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A Novel Optimization Framework for Distributed Multi-Energy System Management and Multi-Energy Pricing Based on Stackelberg Game

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Ren, Xiaoxiao Wang, Jinshi Yang, Sifan Zhao, Quanbin Jia, Yifan Ou, Kejie Hu, Guangtao Yan, Junjie State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China School of Energy Engineering Yulin University Yulin719000 China

To achieve low-carbon operation of distributed multi-energy system (DMES) and enhance its activity in the energy market, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective Stackelberg game model. The DMES operator (DMEO) acts as the leader, guiding users’ behavior through DMES optimal scheduling and multi-energy pricing. The optimization objectives include maximizing DMEO revenues, minimizing DMES primary energy consumption and carbon emissions. The users act as followers, adjusting energy demand based on upper-level energy pricing with the objective of maximizing consumption surplus. To achieve the low-carbon and flexible operation of DMES, carbon trading and demand response mechanisms are introduced. The upper-level model is solved using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III), while the lower-level model is solved by the Gurobi solver. Furthermore, a robust optimization model with adjustable robust measure is established to mitigate the impact of renewable energy uncertainty. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is verified by a data center in Qinghai. Compared with traditional Stackelberg game model, the proposed model reduces DMEO revenue by 0.63% but decreases carbon emissions by 1.64% and energy consumption by 1.59%. Under this optimization framework, the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of DMES are 0.798 and 0.535, and the share of renewable energy is 34.6%. Besides, increasing renewable energy uncertainty leads to lower DMEO revenue, higher carbon emissions and energy consumption, while significantly reducing energy efficiency and exergy efficiency. The proposed multi-objective Stackelberg game model may provide some references for multi-stage energy system optimization. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy utilization

Analysis of Gas-Cooled Micro Modular Reactor (MMR) Fuel

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Deng, Chaoqun Zhu, Siyang He, Yanan Wu, Yingwei He, Kai Zhang, Jing Su, Guanghui School of Nuclear Science and Technology Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy and Technology State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. Ltd. Beijing100840 China

The gas-cooled micro modular reactor (MMR) is a novel concept with compact fuel form consists of thousands of tri-isotropic fuel (TRISO) particles dispersed in silicon carbide matrix. The MMR fuel is high volume packing fraction and horizontally placed within graphite channels. Due to the complexity of the fuel structure and the challenges involved in simulation, a multi-scale and multi-physics coupled analyses method of MMR fuel was realized in this work by implementing physical models into the open-source finite element platform MOOSE. Though the simulation of the typical design MMR fuel during normal operation, the thermal-mechanical analysis and the failure analysis were conducted. The results show that the arrangement of MMR fuel horizontally within graphite channels resulted in non-uniform gap between the fuel and graphite brick, leading to an "off-center" temperature distribution within the fuel, the peak temperature is about 1314 K. Higher-temperature sub-zones exhibit greater internal pressure within TRISO and show greater tensile stress in the Chemical Vapor Deposited Silicon Carbide (CVD-SiC) layer. Regarding fuel failure analysis, this work found limited impact from Pd penetration and kernel migration. Pressure-induced particle failure, closely linked with stress in CVD-SiC, emerges as the primary failure criterion. The overall probability of fuel failure remains relatively low, with a maximum probability of 4.1×10-5. Statistical data reveals that a significant majority (71%) of TRISO particles exhibit a failure probability below 2×10-5, while only 8.8% reach 4×10-5 © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Graphite

A Novel Mass-Heat Exchange Network Analogy, Regression, and Synthesis Method for Mass Exchanger Networks

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Xiao, Yuan Cui, Guomin Shanghai Key Laboratory Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai20093 China

The mass exchanger network (MEN) synthesis is significant for material savings and pollution reduction in process industries. Considering its small magnitude and the concentration constraints, the optimized MEN configuration could easily violate the concentration constraints, leading to a reduction in the structural diversity during the optimization process compared to that of an heat exchanger network （HEN）of the same size. Moreover, the constraint on the mass transfer driving force based on the equilibrium composition might also have major effects on the optimization process. To address this, this paper presents a process-equipment-system analogy between the MEN and the HEN, proposing a novel mass-heat exchange network analogy, regression, and synthesis method. First, the generalized HEN was established by an analogy considering the MEN based on either the original or the equilibrium compositions. In this regard, a coordination coefficient was introduced to correct the deviation of the analogy relationship between the heat transfer and the mass transfer processes. Then, the generalized HEN was optimized by employing the random walk algorithm with compulsive evolution (RWCE). A regression method was proposed to regress the optimized HEN solution to the MEN expression, allowing the continuous optimization by the RWCE with finer parameters. The final optimal solution obtained is found to be lower than those reported in the literature with enhanced structural diversity, demonstrating the method’s effectiveness and providing new ideas for further synchronous optimization of combined heat and mass exchanger networks. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mass transfer

Influence of Bentonite on Copper Corrosion in Simulated Repository Electrolyte

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Ning, Zhiyuan Zhou, Qulan Li, Na Macdonald, Digby D. State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China Departments of Nuclear Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering University of California at Berkeley BerkeleyCA94720 United States

The impact of bentonite on the corrosion of oxygen-free copper (OF-Cu) and oxygen-free phosphorous copper (OFP-Cu) in prototypical groundwater environments (standard reference electrolyte, SRE) simulating the storage of copper High-Level Nuclear Waste (HLNW) cannisters in granitic rock repositories is explored. At low corrosion potentials (-0.1VSCE), bentonite suppresses copper corrosion in SRE through the anion-exclusion effect, with its inhibitory impact intensifying at higher bentonite concentrations. As the corrosion potential rises, bentonite’s enhanced adsorption of metal cations increases the corrosion current. Additionally, bentonite hydrolysis producing silicate ions that accelerates pitting corrosion, culminating in passive film breakdown. This dual mechanism may amplify intergranular corrosion. In environments where bentonite exacerbates corrosion, OFP-Cu demonstrates superior corrosion resistance, though the introduction of phosphorus may influence the acceleration of intergranular corrosion following passivity breakdown. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bentonite

Influence of Bentonite on Copper Corrosion in Simulated Repository Electrolyte

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SSRN 2024年

The impact of bentonite on the corrosion of oxygen-free copper (OF-Cu) and oxygen-free phosphorous copper (OFP-Cu) in prototypical groundwater environments (standard reference electrolyte, SRE) simulating the storage of copper High-Level Nuclear Waste (HLNW) cannisters in granitic rock repositories is explored. At low corrosion potentials (-0.1V), bentonite suppresses copper corrosion in SRE through the anion-exclusion effect, with its inhibitory impact intensifying at higher bentonite concentrations. As the corrosion potential rises, particularly beyond the "bell-shaped" region in the polarization curve, bentonite's enhanced adsorption of metal cations increases the corrosion current. Additionally, bentonite hydrolysis producing silicate ions that accelerates pitting corrosion, culminating in passive film breakdown. This dual mechanism may amplify intergranular corrosion. In environments where bentonite exacerbates corrosion, OFP-Cu demonstrates superior corrosion resistance, though the introduction of phosphorus may influence the acceleration of intergranular corrosion following passivity breakdown. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Copper corrosion

Exploring Comprehensive Properties of a Novel Shape-Stabilized Composite Phase Change Material Of Lauric Acid-Palmitic Acid- Tetradecyl Alcohol/Vitrified Beads for Thermal Energy Storage

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Yan, Qiuhui Jia, Mengyu Luo, Jieren Meng, Zeyu School of Building Services Science and Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Xi’an710055 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China

Excellent thermal properties are the cornerstone of phase change materials (PCMs) employed for energy storage, and leakage prevention and sufficient strength are the key problems that must be solved in the practical application process of PCMs. Therefore, the advantages of ternary PCMs (Lauric Acid-Palmitic Acid-Tetradecyl Alcohol, LA-PA-TA) and adsorbent carriers (Vitrified Bead, VB) are integrated to obtain a novel LA-PA-TA/VB composite PCM which exhibits favorable phase change temperature (20.1°C-20.5°C) and excellent subcooling (0.4°C). Then, the novel LA-PA-TA/VB is encapsulated with five materials to form shape-stabilized PCMs to reduce leakage. The experiments show that a shape-stabilized LA-PA-TA/VB (SS-LA-PA-TA/VB) encapsulated with the real stone paint emulsion-cement powder presents the optimal packaging effect, namely superior stability and reliability with low mass loss ratio of only 2.67% after 50 times phase change cycles. Next, the SS-LA-PA-TA/VB of the optimal package is further made into thermal energy storage mortar (TESM) with different SS-LA-PA-TA/VB content. It is shown that the thermal properties of TESM increase and the mechanical properties decrease with LA-PA-TA/VB. However, even with the LA-PA-TA up to 30% (30TESM), the compressive strength, flexural strength, apparent density, water absorption, and softening coefficient of the TESM still meets the Chinese National Standard, and some microscopic mechanisms have been investigated. Lastly, temperature regular ability and heat insulation performance of 30TESM and reference mortar are compared by temperature probe embedded inside the mortar blocks and installed in experiential small room. The results present that internal temperature of the mortar blocks, backside and central temperature of small room are 5.4°C, 5.6°C and 2.1°C lower than that of the reference group, respectively. It is thus clear that the novel low cost TESM exhibits a good temperature damping effect and temperature control p

关键词： Phase change materials

P-Type Chemical Doping-Induced High Bipolar Electrical Conductivities in a Thermoelectric Donor–Acceptor Copolymer

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CCS Chemistry 2021年第10期3卷 2482-2493页

作者： Jing Wang Yizhuo Wang Qing Li Zhanchao Li Kuncai Li Hong Wang Frontier Institute of Science and Technology Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054 State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710054

Typically,conducting polymers transfer either electrons or *** is rare to see high bipolar(p-and n-type)electrical conductivities within a single bulk doped organic polymer without the assistant of gate ***,we report that FeCl3-doped solutionprocessable D–A copolymer poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldo decyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-thieno[3,2-b]thiophen)(DPPTTT)could exhibit a high p-type electrical conductivity of 130.6 S/cm and a good n-type electrical conductivity of 14.2 S/cm by engineering the doping level.

关键词： polarity switching donor-acceptor copoly mer thermoelectric organic diode p-ty pe doping

Transient gas/liquid two-phase flow in a pipeline-riser system after the change of inlet flow rates

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multiphase Science and Technology 2020年第2期32卷 25-46页

作者： Zou, Suifeng Liu, Weizhi Xu, Qiang Xie, Xiangdong Guo, Liejin State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute Wuhan China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China

Transient gas/liquid two-phase flow caused by the change of inlet gas and/or liquid flow rates was experimentally studied in a 380-meter-long pipeline-riser system with a vertical riser of 21.5 meters in height. Results showed that, for the transient processes with the same median flow rates, the rise of flow rates was likely to result in shorter duration time compared to the fall of flow rates. Apart from the manner of change, the duration time was also closely related to the flow mechanism, which varied with the global flow regime. As a consequence, the transient process lasted a longer time around the transition boundary of stable regime and the severe slugging regime;whereas, the transient process would be shorter if the regime was an irregular oscillation;and the longest transient process was found at very low gas and liquid flow rates. As for the prediction of duration time of both the entire transient process and the transition to undesirable flow regimes, the support vector machine turned out to be much more suitable than the log-linear regression. In addition, some similarities of pressure drop signals were found between the transition to unstable and irregular flow regimes and the steady state of these regimes. Since the method for fast recognition of a steady global flow regime has already been developed, it becomes possible to forecast the transition to these undesirable flow regimes through the modification of the recognition method. © 2020 Begell House Inc.. All rights reserved.

关键词： flow rate

A Novel Demand Response-Based Distributed Multi-Energy System Optimal Operation Framework for Data Centers

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Ren, Xiaoxiao Wang, Jinshi Hu, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhao, Quanbin Chong, Daotong Xue, Kai Yan, Junjie State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China School of Energy Engineering Yulin University Yulin719000 China

To address the increasing energy demands in data centers, distributed multi-energy system (DMES) may provide an efficient solution to achieve clean and sustainable energy supply. The use of a DMES optimal scheduling approach with source-load interaction plays a crucial role in improving data center performance. In this study, A DMES coupled by photovoltaics, wind turbines, ground source heat pump, internal combustion engines, electric chillers, absorption chillers, and energy storage devices is proposed. Considering the flexibility of workload scheduling and the challenges of renewable energy consumption, an integrated demand response model is established that considers time-of-use pricing and renewable energy peak subsidies. Then, a clean and economical optimal operation model for DMES based on proposed demand response and carbon trading mechanisms is established. Finally, to enhance the robustness of scheduling, the impacts of uncertainties in renewable energy output and demand response on system operation are analyzed by combining the Monte Carlo method and the interval method. Case study results demonstrate that implementing the proposed demand response and carbon trading mechanism improves data center performance by reducing total costs by 1.85%, carbon emissions by 0.56%, electricity purchases by 2.93%, while increasing renewable energy utilization by 0.77%. Additionally, optimization considering multiple uncertainties, results in higher total costs and broader interval widths compared to single-factor uncertainty optimization, but reduces system operational risk. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy utilization