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Accelerating internet penetration to rural areas: A government-sponsored internet-kiosks deployment project in Garut Regency, West Java of Indonesia

Accelerating internet penetration to rural areas: A governme...

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International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, Services, and Applications (TSSA)

作者： A. Kurniawan I. Zakia E. Wartika A.G. Austin School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Study Program of Film and Television Institut Seni Budaya Bandung Bandung Indonesia Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environment Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia

Internet penetration in developing countries depend on a variety of factors, including the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the density of telephone connections, and the density of personal computer users. Internet kiosks have been deployed in 21 rural ditrict areas of Garut Regency to facilitate internet access for local/district government as well as for the community who have no access to internet Each district was equiped with 10 PCs, a printer, a scanner, and an internet connection either using DSL or cellular access technology. The program was government sponsored through the Ministry of Communications and Information of the Republic of Indonesia. This program was also designed to provide education and training for the district internet kiosks operator as well as for the staffs of information technology at Garut Regency, on understanding, efficient use, management, maintenance, as well as the ethical/professional use of information to upgrade their skills. This study was then conducted to evaluate factors affecting internet penetration in rural areas of Garut Regency, West Java of Indonesia.

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Coverage and capacity trade-off using admission and power controlled CDMA system for wireless internet services in rural environments

Coverage and capacity trade-off using admission and power co...

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International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, Services, and Applications (TSSA)

In this paper the coverage and capacity of CDMA system is evaluated using admission and power control to serve for low to medium speed internet services, such as digital TV or film/video streaming in rural areas. One of the unique characteristics of CDMA system is that it is possible to trade off between capacity and its coverage, called the cell-breathing. Open loop and closed loop power control can be used to increase the capacity of CDMA system; while admission control can be applied to trade-off between its capacity and the coverage. Computer simulation was conducted to evaluate the power control performance in Rayleigh fading channel. Then semi-analytical evaluation was performed to obtain the coverage-capacity trade-off. The result shows that the capacity of CDMA systems increases when power control was employed. Numerical and semi analytical evaluation show that CDMA coverage and capacity can be traded-off to meet various demand of traffic capacity and cell coverage in rural environments.

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Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder

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Nature Genetics 2025年 1-13页

作者： Strom, Nora I. Gerring, Zachary F. Galimberti, Marco Yu, Dongmei Halvorsen, Matthew W. Abdellaoui, Abdel Rodriguez-Fontenla, Cristina Sealock, Julia M. Bigdeli, Tim Coleman, Jonathan R. Mahjani, Behrang Thorp, Jackson G. Bey, Katharina Burton, Christie L. Luykx, Jurjen J. Zai, Gwyneth Alemany, Silvia Andre, Christine Askland, Kathleen D. Bäckman, Julia Banaj, Nerisa Barlassina, Cristina Nissen, Judith Becker Bienvenu, O. Joseph Black, Donald Bloch, Michael H. Børte, Sigrid Bosch, Rosa Breen, Michael Brennan, Brian P. Brentani, Helena Buxbaum, Joseph D. Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas Byrne, Enda M. Cabana-Dominguez, Judit Camarena, Beatriz Camarena, Adrian Cappi, Carolina Carracedo, Angel Casas, Miguel Cavallini, Maria Cristina Ciullo, Valentina Cook, Edwin H. Crosby, Jesse Cullen, Bernadette A. De Schipper, Elles J. Delorme, Richard Djurovic, Srdjan Elias, Jason A. Estivill, Xavier Falkenstein, Martha J. Fundin, Bengt T. Garner, Lauryn Gironda, Christina Goes, Fernando S. Grados, Marco A. Grove, Jakob Guo, Wei Haavik, Jan Hagen, Kristen Harrington, Kelly Havdahl, Alexandra Höffler, Kira D. Hounie, Ana G. Hucks, Donald Hultman, Christina Janecka, Magdalena Jenike, Eric Karlsson, Elinor K. Kelley, Kara Klawohn, Julia Krasnow, Janice E. Krebs, Kristi Lange, Christoph Lanzagorta, Nuria Levey, Daniel Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin Macciardi, Fabio Maher, Brion Mathes, Brittany McArthur, Evonne McGregor, Nathaniel McLaughlin, Nicole C. Meier, Sandra Miguel, Euripedes C. Mulhern, Maureen Nestadt, Paul S. Nurmi, Erika L. O’Connell, Kevin S. Osiecki, Lisa Ousdal, Olga Therese Palviainen, Teemu Pedersen, Nancy L. Piras, Federica Potluri, Sriramya Rabionet, Raquel Ramirez, Alfredo Rauch, Scott Reichenberg, Abraham Riddle, Mark A. Ripke, Stephan Rosário, Maria C. Sampaio, Aline S. Schiele, Miriam A. Skogholt, Anne Heidi Sloofman, Laura G. Smit, Jan Artigas, María Soler Thomas, Laurent F. Tifft, Eric Vallada, Homero van Kirk, Nathanial Veenstra-VanderWeele, Jeremy Vulink, Nienke N. Walker, Christopher P. Wang, Ying Wendland, Jens R. Winsvold Department of Psychology Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany Department of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG) Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany Centre for Psychiatry Research Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Services Region Stockholm Stockholm Sweden Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience Translational Neurogenomics QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia Department of Population Health and Immunity Healthy Development and Ageing Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia Department of Psychiatry Human Genetics Yale University New Haven CT United States VA Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven CT United States Department of Center for Genomic Medicine Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA United States Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA United States Department of Genetics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC United States Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS) Genomics and Bioinformatics University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain Grupo de Medicina Xenómica Genetics Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain Vanderbilt Genetics Institute Vanderbilt University Nashville TN United States Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University Brooklyn NY United States VA NY Harbor Healthcare System Brooklyn NY United States Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Insti

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) affects ~1% of children and adults and is partly caused by genetic factors. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis combining 53,660 OCD cases and 2,044,417 controls and identified 30 independent genome-wide significant loci. Gene-based approaches identified 249 potential effector genes for OCD, with 25 of these classified as the most likely causal candidates, including WDR6, DALRD3 and CTNND1 and multiple genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. We estimated that ~11,500 genetic variants explained 90% of OCD genetic heritability. OCD genetic risk was associated with excitatory neurons in the hippocampus and the cortex, along with D₁ and D₂ type dopamine receptor-containing medium spiny neurons. OCD genetic risk was shared with 65 of 112 additional phenotypes, including all the psychiatric disorders we examined. In particular, OCD shared genetic risk with anxiety, depression, anorexia nervosa and Tourette syndrome and was negatively associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, educational attainment and body mass index. © The Author(s) 2025.

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Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies (vol 391, pg 1513, 2018)

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LANCET 2018年第10136期391卷 2212-2212页

作者： Wood, A. M. Kaptoge, S. Butterworth, A. S. [a]Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK [b]Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria [c]National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University Canberra Australia [d]MRC Biostatistics Unit Cambridge Institute of Public Health University of Cambridge Cambridge UK [e]NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory University of Cambridge Cambridge UK [f]Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway [g]National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven Netherlands [h]Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands [i]Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health Chiba Japan [j]Department of Community Medicine University of Tromsø Tromsø Norway [k]Nuffield Department of Population Health Medical Sciences Division University of Oxford Oxford UK [l]The George Institute for Global Health University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia [m]Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA [n]School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA [o]THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland [p]Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark [q]Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark [r]School of Medicine University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia [s]Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth WA Australia [t]Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research Perth WA Australia [u]London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK [v]Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden [w]Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA [x]CESP INSERM UMRS 1018 Villejuif Cedex France [y]Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London London UK [z]92 Deutsches Herzzentrum München Technische Universität München Munich Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular R

Summary Background Low-risk limits recommended for alcohol consumption vary substantially across different national guidelines. To define thresholds associated with lowest risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, we studied individual-participant data from 599 912 current drinkers without previous cardiovascular *** We did a combined analysis of individual-participant data from three large-scale data sources in 19 high-income countries (the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, EPIC-CVD, and the UK Biobank). We characterised dose-response associations and calculated hazard ratios (HRs) per 100 g per week of alcohol (12·5 units per week) across 83 prospective studies, adjusting at least for study or centre, age, sex, smoking, and diabetes. To be eligible for the analysis, participants had to have information recorded about their alcohol consumption amount and status (ie, non-drinker vs current drinker), plus age, sex, history of diabetes and smoking status, at least 1 year of follow-up after baseline, and no baseline history of cardiovascular disease. The main analyses focused on current drinkers, whose baseline alcohol consumption was categorised into eight predefined groups according to the amount in grams consumed per week. We assessed alcohol consumption in relation to all-cause mortality, total cardiovascular disease, and several cardiovascular disease subtypes. We corrected HRs for estimated long-term variability in alcohol consumption using 152 640 serial alcohol assessments obtained some years apart (median interval 5·6 years [5th-95th percentile 1·04-13·5]) from 71 011 participants from 37 *** In the 599 912 current drinkers included in the analysis, we recorded 40 310 deaths and 39 018 incident cardiovascular disease events during 5·4 million person-years of follow-up. For all-cause mortality, we recorded a positive and curvilinear association with the level of alcohol consumption, with the minimum mortality risk arou

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Development of customizable analytical derivation tool for algebraic function

Development of customizable analytical derivation tool for a...

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International Conference of Advanced informatics: Concept, Theory and Application (ICAICTA)

作者： Hendra Hadhil Choiri Nur Ulfa Maulidevi Informatics Engineering Study Program Institute of Technology Bandung Bandung Indonesia

One of the major problems in differential calculus is determining the derivative value of a function. A commonly used method is numerical derivative. The value obtained by this method is just approximation value. More accurate derivative value is obtained through analytic approach, by looking for general forms of the derivative function. Problem solving agent approach can be utilized to develop such tool, where the operators and constants in the function should be easily customized. It requires four steps in deriving function: parsing, deriving, simplification, and output returning step. User enters the function in a string, and it will be converted into an abstract syntax tree. This tree is traced by DFS algorithm to be derived and simplified. Based on the test results, the analytical derivation requires short processing time. Derivative results are correct, but simplifications are less optimal in some test cases. The modification of constants, operators, and the derivative rules can be done easily.

关键词： Syntactics Calculus Abstracts MATLAB informatics Problem-solving Polynomials

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Stabilization of nonlinear systems with coarse quantization

Stabilization of nonlinear systems with coarse quantization

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World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA)

作者： Wei Ren Junlin Xiong Informatics Engineering Study Program Institute of Technology Bandung Bandung Indonesia

This paper addresses feedback stabilization problem for nonlinear dynamic systems with quantized measurements and delays in the presence of external disturbances. In the context, the quantizer has two parameters to adjust the center and the range. The applied controller switches between zooming out phase and zooming in phase repeatedly. Both two phases are divided into two modes. First, based on the trajectory and mechanism of the whole closed-loop system, both the state feedback stabilization and the output feedback stabilization are studied and the results on ISS property are given. Further, we consider the cases with delays, and achieve stabilizable results.

关键词： Quantization (signal) Nonlinear systems Delays State estimation Closed loop systems Output feedback

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The Indonesian Language speech synthesizer based on the Hidden Markov Model

The Indonesian Language speech synthesizer based on the Hidd...

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International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICEECS)

作者： Kevin Alfianto Jangtjik Dessi Fuji Lestari Informatics/Computer Sciences Study Program Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia

Speech synthesizer is a technology which gives the computer a capability to speech text sequences. In this research, we develop a speech synthesizer for Indonesian Language based on the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The Speech synthesizer using the HMM can produce more appropriate result than based on the syllable concatenation. There are some studies of speech synthesizers using HMM for Indonesian Language. However, it still has some problems such as it still cannot distinguish between vowel "e" ("e" in "get" is different from "e" in "apple"); It cannot handle abbreviation, numbers, special characters, and foreign (English) terms widely. In this research, we also proposed some methods to solve those problems. To solve "e" problem, this research divided the HMM for the 2 "e" vowel. To solve the other problems, the "e" rules, the abbreviation rules, the number rules, the special character rules, and the foreign term rules are made. To evaluate the synthesizer, we employ two methods: the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) to measure the naturalness of synthesized speech; and the Semantically Unpredictable Sentence (SUS) to measure the accuracy of the synthesized speech. Result shows that the developed speech synthesizer improved the naturalness of synthesized speech. It achieves 4.1 for MOS point and 96,07 % word accuracy.

关键词： Speech Hidden Markov models Synthesizers Dictionaries Accuracy Context Digital signal processing

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Actor and Use Case Extraction from Text-Based Requirement Specification

Actor and Use Case Extraction from Text-Based Requirement Sp...

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International Conference Image Processing, Computers and Industrial Engineering (ICICIE’2014, Kuala Lumpur)

作者： Elisa Margareth Sibarani Andry Hutagaol Deppy Simarmata Juniaty Manihuruk Del Institute of Technology the Informatics Engineering Study Program Del Institute of Technology

Initial stage in software development lifecycle is requirements gathering steps which results a text-based requirements specification *** problem in analyzing those requirements is the difficulty of identifying the functionality of the software,especially when there are so many descriptions elicited from the gathering *** objective of this research is analyzing the process to identify actor and use case of the system to be *** the requirements were described in the form of natural language,therefore it needs natural language *** proposed solution is simplification form by only doing the syntax analysis to provide a quick *** tool is built in Java by accept active sentences in *** evaluation result proves that the tool is able to list actor and use cases from a given system *** future work is able to process passive sentence with complex structure not only in the Subject-Predicate-Object form.

关键词： Software requirements actor use case syntax analysis

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Genome-wide association and HLA fine-mapping studies identify risk loci and genetic pathways underlying allergic rhinitis (vol 50, pg 1072, 2018)

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NATURE GENETICS 2018年第9期50卷 1343-1343页

作者： Waage, Johannes Standl, Marie Curtin, John A. Jessen, Leon E. Thorsen, Jonathan Tian, Chao Schoettler, Nathan Flores, Carlos Abdellaoui, Abdel Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S. Alves, Alexessander C. Amaral, Andre F. S. Anto, Josep M. Arnold, Andreas Barreto-Luis, Amalia Baurecht, Hansjorg van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M. Bleecker, Eugene R. Bonas-Guarch, Silvia Boomsma, Dorret I. Brix, Susanne Bunyavanich, Supinda Burchard, Esteban G. Chen, Zhanghua Curjuric, Ivan Custovic, Adnan den Dekker, Herman T. Dharmage, Shyamali C. Dmitrieva, Julia Duijts, Liesbeth Ege, Markus J. Gauderman, W. James Georges, Michel Gieger, Christian Gilliland, Frank Granell, Raquel Gui, Hongsheng Hansen, Torben Heinrich, Joachim Henderson, John Hernandez-Pacheco, Natalia Holt, Patrick Imboden, Medea Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta Jarvis, Deborah L. Jensen, Kamilla K. Jonsdottir, Ingileif Kabesch, Michael Kaprio, Jaakko Kumar, Ashish Lee, Young-Ae Levin, Albert M. Li, Xingnan Lorenzo-Diaz, Fabian Melen, Erik Mercader, Josep M. Meyers, Deborah A. Myers, Rachel Nicolae, Dan L. Nohr, Ellen A. Palviainen, Teemu Paternoster, Lavinia Pennell, Craig E. Pershagen, Goran Pino-Yanes, Maria Probst-Hensch, Nicole M. Ruschendorf, Franz Simpson, Angela Stefansson, Kari Sunyer, Jordi Sveinbjornsson, Gardar Thiering, Elisabeth Thompson, Philip J. Torrent, Maties Torrents, David Tung, Joyce Y. Wang, Carol A. Weidinger, Stephan Weiss, Scott Willemsen, Gonneke Williams, L. Keoki Ober, Carole Hinds, David A. Ferreira, Manuel A. Bisgaard, Hans Strachan, David P. Bonnelykke, Klaus COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK 23andMe Inc. Mountain View CA USA Department of Human Genetics University of Chicago Chicago IL USA Research Unit Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain Department of Biological Psychology Netherlands Twin Register VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK Population Health and Occupational Disease National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK ISGlobal Barcelona Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Barcelona Spain Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology University-Hospital Schleswig-Hostein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany Divisions of Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Genomics and Precision Medicine Department of Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology Barcelona Spain APH Amsterdam Public Health Amsterdam The Netherlands Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denma

Allergic rhinitis is the most common clinical presentation of allergy, affecting 400 million people worldwide, with increasing incidence in westernized countries1,2. To elucidate the genetic architecture and understan... 详细信息

Allergic rhinitis is the most common clinical presentation of allergy, affecting 400 million people worldwide, with increasing incidence in westernized countries^1,2. To elucidate the genetic architecture and understand the underlying disease mechanisms, we carried out a meta-analysis of allergic rhinitis in 59,762 cases and 152,358 controls of European ancestry and identified a total of 41 risk loci for allergic rhinitis, including 20 loci not previously associated with allergic rhinitis, which were confirmed in a replication phase of 60,720 cases and 618,527 controls. Functional annotation implicated genes involved in various immune pathways, and fine mapping of the HLA region suggested amino acid variants important for antigen binding. We further performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses of allergic sensitization against inhalant allergens and nonallergic rhinitis, which suggested shared genetic mechanisms across rhinitis-related traits. Future studies of the identified loci and genes might identify novel targets for treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis.

关键词： Allergy Genome-wide association studies

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Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law

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Injury Epidemiology 2016年第1期3卷 1-11页

作者： Olsen, Cody S. Thomas, Andrea M. Singleton, Michael Gaichas, Anna M. Smith, Tracy J. Smith, Gary A. Peng, Justin Bauer, Michael J. Qu, Ming Yeager, Denise Kerns, Timothy Burch, Cynthia Cook, Lawrence J. Department of Pediatrics Division of Critical Care University of Utah School of Medicine 295 Chipeta Way Salt Lake City 84108 UT United States Department of Biostatistics Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center University of Kentucky College of Public Health 333 Waller Ave. Suite 206 Lexington 40504 KY United States Minnesota Department of Health 85 East Seventh Place Suite 220 St. Paul 55164 MN United States Health and Demographics Section South Carolina Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office Rembert C. Dennis Building 1000 Assembly Street Suite 240 Columbia 29201 SC United States Center for Injury Research and Policy The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital The Ohio State University College of Medicine 700 Children’s Drive Columbus 43205 OH United States Connecticut Department of Public Health Community Family and Health Equity Section Public Health Initiatives Branch 410 Capitol Avenue MS# 11-HLS Hartford 06134 CT United States New York State Department of Health Bureau of Occupational Health and Injury Prevention Empire State Plaza Corning Tower Room 1325 Albany 12237 NY United States Division of Public Health Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services Epidemiology and Health Informatics Unit PO Box 95026 Lincoln 68509 NE United States Georgia Department of Public Health Injury Prevention Program 2 Peachtree Street NW 10.414 Atlanta 30303 GA United States National Study Center for Trauma and EMS University of Maryland Baltimore 110 South Paca Street Baltimore 21201 MD United States

Background: Despite evidence that motorcycle helmets reduce morbidity and mortality, helmet laws and rates of helmet use vary by state in the U.S. Methods: We pooled data from eleven states: five with universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System’s General Use Model and included motorcycle crash records probabilistically linked to emergency department and inpatient discharges for years 2005-2008. Medical outcomes were compared between partial and universal helmet law settings. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log-binomial regression. Results: Reported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %). Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in partial law states (emergency department $1987 vs. $1443;inpatient $31,506 vs. $25,949). Injuries to the head and face, including traumatic brain injuries, were more common in partial law states. Effectiveness estimates of helmet use were higher in partial law states (adjusted-RR (CI) of head injury: 2.1 (1.9-2.2) partial law single vehicle;1.4 (1.2, 1.6) universal law single vehicle;1.8 (1.6-2.0) partial law multivehicle;1.2 (1.1-1.4) universal law multi-vehicle). Conclusions: Medical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain injuries among motorcyclists were lower in universal law states. Helmets were effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings;lower effectiveness estimates were observed in universal law states. © 2016 Olsen et al.

关键词： Charges Hospital charges Injury Legislation Log-binomial regression Motor vehicle crash Motorcycle helmet Motorcycle helmet law Probabilistic linkage Traumatic brain injury

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