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Role of nitrogen cycling functional genes and their key influencing factors in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems

Environmental Reviews 2025年 33卷

作者： Wang, Wenwen Li, Mengze Chen, Peng Yuan, Shengwu Wang, Kun Wang, Shuhang Jiang, Xia State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science Beijing100012 China MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization College of Environmental Science and Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing102206 China Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan430074 China

The nitrogen cycle, essential for the transformation and circulation of nitrogen, involves key processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification. Microorganisms are crucial in these processes, influencing water quality through energy conversion and nitrogen cycling. Eutrophication, driven by human activities, increases exogenous nitrogen input, accelerating nitrogen cycling and loss, boosting greenhouse gas emissions, and impacting aquatic ecosystems. Functional genes in the nitrogen cycle, such as amoA (nitrification), nirS, nirK, nosZ (denitrification), and hzs and hzo (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), are indicators of nitrogen transformation in sediments. Environmental factors like temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), organic matter content, nitrogen levels, pH, and salinity significantly influence these genes’ expression and regulation. For example, temperature changes can affect nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria activities, DO levels impact microbial growth and metabolism, and higher organic matter content stimulates the expression of nitrogen cycle genes. Understanding how these environmental factors affect nitrogen cycling genes is crucial for addressing eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. This review focuses on the adaptability and responses of nitrogen-associated functional microorganisms and genes environmental changes, offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for sustainable ecosystem management. © 2025 The Authors.

关键词： Microorganisms

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Quantitative characterization of cellular morphology of turbulent hydrogen-air spherically expanding flames

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025年

作者： Zhao, Haoran Bao, Shikai Shi, Zhenghao Quan, Minbo Tian, Fuchao Yuan, Chunmiao Li, Gang Fire & Explosion Protection Laboratory Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute Shenfu Demonstration Zone 113122 China

In the present study, the morphology evolution of turbulent hydrogen expanding flames is comprehensively investigated. A quantitative characterization method of turbulent flame cellularity is proposed based on machine leaning. A series of experimental data (cell size, cell number, onset of cell division, and fractal excess) of turbulent flame morphology are obtained, and the effects of turbulent intensity, equivalence ratio and pressure are analyzed. The results indicate that the morphology evolution of turbulent expanding flames can be divided into self-similar crack stage, cell division stage, and cell saturation stage. The onset of cell division and the fractal excess are evidently promoted by turbulent disturbance, and the saturated cell size is mainly controlled by Kolmogorov length scale. Based on above experimental data, two empirical models of onset and fractal excess are correlated as Pecr = 49.4·(u’/SL)−0.56 and dt = 0.35·(u’/SL)0.24 respectively. All above results imply that the mechanism of turbulent flame cellularity is essentially different from that of laminar flames. The cellular morphology of turbulent flames is dominated by turbulent disturbance, and the flame intrinsic instability plays a secondary role. © 2025 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC

关键词： Premixed flames

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Numerical study on smoke spread characteristics of metro carriage fires with lateral multi-openings

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International Journal of Ventilation 2025年

作者： Yang, Yuxuan Qian, Xinming Hou, Longfei State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Fire Prevention and Control Technology Sichuan Normal University Chengdu China Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research Tsinghua University Heifei China

Urban rail transit system has emerged as a critical urban lifeline project, while the fire risks it confronts are progressively on the rise. The lateral multi-opening structure of metro train carriages, in conjunction with the interval tunnel, forms a common yet distinctive double-narrow confined space. As important parameters for metro fire hazard assessment, the applicability of models for smoke spread velocity, maximum ceiling temperature rise, and longitudinal distribution of smoke temperature established based on single narrow tunnel or building corridor fire scenarios needs further verification in metro carriage fires. Therefore, this paper employs the method of numerical simulation to investigate the smoke spreading process and temperature distribution characteristics within train carriage and metro tunnel under different fire scenarios. The prediction models concerning the smoke spreading velocity in train carriages and metro tunnels have been developed. The impacts of fire source location, heat release rate, and ventilation velocity on the smoke temperature distribution characteristics have been examined. The prediction models for the maximum ceiling temperature rise and non-dimensional longitudinal temperature distribution of train carriages and metro tunnels have been established, and the accuracies of these prediction models have been validated. This research can enhance and refine the metro system fire safety theory, and provide theoretical and technical support for risk prevention and emergency management in such metro fire scenarios. © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Fire hazards

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Unveiling the crucial role of iron oxide transformation in simultaneous immobilization of nanoplastics and organic matter

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Science of the Total Environment 2025年 959卷 178280页

作者： Su, Chengpeng Peng, Cheng Liang, Weiyu Chen, Anqi Liu, Qiang Zhang, Wei State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resource and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai200092 China

Nanoplastics (NPs) have been found in natural environments. However, the sequestration of NPs and natural organic matter (NOM) coupled with the Fe(III) hydrolysis and subsequent iron oxides transformation remains unclear. Here, we investigated the behaviors of NPs during the dynamic transformation process of iron oxides in the presence of humic acids (HA). The quantification results of europium chelate-labeled polystyrene (PS) NPs and HA indicate that 87.60 % of NPs and 49.45 % of HA were sequestered in the precipitate by the end of the transformation (240 h). High-angle annular dark-field-scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HAADF-STEM-EDS) images show that NPs were doped into iron oxides during the recrystallization of ferrihydrite aggregates, while HA were adsorbed or penetrated into the nanoscale pores on the mineral surfaces, suggesting the formation of a stable iron oxides-NPs-NOM ternary nanocomplex with a core-shell structure. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis indicate that functional groups of iron oxides and HA, including hydroxyl, carboxyl, and Fe[sbnd]O bonds, played a role in the binding process. In the presence of HA, the stability of the coprecipitation system was enhanced due to the increased electrostatic repulsion, which facilitated the full incorporation of NPs with iron oxides. These findings provide a new insight into the simultaneous immobilization of NPs and NOM. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Energy dispersive spectroscopy

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Occurrence and risk of microplastics and hexabromocyclododecane in urban drinking water systems: From source water to tap water

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Science of the Total Environment 2025年 958卷 177966页

作者： Han, Ziwei Jiang, Jiali Ni, Xuan Xia, Jing Yan, Chicheng Cui, Changzheng State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai200092 China

The widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in drinking water systems and their risk of releasing additives have caused widespread concern. However, current research on the migration and risks of MPs and additives in the complete drinking water supply chain remains inadequate. In this study, micro-Raman spectrometer was used to track the entire transport process of MPs from the water source to the tap water, with concentrations ranging from 805 to 4960 items/L, and polyethylene and Polyethylene terephthalate were dominant. The removal efficiency of MPs at the drinking water treatment plant was 85.0 ± 5.2 %. However, chlorination increased the proportion of polystyrene by 40.1 ± 5.3 %. Chlorination increases the surface roughness and carbonyl index of polystyrene standards, and promotes the release of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) (482.0 ng/g–2208.7 ng/g). The non-carcinogenic risk index of HBCD ingestion through drinking water remains well below 1 for residents. Complete water treatment processes significantly reduce the risks posed by MPs, achieving reductions of 54.3 % in the pollution load index and 82.1 % in the potential ecological risk index. The estimated daily intake of MPs ingested by residents through tap water ranges from 33.4 to 45.6 items/kg/d. This study investigated the occurrence of MPs in the complete drinking water supply chain and the risk of chlorine disinfection for HBCD release, which could help develop more effective MPs control measures and risk management strategies. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Risk assessment

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A production planning benchmark for real-world refinery-petrochemical complexes

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Du, Wenli Wang, Chuan Fan, Chen Li, Zhi Zhong, Yeke Kang, Tianao Liang, Ziting Yang, Minglei Qian, Feng Dai, Xin State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process Ministry of Education East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China

To achieve digital intelligence transformation and carbon neutrality, effective production planning is crucial for integrated refinery-petrochemical complexes. Modern refinery planning relies on advanced optimization techniques, whose development requires reproducible benchmark problems. However, existing benchmarks lack practical context or impose oversimplified assumptions, limiting their applicability to enterprise-wide optimization. To bridge the substantial gap between theoretical research and industrial applications, this paper introduces the first open-source, demand-driven benchmark for industrial-scale refinery-petrochemical complexes with transparent model formulations and comprehensive input parameters. The benchmark incorporates a novel port-stream hybrid superstructure for modular modeling and broad generalizability. key secondary processing units are represented using the delta-base approach grounded in historical data. Three real-world cases have been constructed to encompass distinct scenario characteristics, respectively addressing (1) a stand-alone refinery without integer variables, (2) chemical site integration with inventory-related integer variables, and (3) multi-period planning. All model parameters are fully accessible. Additionally, this paper provides an analysis of computational performance, ablation experiments on delta-base modeling, and application scenarios for the proposed benchmark. © 2025, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Refining

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A systematic review of the variability of freshly-emitted and aged black carbon based on various measurement techniques

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Science of the Total Environment 2025年 958卷 177872页

作者： Wu, Bobo Wu, Zichun Dou, Jiahang Yao, Zhiliang Shen, Xianbao Wang, Ao Li, Long Hao, Xuewei Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing100048 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing100048 China

Black carbon (BC) poses acute negative health and environmental impacts. Accurate BC quantification is important for assessing its impacts and developing effective control strategies. However, the unclear optical properties and numerous methods of BC restrict its accurate quantification. Elemental carbon (EC), refractory black carbon (rBC), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) are terminology used for BC quantification by various techniques, with an essential parameter of mass absorption cross-section (MAC) characterizing its optical properties. This review summarizes the measurement principles, along with the advantages, limitations, and uncertainties of mainstream instruments used for BC quantification, based on findings from numerous studies. Then, we categorically compared the MAC of BC for different emission sources and regions, and those are not consistent. The MAC values of freshly-emitted and aged BC are both influenced by the combustion sources, while the transport process present significant impact on aged BC. Average MAC values of BC for urban, rural, and other areas are 10.1 ± 3.7 m2/g, 13.4 ± 5.7 m2/g, and 13.7 ± 8.2 m2/g at 550 nm, respectively. Furthermore, we systematically explored the relationship between eBC, EC, and rBC of freshly-emitted and aged BC to establish unambiguous links between these terms. Averaged mass ratios of eBC/EC, eBC/rBC and EC/rBC are 0.81, 0.94, and 1.32 for freshly-emitted BC, 1.17, 2.14, and 1.60 for aged BC, respectively. Overall, it is urgent to establish standard methods for accurate BC quantification in the future to reduce the uncertainty of quantitative results by different techniques. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Carbon sequestration

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Enhanced immobilization of trace nickel by nanoplastic-Fe-Mn oxide complexes in sedimentary systems

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Science of the Total Environment 2025年 958卷 177913页

作者： Wang, Lijuan Wang, Siqing Ren, Pengju Li, Jiangpeng Lu, Xiao Li, Wenqiu Tang, Yuanyuan State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd Nanshan District Shenzhen518055 China

Fe/Mn oxides are widely distributed mineral components in marine sediments and act as significant scavengers of trace metals. The emergence of plastic-rock complexes has led to an increasing recognition that plastics may influence the environmental behavior of minerals. Plastics, especially nanoplastics, can affect the formation of Fe/Mn oxides and their ability to immobilize heavy metals. In this study, the role of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) in the mineralization of Fe[sbnd]Mn oxides and their effects on the immobilization of heavy metals (using Ni(II) as an example) at the trace concentrations in the environment were investigated. Characterization analysis indicated that PS NPs not only adsorb Fe and Mn ions from the environment through electrostatic attraction (the force that draws together objects with opposite electrical charges) but also serve as a substrate for the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Fe[sbnd]Mn oxides. The large specific surface area of the PS NPs provides a site for the growth of Fe[sbnd]Mn. This results in smaller particle sizes and larger specific surface areas for the generated Fe[sbnd]Mn oxides. Consequently, Fe-PS-Mn@SiO2 exhibits significantly greater adsorption efficiency for Ni(II) under various environmental conditions (such as different pH and salinity) compared to Fe-Mn@SiO2. Additionally, Fe-PS-Mn@SiO2 remained stable under sunlight at 60 °C over 1.5 years. These findings presented new insights into the impact of NPs on mineral formation and environmental behavior, expanding our understanding of the actual fate of NPs in sediment environments. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Heavy metals

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Cost-Effective Mapping of Hyperlocal Air Pollution Using Large-Scale Mobile Monitoring and Land-Use Machine Learning

ACS ES&T Air

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ACS ES&T Air 2025年第2期2卷 151-161页

作者： Tie Zheng Yifan Wen Sheng Xiang Pan Yang Xuan Zheng Yan You Shaojun Zhang Ye Wu School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China；College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China Macao Environmental Research Institute Macau University of Science and Technology Macau 999078 China；National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao Macao Environmental Research Institute Macau University of Science and Technology Macao 999078 China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China；State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084 China；Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies Beijing 100084 China

The advent of large-scale mobile monitoring using fast-response instruments has enabled hyperlocal mapping (≤100 m) of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), with important implications for air quality management. However, most related studies have been confined within small areas due to the high cost and labor intensity. This study pioneers a cost-effective TRAP mapping method by incorporating large-scale mobile monitoring and land-use machine learning (LUML). Here, over 4.6 million 1 Hz high-frequency measurements (∼1300 h) were collected on a part of major roadways in the Chinese megacity of Shenzhen. Unmeasured locations were estimated by LUML models to reduce measurement costs and labor intensity. Various ML algorithms and varying spatial aggregation segment lengths were incorporated to optimize the model performance. Hyperlocal maps of NO, NO2, and PM2.5were predicted across the entire road network covering over 1700 km2. Based on our results, LU-RF (random forest) for mapping NO and NO2and LU-GBM (Gradient Boosting Machine) for mapping PM2.5, demonstrated superior performance. Deep learning models, in contrast, did not yield comparable results. Finer partitioning of road segments (≤100 m) improved NO prediction performance, but worsened that for NO2and PM2.5. By deployment of optimal ML algorithms and segment lengths, the TRAP mapping accuracy increased by 20–80% compared to conventional land-use regression models. This study provides a promising and cost-effective approach to hyperlocal air pollution mapping and management in cities worldwide.

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Insight into the Compound Risk of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane and Cadmium to Soil Health in Agroecosystems: From Soil Quality to Plant Health

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Han, Yanna Zhao, Xuan Qiao, Zhihua Liang, Weiyu Liu, Tianzi Peng, Cheng Zhang, Wei State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resource and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China

Soil serves as the habitat for numerous organisms and is increasingly threatened from contamination of novel brominated flame retardant (NBFRs) and heavy metals (HMs), which have emerged as global problems in terrestrial ecosystems. Focusing on Deca-bromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and cadmium (Cd) as the targets, we constructed a soil-lettuce-earthworm microcosm to explore the effects of co-pollution on properties, microbial communities and elemental cycling genes in rhizosphere soils. Co-pollution initially affected soil properties and Cd fractionation, increasing ecological risks. In turn, the normal elemental cycle was also disturbed. Notably, C cycling was inhibited in soil, as evidenced by decreased sucrase activity, cation exchange capacity, and C cycling genes, leading to a reduction in bioavailable C sources. Meanwhile, soil N-cycling genes and denitrification processes were significantly inhibited, while nitrification was enhanced. In addition, co-pollution disrupted the structure of soil microbiota, reducing community cooperation and stability. Ultimately, the lack of nutrient uptake by soil organisms interfered with the normal growth of plants, exhibiting the compound risks caused by both DBDPE and Cd in soil. This study extended the current knowledge of ecological and health risks caused by NBFRs and HMs co-pollution in soil-plant-animal agroecosystems. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Soil pollution

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