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SURFACE SHIP COMBAT system UPGRADE engineering

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 180-193页

作者： HOLDEN, RA The author is a physicist in the Systems Engineering Branch Aegis Ship Combat Systems Division at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC). He received a B.S. degree in physics and mathematics from Arkansas Polytechnic College in 1965 attended graduate school at Southern Illinois University and University of Illinois receiving a M.S. degree in physics in 1967. He was an electro optics engineer for Delco Electronics before joining NSWC in 1972. He worked as a physicist in naval weapons guidance and control technology from 1972 until joining the Aegis shipbuilding program in 1983. Currently he serves as a combat system engineering group leader supporting the Aegis Program Office (NSWC). In this position he is responsible for a task supporting the Aegis Project Office (PMS-400) for present and planned combat system R&D.

Construction of new ships is typically limited to a rate of two to five per year. The lead ship of a class requires several years for design and construction and follow-on ships are completed at the typical production rate. The total time period to complete a class of multimission surface combatants is fifteen to twenty years. As ships are constructed the combat system gradually falls behind in warfighting capability and may be changed piecemeal in an attempt to keep pace with the advancing threat. Piecemeal changes are costly and create a proliferation of equipments and configurations. An acquisition strategy is described which avoids the annual capability upgrades but provides introduction of state-of-the-art technology at preplanned points in the building program. This will insure maximum commonality and modernization. Defining preplanned combat system upgrades consists of engineering conceptual systems as a departure from real systems under development. For modern integrated combat systems such as Aegis this requires evaluating all changes in terms of total impact on the functional and physical characteristics of the system. This paper describes an approach which defines combat system configurations as baselines and periodically evaluates emerging technology to define new baseline configurations. The configurations defined in this manner insure maximum commonality among ships of the class and still maintains warfighting capability.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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DATA MULTIPLEX system (DMS) - ASPECTS OF FLEET INTRODUCTION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第6期100卷 41-47页

作者： BLACKWELL, LM Luther M. Blackwell:is presently the Data Multiplex System (DMS) program manager in the Bridge Control Monitoring and Information Transfer Branch of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea). He graduated from the University of Maryland in 1964 receiving his BS degree in electrical engineering. After graduating he was employed in the Bureau of Ships where he held project engineering assignments on various ships entertainment magnetic tape recording fiber optics computer mass memory and information transfer systems. He has also pursued graduate studies in engineering management at The George Washington University.

The Data Multiplex system (DMS) is a general-purpose information transfer system directed toward fulfilling the internal data intercommunication requirements of a variety of naval combatant ships and submarines in the 1990–2000 time frame. The need for a modern data transfer system of the size and capability of DMS has increased as various digital control systems throughout naval ships have adopted distributed processing architectures and reconfigurable control consoles, and as the quantity of remotely sensed and controlled equipment throughout the ship has increased manyfold over what it was in past designs. Instead of miles of unique cabling that must be specifically designed for each ship, DMS will meet information transfer needs with general-purpose multiplex cable that will be installed according to a standard plan that does not vary with changes to the ship's electronics suite. Perhaps the greatest impact of DMS will be the decoupling of ship subsystems from each other and from the ship. Standard multiplex interfaces will avoid the cost and delay of modifying subsystems to make them compatible. The ability to wire a new ship according to a standard multiplex cable plan, long before the ship subsystems are fully defined, will free both the ship and the subsystems to develop at their own pace, will allow compression of the development schedules, and will provide ships with more advanced subsystems. This paper describes the DMS system as it is currently being introduced into the fleet by the U.S. Navy. The results of its design and implementation in the DDG-51 and LHD-1 class ships are also presented.

关键词： Multiplexing Equipment

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THE IMPROVED 16-INCH GUN WEAPON system

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 194-203页

作者： WHITE, RW ANTONIUK, TH LCdr. Richard W. White USN: is a mechanical engineering instructor at the United States Naval Academy. He holds a BS in naval architecture from the Naval Academy (Class of 1977) and an MS in mechanical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. An engineering duty officer and a weapons systems subspecialist LCdr. White served as 16-in. ammunition technical direction agent and project manager for battleship improvement programs at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Va. Thomas H. Antoniuk:holds a BS in physics from Seton Hall University and an MBA from the University of Delaware. A Reserve engineering duty officer he has been serving as system analyst for the 16 inch Naval Gunfire Improvement Program for two years at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Va. He previously performed an analysis on the Soviet 100-mm and 130-mm gun systems. He is currently examining the feasibility and operational utility of integrating veloci-meters into the Mk 92 Gun Fire Control System.

The Iowa class battleships are being returned to active service without significant modifications to their 16-inch Gun Weapon system (GWS). The ordnance, 16-in. guns and associated fire control equipment are currently 1940's vintage technology. The reactivation was accomplished without significant modernization to the gun systems due primarily to funding limitations. In the late 1970s naval gunfire had fallen out of vogue and no pressing need for 16-in. GWS improvements existed. With the development and subsequent deployment of the landing craft air cushion (LCAC) and the MV-22A Osprey, naval surface fire support (NSFS) of Marine amphibious operations was reexamined. Specifically, the means of generating supporting fire from surface combatants required extensive analysis. The resulting analysis indicated that the most cost-effective partial solution to the problem was an extensive modernization of the battleship's 16-in./50 GWS. With such a modernization, the range, lethality, and response time of the weapon would be significantly improved. Except for the gun turrets themselves, the 16-in. GWS will be almost completely modernized. Extensive modification of the ordnance and fire control system will be accomplished. This paper first discusses the reasons for the improvement in the 16-in. GWS. It describes, in detail, the new 16-in. ordnance under development, highlighting the operational issues which drive the engineering approach. Finally, the new gun fire control system (FCS) is described. The advantages of streamlining with digital equipment are highlighted. Some unique features of the FCS, which are appropriate in its operational environment, are discussed.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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A COMPUTER-MODEL FOR DAMAGE TOLERANCE ANALYSIS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第5期100卷 59-68页

作者： FAIRHEAD, DL COHEN, SL Steven L. Cohen:heads the Survivability and Damage Control Office at the David Taylor Research Center. His career has addressed a wide range of technical and management responsibilities in the areas of HM&E systems design magnetic signatures system safety of surface ships and submarines shipboard energy conservation RDT&E (future fleet) life cycle costing survivability damage control CBR defense and management information systems. He has participated in all phases of the ship design process from conceptual design through ship construction operational evaluation and overhaul/modernization. Mr. Cohen is a graduate of Drexel University where he majored in electrical engineering and has more recently taken courses in the fields of systems engineering program management costing and microcomputer-based information and decision support systems.

A computer model is being developed by the David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) to analyze the tolerance of surface ship combat systems to combat-induced and self-inflicted damage. The work is being done in support of the Navy's hull, mechanical and electrical design effort to improve the survivability of surface ship combat systems. The DDG-51 Detailed Design Specifications (Section 072f) and the General Specifications for Ships of the U.S. Navy (1986 Section 072e) both require that damage tolerance analyses be performed. A damage tolerance analysis shows the effect of damage on vital auxiliary and electrical systems and relates these damage effects to the capability of the ship to continue performing its combat mission at a prescribed level. Designated the Computer Aided Design of Survivable Distributed systems (CADSDiS) model, DTRC's deterministic analytical tool consists of portable software to be used by personnel at the activity responsible for the ship design. The model's graphics electrical module is now operating on Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computers at several Navy and commercial activities. Because CADSDiS is highly interactive, it becomes an integral part of the design cycle; this is its major benefit. Thus, damage tolerance analysis information is available to personnel designing the ship within hours or days rather than weeks or months. This computer model will help ensure that the survivability principles of separation and redundancy are incorporated into ship design and are realized in the ship as built.

关键词： Warships

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ROCKET MOTOR DESIGN FOR UNDERWATER SHOCK

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 215-225页

作者： YAGLA, JJ The authorreceived his B.A. degree in science (physics) from the Slate College of Iowa in 1965. He received his M.S. degree in engineering mechanics in 1968 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and engineering science in 1981 from Arizona State University. He has done analytical and experimental research in the field of weapons blast and dynamical response since 1965 at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren Virginia. As a supervisory research mechanical engineer he was previously head of the Physical Response Analysis Branch Blast Effects Branch and Ship Engineering Branch. Dr. Yagla is the test development agent and was test conductor for the gun and missile structural test firings in USSIowaclass battleships. He is a consultant to the Naval Sea Systems Command battleship combat system engineer and the Naval Air Systems Command Cruise Missile Project for blast and structural response. He has been involved in the development of Standard missile and its launching systems since 1969. He participated in the design of shock tests for the Mk 104 rocket motor and analyzed the data. He is presently analyzing shock and vibration problems for the Standard Missile Program Office.

Naval ships and equipment are designed to survive underwater shock. The underwater shock can result from a nearby explosion of a bomb or missile, or the underwater detonation of a nuclear weapon. The shock wave travels through the water and applies an impulsive pressure load to the ship. The ship responds by a sudden acceleration in a direction up and away from the explosion. The motion of the ship is imparted to its weapons and equipment. In the case of Standard missile, impulsive loads are applied to the missiles stowed in the magazines. The evolutionary design of rocket motor chambers and launch shoes for Standard missile for underwater shock is traced from the early Tartar missile to the latest version of Standard missile. As the weight of the missile has increased and the performance requirements have become more demanding, the design of the weapon for underwater shock has become more difficult. The paper explains the design approaches and techniques. Theoretical and experimental methods have been required. Finally, the paper highlights the experiences and problems in conducting underwater shock experiments with production systems in ships at sea.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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OUT-OF-PRODUCTION MICRO-ELECTRONICS - AN ACHILLES HEEL OF DEFENSE systemS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第5期100卷 69-72页

作者： MACKENZIE, CM WOOTTEN, R HOY, K NEELY, J KOSCO, D SMITH, W C. Malcolm Mackenzie:is the Materials and Parts Availability Control program manager at U.S. Army Laboratory Command Adelphi Md. Mr. Mackenzie has a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Northwestern University an M.S. degree in the same field from the University of Michigan and an M.B.A. from East Texas State University. Richard Wootten:is project officer of the U.S. Army Material Command's Materials and Parts Availability Control Information Data System Project Adelphi Md. Mr. Wootten holds an associate's degree in mechanical engineering from Northern Virginia Community College and a Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering from The University of Alabama. Kevin Hoy:is manager of the Microelectronics Obsolescence Management Program at the Naval Avionics Center Indianapolis. Mr. Hoy holds both bachelor and master of science degrees in mathematics from Purdue University. James Neely:is leader of the Materials Management Team Industrial Materials Division in the Directorate of Manufacturing Air Force Systems Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Neely holds a bachelor's degree in political science from The University of Georgia and a master of science degree in public administration from The University of Missouri. Don Kosco:is an electronics engineer currently involved with introducing new technologies into weapons systems. He is in the Directorate of Reliability Maintainability and Technology Policy HQ Air Force Logistics Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Kosco holds a bachelor of engineering degree from Widener University a master's in systems engineering from The Air Force Institute of Technology and an MBA from the University of Texas at San Antonio. William Smith:is head of the Plans Branch in the Office of Policy and Plans Defense Electronics Supply Center (DESC) Dayton Ohio. He was for many years manager ofDESC's Diminishing Manufacturing Sources (DMS) Program. Mr. Smith holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science from Indiana University.

Both the timely manufacture of defense systems and their subsequent on-line operability depend upon the availability of component parts. The growing problem of microelectronic component nonavailability is casting a shadow over logistics support to these systems. This paper will discuss the causes of the problem and provide some examples of cases confronted by the DoD logistics community. It will also identify some actions which have been taken in the past to manage the issue as well as initiatives now underway. Finally it will look at what lies ahead.

关键词： Microelectronics

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HISTORY OF COAST-GUARD SURFACE EFFECT SHIP PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 237-250页

作者： LARIMER, G MCCOLLUM, J SCHAUB, B VANLIEW, D WHIPPLE, C Gary Larimer:received his B.S. (1974) and M.S. (1975) degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. He has worked with the Bechtel Professional Corporation the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center and the United States Coast Guard. He is a member of SNAME ASNE ABYC and IMTI. He is the author of “Reaction Fin Applications In Marine Propulsion” which documented the use of asymmetric pre-swirl vanes to increase propulsion efficiency aboard a 41-ft Coast Guard utility boat. It was presented on 5 March 1987 at the Hampton Roads section of SNAME and was nominated for the section paper of the year award. CWO3 Joe Bobby McCollum USCG: iscurrently engineering officer of the Surface Effect Ship Division Seventh Coast Guard District Key West Florida. Prior to this assignment he was assistant engineering officer on the USCGCUte.His other duty tours included engineering assignments on theCape Currenta 95-foot patrol boat on the USCGCUnimak a 311-foot cutter CG Loran Station Upolo Point Hawaii and CG Station Sabine Pass Texas. CWO McCollum was responsible for modifying and repairing the SESs and contributed many unique problem solving ideas which resulted in much improved operation of the Coast Guard Surface Effect Ship Division. Benton H. Schaub:is a senior engineer with Maritime Dynamics Inc. He has a bachelor of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Schaub has fifteen years of experience working as a test engineer project engineer and design engineer on advanced marine vehicle projects and is a recognized authority in the areas of hull structure seal system and machinery design for surface effect ships. He has participated in virtually every USN SES design development and test evaluation program including: XR-5 XR-10 SES-100A SES-100A1 and the SES-200. He is currently responsible for performing detailed design and analysis in support of the seal system for the Germa

During the early 1980s the United States Coast Guard took delivery of three surface effect ships (SES) from Bell Halter, Inc. These 136-ton, 30-knot plus, aluminum hulled cutters were to be used primarily for drug interdiction in the southeastern United States. By early 1985, however, the full load weight of these cutters had grown to 150 long tons, and their top speed had dropped to below 23 knots in calm water. By mid-1985, operation of all three SESs was suspended to prevent possible catastrophic failure of their main engines. At this point, the USCG joined ranks with Textron Marine systems (then Bell Aerospace), and Detroit Diesel to analyze what had gone wrong, and to propose solutions to the problems encountered. From that beginning, the performance of the Coast Guard's SESs has steadily and dramatically improved until at present all three cutters are able to exceed their original performance specifications. This paper discusses the problems experienced with the SESs, including engine overloading, vibration, ride quality, seal wear, poor lift system performance, and metal cracking, along with the corrective actions taken to solve them. The cooperation between government and private industry, which made this dramatic turn-around in performance possible, is also explored. Lessons learned about SES technology are viewed in relation to the general experience of the Coast Guard with other types of high performance hull forms.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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SIMPLIFICATION OF GAS-TURBINE INTAKE ANTI-ICE systemS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第1期100卷 45-52页

作者： EXELL, JR KILLINGER, A LCdr. John R. Excell: USN received a bachelor of architecture from the University of Michigan and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the U. S. Navy Postgraduate School. He was commissioned in 1973 serving first as damage control assistant aboard USSGuadalcanal(LPH-7) and later as commissioning main propulsion assistant on USSMerrill(DD-976). He became an engineering duty officer in 1979 and served at Norfolk Naval Shipyard as senior ship superintendent for six ships and later within the shipyard Design Department. In May 1984 LCdr. Exell was assigned to the DD-963 Class Special Projects Office as program manager for air system improvements including the bleed air and anti-ice systems. He recently completed the Defense Systems Management College Ft. Belvoir VA and returned to NavSea PMS 377 as deputy for strategic sealift programs. Arthur Killinger:graduated from the University of Maryland in 1968 with a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering. He joined MPR Associates Inc. working on submarine safety design reviews following the loss of USSScorpion(SSN 589). After two years in the U.S. Army Nuclear Reactor Program and a year as U.S. Army engineer maintenance advisor in the Republic of Vietnam he returned to MPR Associates Inc. in 1972. Since then he has worked on nuclear power plant projects for several electric utilities as well as submarine and surface ship overhaul and maintenance improvement programs for the U.S. Navy. Mr. Killinger is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This paper describes the steps taken to simplify the gas turbine intake anti-ice systems on DD-963 and DDG-993 class ships. The anti-ice system was designed and built as fully-automatic protection against intake duct icing on main propulsion turbines and electric generator turbines. Operating experience with the system indicated that it was nonfunctional more than 60% of the time. The system's poor availability was caused by its complexity, lack of use, lack of spare parts, poor training and documentation, and design and material problems. A Navy Independent Design Review Team (IDRT) reexamined the technical bases for installing an automatic anti-ice system and demonstrated that automatic control was not necessary for gas turbine intake duct anti-icing. A series of design review calculations and shipboard tests confirmed that anti-icing protection could be provided by manual control of installed butterfly valves feeding hot air to each turbine intake. The time from the IDRT design simplification recommendations to the first modification of the anti-ice system was less than one year. To date, half of the 30 of the 35 ships in the two classes have been modified. This system simplification will result in life cycle maintenance cost savings in excess of 13 million dollars. Future CG-47 class and DDG-51 class ships will include this simplified approach to anti-ice system design for gas turbine intakes.

关键词： GAS TURBINES

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NTDS - A PAGE IN NAVAL HISTORY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 53-61页

作者： SWENSON, EN MAHINSKE, EB STOUTENBURGH, JS Capt. Erick N. Swenson USNR (Ret.):is a project manager for special projects in the Surface Ship Systems Division Hughes Aircraft Company Fullerton Calif where he has been employed since his retirement from the U.S. Navy in 1975. Originally trained as an electronics technician during WWII in the Captain Eddy program he later received a BS degree in electrical engineering from the University of Rochester Rochester N. Y. in 1950. Subsequent engineering education was received at the University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Penn. and the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey Calif. After commissioning he was ordered to duty as the electronics division officer on the USSMissouri(BB-63) and electronics ships superintendent at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard San Francisco Calif. When the design of the Naval Tactical Data System began in the mid-1950s Lt. (j.g.) Swenson was ordered to the Bureau of Ships Navy Department Washington D.C. as the junior engineering duty only officer assigned to the project. From 1962 to 1965 LCdr. Swenson was assigned as the BuShips technical representative on the program at Remington Rand Univac St. Paul Minn. For the next ten years he returned to BuShips/NavSea/NAVSEC as the NTDS project officer. During this time the project expanded considerably foreign military sales were heavily involved and interoperability with other services and countries were established. His final effort on active duty was to instigate the redesign of the previousSpruanceclass destroyers into the newerAdmiral Kiddclass improvement program. He is a registered professional electrical engineer in the State of California listed inWho's Who in the Worldis a life member of ASNE and chairman of the Long Beach/Greater LA Section. Capt. Edmund B. Mahinske USN (Ret.):is an alumnus of the U.S. Naval Academy the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Business School. His technical background is in electronics and he specialized in the management of programs involving the application of comp

A little over thirty years ago, a group of naval engineers were assembled by the Bureau of Ships to develop a new system approach to the combat information center (CIC). The CIC of World War II, with its “grease pencil” plots and voice telling of tactical information from sensors and other ships, could no longer provide the timely, coordinated reaction to postwar threats. This project group led the Navy into the new world of large-scale, high-speed digital electronics and into a new mode of conducting naval warfare as well. There were no off-the-shelf computers of the requisite capability, size and reliability; what were available were monstrous vacuum tube computers. There were no display equipments that were “conversant” in both the digital language of the computer and the analog language of the sensors and the weapon systems. Who ever heard, at that time, of a computer running a tactical communication net automatically? It was hard enough to find sufficient numbers of engineers who knew what a digital computer was. This paper, by three naval engineers in the implementing engineering office, depicts the evolvement of the Naval Tactical Data systems (NTDS) as they saw it. It discusses the problems that stemmed from the transition from the old world of analog into the new digital world, the system concepts that steered the development; the key decisions that were made; new electronic equipment and processes that became necessary; and the need of the mangagement to face the real world of deadlines, ship schedules and operational requirements.

关键词： NAVAL WARFARE

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HEAT-TRANSFER STUDIES ON A ROCKET NOZZLE FOR NAVAL APPLICATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第1期100卷 29-35页

作者： DAS, DK MOORE, GR BOYER, CT Dr. Debendra K. Das:is assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. A graduate of Sambalpur University India (BS) 1972 Brown University Rhode Island (MS) 1974 and University of Rhode Island (Ph.D.) 1983 Dr. Das is a registered professional engineer in Rhode Island. He was formerly employed at the Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren Virginia where he performed studies on rocket nozzles and aerodynamic heating for the Navy's missile program. Dr. Glen R. Moore:received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Wichita State University in 1967 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from Arizona State University in 1969 and 1971. Since 1971 he has been employed by the Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren Virginia. He has been extensively involved in the analysis and testing of Navy gun and missile system launch environments and their effects on personnel equipment and ships. Dr. Moore has authored numerous reports and papers on gun blast and rocket motor plume environments. He is currently a member of the JANNAF Exhaust Plume Technology Subcommittee. Dr. Charles T. Boyer:received his B.S. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1969 1971 and 1984. He served as an intelligence officer and battery commander in the U.S. Army from 1971 until 1973 in Germany. Since 1974 he has worked at the Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren Virginia. He was involved with the analysis and design of gun propelling charge assemblies and with the analysis and measurement of heat transfer from these charge assemblies to the gun bore from 1974 through 1980. Since 1980 he has analyzed and measured the heat transfer from rocket exhaust plumes to ablators used to protect ships and their equipment. He has also analyzed the in-depth heat transfer in these ablators. Currently Dr. Boyer is the project manager for the generic booster/vertical launching system compatibility test program. He has authored numerous reports and p

Heat transfer results are presented here for a rocket nozzle that uses aluminized solid propellant. The Solid Performance Computer program (SPP) was employed to calculate the two-dimensional, two-phase flow properties inside the nozzle. Utilizing the properties of particle phase obtained from this program, calculations were made for the heat flux due to particle impingement. Predictions are also presented for convective and radiative heat transfer along the nozzle surface. A comparison was made to assess the magnitudes of various modes of heat transfer. The methodology and results presented in this paper should provide useful data to designers of new rocket nozzles and should aid studies to improve the design of existing nozzles.

关键词： HEAT TRANSFER

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