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Transient Stability Analysis of Multi-Parallel Grid-Forming Converters Considering Active and Reactive power Control Coupling and Current Limiting

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IEEE Transactions on power Electronics 2025年第9期40卷 13615-13631页

作者： Wang, Zhi Guo, Li Li, Xialin Wang, Zhongguan Wu, Kaixuan Zhou, Xu Wang, Chengshan Tianjin University State key laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin300072 China

During fault recovery stage, multi-parallel grid-forming (MP-GFM) converters may re-trigger the current limiter, leading to transient synchronization instability. While most existing studies focus on the transient synchronization stability (TSS) of single converters, and the well-established TSS studies designed for synchronous generators are not directly applicable to MP-GFM converters due to two key differences: active and reactive power control loop (ARPCL) coupling and current limiting. This paper aims to address the TSS issue of MP-GFM converters during fault recovery stage, considering these two factors. Firstly, a mathematical model of a system with MP-GFM converters is developed, considering ARPCL coupling and current limiting. Then, for the first time, the current limiting constrained largest estimated domain of attraction (CL-LEDA) is defined and constructed. Specifically, unlike traditional energy function that only considers active power control dynamics, an analytical energy function that incorporates ARPCL coupling is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, considering current limiting constraint, a new idea to calculate the critical energy value is proposed based on LaSalle's invariance principle. Then, the CL-LEDA can be constructed by the obtained energy function and critical energy value. Provided that the operating state is located within this CL-LEDA at fault clearance moment, all MP-GFM converters will achieve transient stability, without triggering current limiting during faults recovery stage. Finally, experimental results based on RT-LAB hardware-in-the-loop and complete hardware-based experimental verify the analysis. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Transient stability

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A Regional Coupling Enhanced Omnidirectional Wireless power Transfer system With Low-Fluctuation Regulation Strategy

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IEEE Transactions on power Electronics 2025年第9期40卷 11918-11922页

作者： Li, Musong Zhang, Xian Chen, Zhixin Dai, Zhongyu Zhao, Liyuan Hebei University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin300401 China

Omnidirectional wireless power transfer (OWPT) systems can significantly enhance the charging freedom of the receiver (RC). Nevertheless, variations of RC position bring upon non-negligible output fluctuations, affecting the system stability and efficiency. Existing researches focus on the optimization of magnetic coupling structure (MCS) while being constrained by high control complexity. In this letter, a regional coupling enhanced OWPT system with low-fluctuation regulation strategy is proposed for consumer electronics products (CEP). Firstly, a MCS with self-decoupling multi-transmitter coils (TCs) of the OWPT system is discussed in detail. Secondly, a regulation strategy with high output stability and system efficiency under different working conditions is proposed, which requires only the adjustment of the input phase shift angle on the corresponding TC. Finally, a 100 V/100 kHz experimental prototype is built to validate the regulation strategy of the OWPT system. Experimental results show that the output voltage can be stabilized between 6.31V and 6.67V within a 90° rotational range, with a maximum fluctuation rate of 4.78% and the system efficiency is all over 76%. Meanwhile, in the planar region, the output voltage remains stable between 28.6V and 29.7V, with a maximum fluctuation rate of 3.79% and an average system efficiency of 86.9%. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Inductive power transmission

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A Flexible Dual-Mode Piezoelectric–Piezoresistive Sensor Based on MXene/PVDF-TrFE Hybrid Film

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第12期25卷 21141-21150页

作者： Wang, Zhihua Waga Arachchi, Vishodha Alahakoon, Charitha Hasnat Sayem, Sakib Hebei University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin300401 China Hebei University of Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices School of Electronics and Information Engineering Tianjin300401 China

The advancement of flexible wearable sensors is revolutionizing electronics, medical diagnostics, and human-machine interfaces. However, conventional sensors relying on a single detection mechanism face challenges in capturing both static and dynamic signals. Additionally, their fabrication often requires expensive and complex processes. A cost-effective, highly sensitive dual-mode sensor [flexible dual-mode sensor (FDMS)] integrating piezoelectric and piezoresistive mechanisms was developed to address these challenges. An MXene/PVDF-TrFE hybrid layer was fabricated using a simple solution casting method to ensure enhanced performance, durability, and scalability. The sensing layer’s scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and edge detection analysis confirmed a refined grain structure with uniformly dispersed nanosheets, contributing to superior electromechanical properties. Performance evaluations demonstrate a strong linear correlation between applied pressure and piezoelectric and piezoresistive signals. The FDMS exhibits exceptional piezoelectric sensitivity (87.66 mV/N) and piezoresistive sensitivity of 0.37 kPa1 in the ultralow-pressure range ( © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Piezoelectric transducers

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Ferrite Core Magnetothermal Equilibrium Design for Wireless power Transfer systems Using a Novel Differential Regulation Coil

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IEEE Transactions on power Electronics 2025年第9期40卷 14084-14098页

作者： Wei, Yize Zhang, Xian Chen, Zhixin Xu, Fei Tse, Chi K. Hebei University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin300401 China Hebei University of Technology Hebei Key Laboratory of Equipment and Technology Demonstration of Flexible DC Transmission Tianjin300401 China City University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical Engineering 999077 Hong Kong

The safe operation and durability of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system are challenged as the power level increases due to the uneven magnetothermal distribution in the ferrite core. However, existing research has rarely taken this issue into consideration. In this paper, a novel differential regulation (DR) coil is designed and installed in the magnetic coupled structure (MCS) to achieve a uniform magnetothermal distribution of the ferrite core. To provide a theoretical foundation for the DR coil design and to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed magnetothermal equilibrium design, a comprehensive magnetothermal equilibrium formula (MEF) is given. An 11.1 kW/85 kHz experimental prototype is built to validate the magnetothermal equilibrium method. Results show that utilizing the proposed DR coil, the maximum temperature of ferrite core and the leakage flux can be reduced by 20.0% and 18.2%, respectively. Moreover, the spatial distribution uniformity of the temperature on the ferrite core can be improved by 56.3%, and the uniformity of the spatial distribution of the magnetic flux density can be improved by 10.7%. Overall, the magnetothermal equilibrium of ferrite cores has increased by 28.1%. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Magnetic leakage

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Frequency Regulation Provision by EV Aggregator With Dynamic Balance Between User Charging Anxiety and Aggregate Flexibility

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IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2025年第4期16卷 2953-2967页

作者： Xu, Biao Luan, Wenpeng Zhao, Bochao Long, Chao Tianjin University State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin300072 China University of Liverpool Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics LiverpoolL69 3GJ United Kingdom

Aggregating a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) can provide considerable capacity for frequency regulation (FR) services. However, disaggregating real-time FR commands to individual EVs results in both immediate impacts to EVs and cascading impacts on future FR bidding. It is crucial to manage the trade-off between these two impacts during disaggregation. This paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based FR provision method that balances user charging anxiety and aggregate flexibility in real-time disaggregation. The immediate and cascading impacts of disaggregation are characterized in two objectives: 1) user compensation costs related to charging anxiety, and 2) the preservation of EV aggregate flexibility. Incorporating these two objectives, a multi-objective disaggregation optimization problem is formulated with a learnable soft switching factor to balance these objectives. To determine the optimal soft switching factor and achieve coordination between bidding and disaggregation, the DRL algorithm is employed to jointly optimize market bidding decisions and the soft switching factor. Additionally, a consistency-based solution is derived from the disaggregation problem to alleviate computational burdens and protect user privacy. Numerical simulations verify that the proposed method achieves at least 21.2% higher profits for EV aggregators compared to single-objective methods while maintaining low computational complexity. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

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Uninterruptable Hierarchical Distributed Coordinated Control Scheme of Islanded AC/DC Microgrid Clusters under Grid-Forming Converter Faults

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IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2025年第4期16卷 2762-2773页

作者： Xiao, Qian Yu, Haolin Jin, Yu Jia, Hongjie Mu, Yunfei Zhang, Yuwei Lu, Wenbiao Teodorescu, Remus Guerrero, Josep M. Tianjin University State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin300072 China Aalborg University Aalborg9220 Denmark Department of Electronic Engineering Barcelona08019 Spain ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona08010 Spain

Grid-forming converter faults in islanded hybrid AC/DC microgrid clusters could lead to voltage and frequency in-stability risk in the subgrid, thus threatening system operating safety. To solve this issue, this paper has proposed an uninter-ruptable hierarchical distributed coordinated control scheme of is-landed hybrid AC/DC microgrid clusters. Firstly, when grid-form-ing converter faults occur in a certain AC microgrid (ACMG), the interlinking converter connected with the faulty subgrid switches its control mode into grid-forming, providing stable voltage and frequency support for the faulty ACMG. Then, a two-layer coor-dinated control scheme is presented, where the first layer is de-signed for the remaining interlinking converters, and the second layer is designed for converters in normal subgrids and grid-fol-lowing converters in abnormal ACMG together with its interlink-ing converter. By the control mode switch of the IC and the two-layer coordinated control scheme, accurate power sharing can quickly fill the power deficit in the faulty subgrid, and the voltage and frequency of the microgrid clusters can remain stable. Verifi-cation results indicate that with the proposed scheme, the islanded AC/DC microgrid clusters can operate uninterruptedly under dif-ferent kinds of grid-forming converter faults. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Islanding

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Effects of Nonmetallic Particles on Discharges and Breakdown of Liquid Nitrogen

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 2025年

作者： Xing, Yunqi Zheng, Xu Xiao, Kunran Wang, Mingyang Hebei University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin300401 China

Aging of solid insulation and quenching heat of conductor in superconducting power equipment will degrade the insulation paper and generate fiber particle impurities, threatening the equipment's safe and stable operation. In this paper, the non-metallic particles in liquid nitrogen (LN2) are analyzed during force movement in DC, AC, and compound electric fields. The discharge and breakdown characteristics of LN2 containing particles under different electrode structures, voltage forms and particle properties are studied. The experiment results show that fiber particles have the least influence on the pin-plate electrode and breakdown voltage, and the influence of fiber particles on the plate-plate electrode and ball-ball electrode breakdown voltage is similar. The longitudinal electrode is easy to form a bridge under DC voltage, and the fiber particle concentration has a great influence on the initial discharge voltage and breakdown voltage. Particles move reciprocally in small amplitude under AC voltage and cannot form a bridge, but the insulation performance of LN2 is also weakened. Superposition voltage is more likely to cause insulation breakdown than the same value DC voltage, and the breakdown voltage is lower when the same polarity superposition than the different polarity. © 1994-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electric breakdown of liquids

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Surface Conductivity Graded Insulator for DC-GIS—Part II: Surface Charging and Metal Particle Lifting Behaviors

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 2025年

作者： Wang, Yuhuai Li, Jin Dong, Jianan Yao, Hang Liang, Hucheng Du, Boxue Tianjin University State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin300072 China

To investigate the effect of surface conductivity gradient design on the electric field regulation of insulators, the surface charging characteristics and metal particle lifting activity of surface conductivity graded insulators were measured under different operating conditions. The platform was designed to replicate the typical conditions of DC-GIS, including DC operating conditions, DC polarity reversal, and AC and DC superposition. The surface charge distribution of various types of insulators and the lifting voltage of metal particles near the insulators were tested. The results indicate that the surface conductivity graded insulator can regulate the surface charge distribution, significantly reduce electric field distortion around the insulator’s grounding shell, and inhibit the lifting behaviour of particles under DC conditions. In addition, the surface-conducting graded insulators demonstrate optimal charge modulation and suppression of metal particle activity under DC polarity reversal and AC-DC superposition conditions, effectively enhancing insulation performance under complex operating conditions. The study may serve as a valuable reference for the optimal design of DC GIS insulators. © 1994-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Surface charge

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High Gain Proportional Resonant Voltage Ripple Suppression for PWM Rectifiers Under Unbalanced Grid

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IEEE Transactions on power Electronics 2025年第9期40卷 13490-13498页

作者： Zhang, Yun Bai, Xiaoyu Gao, Yongping Song, Tianbao Huang, Zhen Wang, Xiaoran Tianjin University State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin300072 China State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company High Voltage Branch Tianjin300250 China Corporate Research Center Midea Foshan528300 China Nanchang University School of Information Engineering Nanchang330031 China Tianjin University National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage Tianjin300350 China

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifiers ensure a sinusoidal waveform of the input current, achieve a unit power factor, and maintain a stable DC voltage. However, under unbalanced grid conditions, the grid current becomes distorted, and the DC voltage exhibits a secondary ripple. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a high gain proportional resonant (HGPR) ripple suppression method, the ripple suppression speed of the HGPR is faster than that of proportional resonant (PR) controllers, compared to quasi proportional resonant (QPR) controllers, the HGPR controller offers higher gain and reduced steady-state error while maintaining a similar bandwidth and thus not affecting the stability of the system while maintaining the same parameter configuration. Compared with the existing DC voltage ripple suppression methods, the method proposed in this paper has stronger ripple suppression capability, lower computational complexity, and excellent dynamic performance. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed HGPR method can achieve low ripple DC voltage and low total harmonic distortion of current under grid voltage unbalance. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electric rectifiers

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Flexibility characterization and analysis of electric vehicle clusters based on real user behavior data

Flexibility characterization and analysis of electric vehicl...

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作者： Dong, Xiaohong Ren, Yanqi Zhou, Yue Si, Qianyu Dong, Xing Wang, Mingshen State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System Hebei University of Technology Tianjin300130 China School of Engineering Cardiff University Wales CardiffCF24 3AA United Kingdom State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute Nanjing211103 China

With the increase in electric vehicles (EVs), they have begun to be valued as a new flexibility resource. Characterizing the flexibility of EVs is conducive to fully utilizing their flexibility to support the operation of electric power systems. A flexibility characterization method for EVs based on real user behavior data was proposed. First, the raw data are cleaned to obtain a dataset for each EV user. Then, a clustering algorithm is used to mine the plug-in time habit of each EV user, and an EV flexibility potential index system is proposed to quantify the flexibility of EV users with adjustable capacity, on-grid time, and charging power under the plug-in time habit. Furthermore, based on the flexibility indexes, the EV flexibility region under each plug-in time habit was constructed. Finally by setting the generators reasonably, the flexibility characterization from one EV user to the EV user cluster that includes large EVs is realized with the help of the zonotope similar. The flexibility of 6903 EV users in Nanjing, China, was characterized. The results showed that the similarity was improved by 0.566 by resetting the generator. Simultaneously, the results demonstrate the flexibility of the EV cluster in different periods. For example, there is a capacity adjustment range of approximately 75–150 MWh in 20:00–22:00, and approximately 15–20 MWh in 2:00–4:00 for the power grid to carry out day-ahead dispatching of EVs to assist the operation of the power grid. © 2025

关键词： Electric vehicles Flexibility Flexible region User data Zonotope

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