: (纸本)9781510681965

CO2 laser polishing process can significantly improve the surface quality and the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of fused silica optics. However, due to the thermal history of the laser polishing process, the increment of the fictive temperature inside the modification layer would cause densification and residual stress, which critically affect the surface accuracy and the service life of fused silica optics. In this work, a 3D multi-physical coupling model including temperature, fluid flow and fictive temperature was established. Based on the fictive temperature distribution of the fused silica polished by CO2 lasers, the mechanism of laser annealing on the modified layer was revealed. The annealing results of fused silica were defined as three states including incomplete annealing, perfect annealing and over annealing. Based on the simulation results, the fictive temperature inside the modified layer was completely reduced with no increment of modified layer depth under the perfect annealing state. Additionally, the residual stress and the fictive temperature after the laser annealing were characterized by the Raman spectrum. The fictive temperature was reduced by 16.8 % and the residual stress was effectively reduced. This work can provide theoretical and experimental guidance for the control of surface modification and residual stress of fused silica optics polished by CO2 lasers. © 2024 SPIE.

关键词： Fused silica

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Enhanced Denitrification in Constructed Wetlands with Low Carbon/Nitrogen Ratios:Insights into Reallocation of Carbon Metabolism Based on Electron Utilization

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Engineering 2025年第2期45卷 222-233页

作者： Hong-Tao Shi Xiao-Chi Feng Zi-Jie Xiao Chen-Yi Jiang Wen-Qian Wang Qin-Yao Zeng Bo-Wen Yang Qi-Shi Si Qing-Lian Wu Nan-Qi Ren State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology(Shenzhen)Shenzhen 518055China State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150090China

Constructed wetlands(CWs)are a promising method to treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).However,low carbon/nitrogen(C/N)ratios of the influent inhibit denitrification in CWs,resulting in poor nitrogen removal ***,we compared traditional(control),biochar(BC),and b-cyclodextrin-functionalized biochar(BC@b-CD)CW systems to investigate nitrogen removal from influent with low C/N ratios,and the mechanisms that enhance this *** highest nitrogen removal rates were observed in the BC@b-CD group,with rates 45.89%and 42.48%higher than those of the control,accompanied by a 70.57%and 85.45%decrease in nitrous oxide release,when the C/N ratio decreased from 4 to 2,*** and enzymatic analyses indicated that BC@b-CD enhances nitrogen removal by coordinately promoting carbon metabolism and increasing denitrification enzyme activities,without affecting microbial species diversity in *** equation modeling confirmed that the foremost advantages of BC@b-CD were effective electron generation and transportation resulting from increased activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH)dehydrogenase and the electron transfer system(ETS),thereby strategically reallocating more carbon metabolic flow to support *** results show that the application of BC@b-CD in CWs to optimize the reallocation of electrons from carbon metabolism is a feasible strategy to enhance denitrification under low C/N conditions.

关键词： Constructed wetland b-Cyclodextrin Biochar Nitrogen removal Carbon metabolism Electron transfer efficiency

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A bio-inspired spider-like structure isolator for low-frequency vibration

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2023年第8期44卷 1263-1286页

作者： Guangdong SUI Shuai HOU Xiaofan ZHANG Xiaobiao SHAN Chengwei HOU Henan SONG Weijie HOU Jianming LI State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Astronautics Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China Yangtze River Delta HIT Robot Technology Research Institute Wuhu 241000Anhui ProvinceChina Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microgravity and Hypogravity Environment Simulation Technology Tianjin 300301China

This paper proposes a quasi-zero stiffness(QZS)isolator composed of a curved beam(as spider foot)and a linear spring(as spider muscle)inspired by the precise capturing ability of spiders in vibrating *** curved beam is simplified as an inclined horizontal spring,and a static analysis is carried out to explore the effects of different structural parameters on the stiffness performance of the QZS *** finite element simulation analysis verifies that the QZS isolator can significantly reduce the first-order natural frequency under the load in the QZS *** harmonic balance method(HBM)is used to explore the effects of the excitation amplitude,damping ratio,and stiffness coefficient on the system’s amplitude-frequency response and transmissibility performance,and the accuracy of the analytical results is verified by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta integral method(RK-4).The experimental data of the QZS isolator prototype are fitted to a ninth-degree polynomial,and the RK-4 can theoretically predict the experimental *** experimental results show that the QZS isolator has a lower initial isolation frequency and a wider isolation frequency bandwidth than the equivalent linear *** frequency sweep test of prototypes with different harmonic excitation amplitudes shows that the initial isolation frequency of the QZS isolator is 3 Hz,and it can isolate 90%of the excitation signal at 7 *** proposed biomimetic spider-like QZS isolator has high application prospects and can provide a reference for optimizing low-frequency or ultra-low-frequency isolators.

关键词： bionic isolation structure curved beam nonlinear stiffness quasi-zero stiffness(QzS) low-frequency vibration isolator

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Linear-quadratic and norm-bounded combined differential game guidance scheme with obstacle avoidance for attacking defended aircraft in three-player engagement

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Defence technology（防务技术） 2024年第12期42卷 136-155页

作者： Xintao Wang Ming Yang Songyan Wang Mingzhe Hou Tao Chao Control and Simulation Center Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China National Key Laboratory of Complex System Control and Intelligent Agent Cooperation Harbin 150001China Center for Control Theory and Guidance Technology Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China

A differential game guidance scheme with obstacle avoidance,based on the formulation of a combined linear quadratic and norm-bounded differential game,is designed for a three-player engagement scenario,which includes a pursuer,an interceptor,and an *** confrontation between the players is divided into four phases(P1-P4)by introducing the switching time,and proposing different guidance strategies according to the phase where the static obstacle is located:the linear quadratic game method is employed to devise the guidance scheme for the energy optimization when the obstacle is located in the P1 and P3 stages;the norm-bounded differential game guidance strategy is presented to satisfy the acceleration constraint under the circumstance that the obstacle is located in the P2 and P4 ***,the radii of the static obstacle and the interceptor are taken as the design parameters to derive the combined guidance strategy through the dead-zone function,which guarantees that the pursuer avoids the static obstacle,and the interceptor,and attacks the ***,the nonlinear numerical simulations verify the performance of the game guidance strategy.

关键词： Active defense aircraft Differential game theory Three-player confrontation Energy optimization Acceleration constraint Obstacle avoidance

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