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arXiv 2025年

作者： Chen, Zhijun Li, Jingzheng Chen, Pengpeng Li, Zhuoran Sun, Kai Luo, Yuankai Mao, Qianren Yang, Dingqi Sun, Hailong Yu, Philip S. State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment Beihang University Beijing China Zhongguancun Laboratory Beijing China Aviation System Engineering Institute of China Beijing China Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an China University of Macau China University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago United States

LLM Ensemble—which involves the comprehensive use of multiple large language models (LLMs), each aimed at handling user queries during downstream inference, to benefit from their individual strengths—has gained substantial attention recently. The widespread availability of LLMs, coupled with their varying strengths and out-of-the-box usability, has profoundly advanced the field of LLM Ensemble. This paper presents the first systematic review of recent developments in LLM Ensemble. First, we introduce our taxonomy of LLM Ensemble and discuss several related research problems. Then, we provide a more in-depth classification of the methods under the broad categories of "ensemble-before-inference, ensemble-during-inference, ensemble-after-inference", and review all relevant methods. Finally, we introduce related benchmarks and applications, summarize existing studies, and suggest several future research directions. A curated list of papers on LLM Ensemble is available at https://***/junchenzhi/ Awesome-LLM-Ensemble. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Modeling languages

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Toward net-zero cement: linking demand-side measures with plant-level technology strategies

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Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2025年 220卷

作者： Song, Xinke An, Kangxin Wang, Rui Liu, Gang Wang, Can State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing100871 China Institute of Carbon Neutrality Peking University Beijing100871 China

Achieving climate goals in the cement sector requires combining supply- and demand-side strategies. To explore this interplay, this study develops a spatially explicit modeling framework that integrates sectoral decarbonization pathways and plant-level optimization. Results show that, in 2060, incorporating demand-side measures—compared to relying solely on supply-side technologies—reduces required carbon capture and storage (CCS)-equipped clinker capacity from 941.9 to 353.8 Mt/year, inter-provincial CO₂ transport from 182.6 to 41.7 Mt/year, and mitigation costs from 246 to 217 CNY/tCO₂. These measures also enable net-negative emissions of -69.0 Mt CO₂/year. Spatial analysis highlights Henan, Hebei, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces as priority regions for CCS deployment across all scenarios, reflecting the existing industrial structure and proximity to geological storage sites. These findings offer practical insights for optimizing plant-level technology choices, strengthening regional coordination, and advancing integrated mitigation policy development. © 2025

关键词： Carbon capture and storage Cement industry Demand-side transformation Net-zero Spatial optimization

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Negative-pressure soft pneumatic actuators enabled by asymmetrically distributed bending units

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Extreme Mechanics Letters 2025年 77卷

作者： Fu, Zeyu Chen, Tianyu Zou, Haoran Zhu, Zhiwei Deng, Zichen Wang, Yifan School of Mechanics Civil Engineering and Architecture Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an710072 China MIIT Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Complex Systems Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an710072 China School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures Shijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang050043 China

Soft pneumatic actuators are highly flexible and can adapt to complex environments, attracting significant attention for their ability to operate in settings where rigid actuators cannot. Most existing soft pneumatic actuators are powered by positive pressure, which has the disadvantage of volume increase during operation and risk of exploding under large pressures. In this study, we designed a new type of soft actuator by inducing asymmetric bending deformation throughout a holey structure under negative pressure. Using finite element analysis and a theoretical model, we studied the effects of various geometric parameters on the structure's bending behavior. We found that the displacement of the circle's center from the central axis is a parameter with the most significant impact on the bending behavior of the structure. By designing circular holes with offset from the central axis, the structure can bend toward the offset direction during subsequent bending deformation. Based on this deformation mechanism, we designed a soft gripper that bends upon actuation and effectively picks up objects. We further designed a bi-directional gripper that bends towards both sides and a circular gripper that contracts towards the center upon evacuation to hold objects. These soft grippers’ grasping capabilities are validated by experimental tests. Finally, by arranging the holes in a wavy pattern within the structure, we created a crawling robot that moves forward through cyclic negative pressure actuation. These findings highlight the potential of leveraging bending behaviors in asymmetrically distributed holey structures for the development of negative-pressure driven soft actuators and robots. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Pneumatic actuators

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Intrinsic mode characteristic analysis and extraction in underwater cylindrical shell acoustic radiation

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2013年第7期56卷 1339-1345页

作者： LIU QingYu FANG ShiLiang CHENG Qiang CAO Jin AN Liang LUO XinWei Complex Ship System Simulation Laboratory Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Signal Processing (MoE) Southeast University

Target dimension is important information in underwater target classification. An intrinsic mode characteristic extraction method in underwater cylindrical shell acoustic radiation was studied in this paper based on the mechanism of shell vibration to gain the information about its dimension instead of accurate inversion processing. The underwater cylindrical shell vibration and acoustic radiation were first analyzed using mode decomposition to solve the wave equation. The characteristic of acoustic radiation was studied with different cylindrical shell lengths, radii, thickness, excitation points and fine structures. simulation results show that the intrinsic mode in acoustic radiation spectrum correlates closely with the geometry dimensions of cylindrical shells. Through multifaceted analysis, the strongest intrinsic mode characteristic extracted from underwater shell acoustic radiated signal was most likely relevant to the radiated source radius. Then, partial information about unknown source dimension could be gained from intrinsic mode characteristic in passive sonar applications for underwater target classification. Experimental data processing results verified the effectiveness of the method in this paper.

关键词： cylindrical shell mode decomposition acoustic radiation characteristic

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Noise reduction of add-on acoustic black holes with different topologies based on combined Reduced Multibody system Transfer Matrix Method and Elementary Radiators Method

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Thin-Walled Structures 2025年 214卷

作者： Liu, Jianghong Zhang, Yanni Jia, Huiliang Rui, Xiaoting Yan, Xiaowei Wang, Guoping Liu, Yang Institute of Launch Dynamics Nanjing University of Science and Technology Jiangsu Nanjing China National Key Laboratory of Complex Multibody System Dynamics China China State Shipbuilding Corporation Systems Engineering Research Institute Beijing 100094 China School of Energy and Power Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang212003 China

Recently, add-on acoustic black holes (ABHs) have received increasing attentions since they would not reduce the thickness/stiffness of the main structure and are flexible to install. Most of the studies, nevertheless, were conducted from the numerical simulation and experimental perspectives. Efficient theoretical computational methods are still lacking, especially for noise characteristics of a host structure with an add-on ABH as a dynamics vibration absorber (DVA), also known as an ABH-DVA. Herein, a theoretical method is proposed for calculating the noise radiation from a combined system formed by a host structure and an ABH-DVA via combining the Reduced Multibody system Transfer Matrix Method (RMSTMM) and the Elementary Radiators Method (ERM) or RMSTMM-ERM. The RMSTMM-ERM is applied to combined systems with ABH-DVAs of three topologies (unilateral, tree-shaped, spiral), and the results are compared with those from two finite element methods (FEMs). It is revealed that for combined systems with ABH-DVA of all three topologies, the RMSTMM-ERM reduces the computation time by >100 times compared with FEMs, while maintaining a high computational accuracy. Besides, remarkable and broadband low-frequency noise reductions are observed for all three ABH-DVAs, especially the spiral one with a deep-subwavelength dimension (λ/200). The vibration spatial distributions and wavenumber spectra with and without the ABH-DVAs are further investigated to disclose the noise reduction mechanisms. This paper provides an efficient and versatile theoretical computation method and design tool for noise studies of ABHs with complex geometries and topologies. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Finite element method

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Finite-time Attitude Control: A Finite-time Passivity Approach

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2015年第1期2卷 102-108页

作者： Shuochen Liu Zhiyong Geng Junyong Sun the State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex System

This paper studies the finite-time attitude control problem for a rigid body. It is known that linear asymptotically stabilizing control laws can be derived from passivity properties for the system which describes the kinematic and dynamic motion of the attitude. Our approach expands this framework by defining finite-time passivity and exploring the corresponding properties. For a rigid body, the desired attitude can be tracked in finite time using the designed finite-time attitude control law. Some finitetime passivity properties for the feedback connection systems are also shown. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

关键词： Control theory Rigid structures

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A comparative study of piezoelectric unimorph and multilayer actuators as stiffness sensors via contact resonance

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2016年第4期32卷 633-639页

作者： Ji Fu Fa-Xin Li State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System College of Engineering Peking University

Piezoelectric bar-shaped resonators were proposed to act as hardness sensors in the 1960 s and stiffness sensors in the 1990 s based on the contact impedance *** this work, we point out that both multilayer and unimorph（or bimorph） piezoelectric actuators could act as stiffness/modulus sensors based on the principle of mechanical contact resonance. First, the practical design and the performance of a piezoelectric unimorph actuator–based stiffness sensor were presented. Then the working principle of piezoelectric multilayer actuator–based stiffness sensors was given and verified by numerical investigation. It was found that for these two types of resonance-based sensors, the shift of the resonance frequency due to contact is always positive, which is different from that of the contact impedance method. Further comparative sensitivity study indicated that the unimorph actuator–based stiffness sensor is very suitable for measurement on soft materials, whereas the multilayer actuator–based sensor is more suitable for hard materials.

关键词： piezoelectric stiffness multilayer actuator modulus hardness impedance shaped diamond verified

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Nondestructive testing method based on lamb waves for localization and extent of damage

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Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2017年第1期30卷 65-74页

作者： Jianlin Chen Zheng Li Kezhuang Gong State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex System College of EngineeringPeking University

Based on Lamb wave analysis of propagation in plate-like structures, a damage detection method is proposed that not only locates the position of the damage accurately but also estimates its size. Similar damage detection methods focus only on localization giving no quantitative estimation of extent. To improve detection, we propose two predictive circle methods for size estimation. Numerical simulations and experiments were performed for an aluminum plate with a hole. Two PZT configurations of different sizes were designed to excite and detect Lamb waves. From cross-correlation analysis, the damage location and extent can be determined. Results show that the proposed method enables a better quantitative resolution in detection, the size of the inspection area influences the accuracy of damage identification, and the closer is the inspected area to the damage, the more accurate are the results. The method proposed can be developed into a multiple-step detection method for multi-scale analysis with prospective accuracy.

关键词： Lamb wave Damage detection Cross correlation PZT wafer Aluminum plate

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Diffusion mechanism simulation of cloud manufacturing complex network based on cooperative game theory

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Journal of systems Engineering and Electronics 2018年第2期29卷 321-335页

作者： GENG Chao QU Shiyou XIAO Yingying WANG Mei SHI Guoqiang LIN Tingyu XUE Junjie JIA Zhengxuan Economics and Management School Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai Beijing Complex Product Advanced Manufacturing Engineering Research Center Beijing Simulation Center State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing System Technology Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering Science and Technology on Space System Simulation Laboratory Beijing Simulation Center

Cloud manufacturing is a specific implementation form of the "Internet + manufacturing" strategy. Why and how to develop cloud manufacturing platform(CMP), however, remains the key concern of both platform operators and users. A microscopic model is proposed to investigate advantages and diffusion forces of CMP through exploration of its diffusion process and mechanism. Specifically, a three-stage basic evolution process of CMP is innovatively proposed. Then, based on this basic process, a more complex CMP evolution model has been established in virtue of complex network theory, with five diffusion forces identified. Thereafter, simulations on CMP diffusion have been conducted. The results indicate that, CMP possesses better resource utilization,user satisfaction, and enterprise utility. Results of simulation on impacts of different diffusion forces show that both the time required for CMP to reach an equilibrium state and the final network size are affected simultaneously by the five diffusion forces. All these analyses indicate that CMP could create an open online cooperation environment and turns out to be an effective implementation of the "Internet + manufacturing" strategy.

关键词： complex network cloud manufacturing innovation diffusion network effect Gale-Shapley algorithm cooperative game theory

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Few-Shot Source Separation for IoT Anti-Jamming via Multi-Task Learning and Meta-Learning

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Guo, Pengcheng Yu, Miao Li, Cheng An, Kang Sun, Yifu Chatzinotas, Symeon Niyato, Dusit National University of Defense Technology Sixty-Third Research Institute China State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System China Kyung Hee University College of Electronics and Information Yongin-si17104 Korea Republic of Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science Singapore639798 Singapore

Malicious jamming attacks pose a significant threat to the integrity and performance of Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, many jamming patterns are rare or infrequent, which makes them difficult to counter effectively. This paper addresses the critical issue of anti-jamming (AJ) under few-shot sample conditions in IoT networks. Source separation is a key component of AJ communication. Although deep learning-based source separation has demonstrated significant advantages, it typically requires a large amount of labeled data, which can be impractical in certain environments. To overcome this challenge, we propose two novel schemes that leverage multi-task learning (MTL) and meta-learning (ML) to enhance the model's signal separation capabilities within the constraints of limited sample scenarios. MTL enhances robustness by leveraging shared representations across tasks, while ML allows for rapid adaptation to novel jamming signals with minimal samples. Specifically, we employ a modified separation model, SepFormer, as our baseline and integrate MTL and ML schemes to enable the separation of unknown or few-shot jamming signals. Additionally, we have constructed two datasets encompassing both simulated and real-world environmental data to test and evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. simulation results demonstrate the superior AJ performance of our schemes, particularly when compared with a direct application of the separation model with few-shot samples. Furthermore, our evaluation of performance across various jamming scenarios and interference-to-signal ratios (ISR) further confirms the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Zero-shot learning

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