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Nafion edge passivation and nitrogen annealing treatment to improve solar cell reliability under light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID) investigation

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Current Applied Physics 2025年 75卷 1-7页

作者： Jony, Jaljalalul Abedin Yousuf, Hasnain Khokhar, Muhammad Quddamah Zahid, Muhammad Aleem Madara, Polgampola Chamani Rahman, Rafi Ur Alamgeer Chu, Mengmeng Sanyal, Simpy Wang, Fucheng Kim, Youngkuk Kim, Kyesoo Dhungel, Suresh Kumar Park, Sangheon Yi, Junsin Interdisciplinary Program in Photovoltaic System Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Gyeonggi-do Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Gyeonggi-do Suwon16419 Korea Republic of University Tamilnadu 600124 India Research Institute for Clean Energy College of Information and Communication Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Gyeonggi-do Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Faculty of Technology Nepal Academy of Science and Technology 3323 Khumaltar Lalitpur Nepal

This research examines the effectiveness of nitrogen annealing and Nafion treatment in mitigating Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LeTID) in Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) solar cells, employing a 30-kW photovoltaic (PV) system for evaluation. As a photosensitive device, solar cells are susceptible to damage from laser irradiation, leading to reduced photoelectric conversion efficiency, structural damage, and functional loss. To minimize this loss, nitrogen annealing and Nafion treatments were applied, followed by the analysis of LeTID effects on untreated, Nafion-treated, and combined nitrogen-annealed and Nafion-treated PERC cells. Untreated cells showed an 8 % fall in open-circuit voltage (Voc) and a 7 % fill factor (FF) loss. The combined treatment (Combination of Nitrogen & Nafion Treatment) improved stability, reducing losses to 6 % in Voc and 5 % in FF. The Nafion treatment yielded the best results, limiting deterioration to 4 % in Voc and 3 % in FF. PVsyst simulations, incorporating real-world data, confirmed enhanced stability and efficiency, aiding in optimizing PV system design and maintenance. © 2025 Korean Physical Society

关键词： Annealing

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Unassisted photoelectrochemical CO_(2)reduction by employingⅢ-Ⅴphotoelectrode with 15%solar-to-fuel efficiency

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Carbon Energy 2025年第3期7卷 1-10页

作者： Karthik Peramaiah Purushothaman Varadhan Vinoth Ramalingam Bilawal Khan Pradip Kumar Das Hao Huang Hui-Chun Fu Xiulin Yang Vincent Tung Kuo-Wei Huang Jr-Hau He Chemistry Program Center for Renewable Energy and Storage Technologies(CREST)and Division of Physical Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals Energyand Environment(ISCE2)Agency for ScienceTechnologyand Research(A*STAR)Singapore School of Computing Engineering and TechnologyRobert Gordon UniversityAberdeenUK Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong KongKowloonSARHong KongChina Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina Department of Chemical System and Engineering University of TokyoTokyoJapan

Solar-driven carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides an oppor tunity to produce value-added chemical feedstocks and ***,achieving efficient and stable photoelectrochemical(PEC)CO_(2)RR into selec tive products is challenging owing to the difficulties associated with the optical and the electrical configuration of PEC devices and electrocatalyst ***,we construct an efficient,concentrated sunlight-driven CO_(2)RR setup consisting of InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction cell as a photoanode and oxide-derived Au(Ox-Au)as a cathode to perform the unassisted PEC CO_(2)*** one-sun illumination,a maximum operating current density of 11.5 mA cm^(-2) with an impressive Faradaic efficiency(FE)of~98%is achieved for carbon monoxide(CO)production,leading to a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of~15%.Under concentrated intensity of 10 sun,the photoanode records a maximum current density of~124 mAcm^(-2) and maintains~60%of FE for CO *** results demonstrate crucial advancements in usingⅢ-Ⅴbased photoanodes for concentrated PEC CO_(2)RR.

关键词： photoelectrochemical oxide derived Au concentrated sunlight selec tive products III V photoelectrode pec devices CO reduction solar fuel efficiency

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Association of maternal multi-metal exposure and dyslipidemia: a study of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes

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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2025年第1期25卷 1-9页

作者： Go, Yoon-Young Hur, Young Min You, Young-Ah Park, Sunwha Lee, Gain Chae, Rin Kim, Soo-Min Kim, Young Ju Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of Medicine and Ewha Medical Institute Ewha Womans University 1071 Anyangcheon-Ro Yangcheon-Gu Seoul 07985 South Korea Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 07985 South Korea Graduate Program in Division of Artificial Intelligence and Software/Artificial Intelligence Convergence Ewha Womans University Seoul 07985 South Korea

Background: Exposure to air pollutants, including heavy metals, is a major environmental concern of public health and these environmental toxicants have been associated with pregnancy complications. Objectives: An air pollution on pregnancy outcome (APPO) study was performed to investigate the adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure on pregnancy outcomes. This study examined the association between maternal urinary metal mixtures and pregnancy complications, including dyslipidemia and preterm birth (PTB). Methods: The concentrations of 16 metals were measured in 60 urine samples collected during the second trimester pregnancy. Logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to analyze the single and overall effects of metal exposure on pregnancy complications, respectively. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed a significant difference in urinary Ni and Zn concentrations between those exposed to high and low concentrations of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM_2.5) and those not exposed. Four metals (Ni, Sc, Mo, and Cs) were positively associated with total cholesterol (TC) levels, but not with triglyceride (TG) levels and PTB. The BKMR model showed that the overall mixture of 16 metals was positively correlated with high TC and TG levels during the third trimester of pregnancy, and the individual effects of Mo and Pb were the most significant. However, we were only able to identify a trend between maternal exposure to metal mixtures and PTB. Conclusions: BKMR analyses showed a positive association between exposure to multi-metal mixtures and higher maternal TC and TG levels, a factor that contributes to PTB. Therefore, this also suggests that multi-metal exposure during pregnancy may be a potential risk factor for PTB. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Heavy metals Overall effect Pregnancy outcomes Total cholesterol Triglyceride

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Altitude Hold Controls on Multi-Rotor sUAV with Barometer Effects

Altitude Hold Controls on Multi-Rotor sUAV with Barometer Ef...

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Cybernetics and Innovations (ICCI), International Conference on

作者： Jirayuth Jantawong Prasongsuk Songsree Warinthorn Kirathihiran Faculty of Engineering and Technology Technology Program in Electrical Technology and Automatic Control System Siam Technology College Bangkok Thailand

ISBN: (数字)9798331533267

ISBN: (纸本)9798331533274

This paper presents an accurate altitude estimation on a small multirotor UAV. That is crucial for the stability and performance of UAV, particularly in altitude hold control. Barometric pressure sensors are widely used to estimate altitude based on atmospheric pressure, but their readings are highly susceptible to environmental fluctuations, temperature variations, and dynamic airflow effects. To mitigate these altitude errors, this study focuses on enhanced flight control installation techniques, including the physical protection of barometric sensors inside enclosed, well-ventilated compartments to shield them from wind disturbances and rapid pressure changes. The proposed mitigation strategy is validated through ground testing and flight testing, where altitude hold performance is assessed under various environmental conditions. The results confirm that enclosing the barometric sensor within a protective, ventilated chamber significantly reduces altitude estimation errors, leading to more stable altitude hold control with reduced vertical oscillations. These findings highlight the importance of integrated sensor protection in UAV flight control system design and provide a practical framework for improving altitude estimation reliability in both consumer and industrial UAV applications.

关键词： Temperature sensors Wind Technological innovation Fluctuations Autonomous aerial vehicles Barometers Protection Thermal stability Aerospace control Testing

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Damage-Free Neutral Beam Etching for Gate Recess in E-Mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

IEEE Electron Device Letters

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IEEE Electron Device Letters 2025年第5期46卷 705-708页

作者： Chen, Yi-Ho Chu, Fu-Chuan Aslam, Muhammad Lee, Yao-Jen Li, Yiming Samukawa, Seiji National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Parallel and Scientific Computing Laboratory Graduate Degree Program of College of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hsinchu300093 Taiwan National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology Solid State Devices Section Electronic System Research Division Taoyuan325 Taiwan National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Parallel and Scientific Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science International Graduate Program Hsinchu300093 Taiwan Institute of Pioneer Semiconductor Innovation National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300093 Taiwan Institute of Pioneer Semiconductor Innovation Institute of Artificial Intelligence Innovation National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Parallel and Scientific Computing Laboratory Institute of Biomedical Engineering Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Institute of Communications Engineering Hsinchu300093 Taiwan National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Institute of Communications Engineering Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Hsinchu300093 Taiwan

Recess gate etching is a critical technique for achieving enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) because the interface is susceptible to the etching damage. This study fabricates recess gates using the neutral beam etching (NBE) technique. By adjusting the aperture thickness in the NBE apparatus, we simulate both NB-mode and plasma-mode etching. The electrical characteristics of E-mode HEMTs fabricated using these two modes are analyzed and compared through DC, noise, and pulsed IV measurements. The results demonstrate that NB-recessed HEMTs exhibit superior performance. © 1980-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Aluminum gallium nitride

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Combining Cooperative Re-Routing with Intersection Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Urban Networks

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Typaldos, Panagiotis Malikopoulos, Andreas A. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY United States School of Civil and Environmental Engineering The System Engineering Program Cornell University IthacaNY United States

In this paper, we present a hierarchical framework that integrates upper-level routing with low-level optimal trajectory planning for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) traveling in an urban network. The upper-level controller efficiently distributes traffic flows by utilizing a dynamic rerouting algorithm that leverages real-time density information and the fundamental diagrams of each network edge. This rerouting approach predicts when each edge will reach critical density and proactively adjusts the routing algorithm’s weights to prevent congestion before it occurs. The low-level controller coordinates CAVs as they cross signal-free intersections, generating optimal, fuel-efficient trajectories while ensuring safe passage by satisfying all relevant constraints. We formulate the problem as an optimal control problem and derive an analytical solution. Using the SUMO micro-simulation platform, we conduct simulation experiments on a realistic network. The results show that our hierarchical framework significantly enhances network performance compared to a baseline static routing approach. By dynamically re-routing vehicles, our approach successfully reduces total travel time and mitigates congestion before it develops. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Travel time

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Unlocking the potential of RNN and CNN models for accurate rehabilitation exercise classification on multi-datasets

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第3期84卷 1261-1301页

作者： Zaher, Moamen Ghoneim, Amr S. Abdelhamid, Laila Atia, Ayman Software Engineering Program Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence—Helwan University Cairo Ain Helwan11795 Egypt Computer Science Department Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence—Helwan University Cairo Ain Helwan11795 Egypt Information System Department Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence—Helwan University Cairo Ain Helwan11795 Egypt Cairo Ain Helwan11795 Egypt Giza October12451 Egypt

Physical rehabilitation is crucial in healthcare, facilitating recovery from injuries or illnesses and improving overall health. However, a notable global challenge stems from the shortage of professional physiotherapists, particularly acute in some developing countries, where the ratio can be as low as one physiotherapist per 100,000 individuals. To address these challenges and elevate patient care, the field of physical rehabilitation is progressively integrating Computer Vision and Human Activity Recognition (HAR) techniques. Numerous research efforts aim to explore methodologies that assist in rehabilitation exercises and evaluate patient movements, which is crucial as incorrect exercises can potentially worsen conditions. This study investigates applying various deep-learning models for classifying exercises using the benchmark KIMORE and UI-PRMD datasets. Employing Bi-LSTM, LSTM, CNN, and CNN-LSTM, alongside a Random Search for architectural design and Hyper-parameter tuning, our investigation reveals the (CNN) model as the top performer. After applying cross-validation, the technique achieves remarkable mean testing accuracy rates of 93.08% on the KIMORE dataset and 99.7% on the UI-PRMD dataset. This marks a slight improvement of 0.75% and 0.1%, respectively, compared to previous techniques. In addition, expanding beyond exercise classification, this study explores the KIMORE dataset’s utility for disease identification, where the (CNN) model consistently demonstrates an outstanding accuracy of 89.87%, indicating its promising role in both exercises and disease identification within the context of physical rehabilitation. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Classification (of information)

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Basal and Edge Plane Activity of Two-Dimensional Dirac Semimetal Nite2 for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Cho, Suyeon Jeong, Seung Weon Kim, Jeong Hyo Lee, Seungyeon Yang, Heejun Lee, Sangheon Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul03760 Korea Republic of Daejeon34141 Korea Republic of

. Nickel ditelluride (NiTe2), one of group-10 transition metal dichalcogenides, has shown intriguing surface states originating from its topological semi-metallicity. Here, we demonstrate abnormal catalytic activities at the NiTe2 surface for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We investigate the differences in catalytic activities at the basal and edge planes of NiTe2 using a micro-sized electrochemical reactor. The basal plane is found to be more active than the edge plane, resulting in a current density at the basal plane of NiTe2 exceeding 800 mA/cm2 with a small overpotential of -0.162 V. We conduct ab initio calculations to estimate the intrinsic catalytic activities of HER on the basal and edge planes of NiTe2. Interestingly, our calculation results suggest that the active sites at the edge plane are electrochemically more active than those at the basal plane. The discrepancy between the experimental measurements and theoretical predictions for the crystal-orientation-dependent HER activity highlights that the specialty of a topological semimetal plays a vital role in determining the HER rate for NiTe2 nanoparticle catalysts © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrogen evolution reaction

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Performance Analysis of Siamese Tracker Through Preprocessing of Infrared Images

Performance Analysis of Siamese Tracker Through Preprocessin...

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International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST)

作者： Tae Yoon Kim Chan Gook Park Interdisciplinary Program in Intelligent Aerospace System Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea

ISBN: (数字)9798331520403

ISBN: (纸本)9798331520410

Target tracking in infrared images is actively researched in computer vision. Unlike RGB images, infrared images rely on a single channel of thermal signals, making them vulnerable to issues such as non-uniform illumination and noise. In this study, we propose integrating CLAHE (Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization), a preprocessing technique, into the SiamRPN framework, a widely used Siamese network-based tracker. CLAHE enhances local contrast while maintaining computational efficiency, enabling robust tracking, even in resource-constrained environments. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using challenging subsets of the LSOTB-TIR dataset, selected to represent conditions where standard models typically struggle. Experimental results demonstrate that the CLAHE-enhanced SiamRPN achieves significant improvements in accuracy and robustness compared to the baseline model, particularly in environments with low contrast and complex backgrounds. These findings suggest that CLAHE can be a practical solution for improving performance in environments with limited computational resources.

关键词： Target tracking Adaptive systems Accuracy Computational modeling Robustness Thermal noise Computational efficiency Performance analysis Tuning Standards

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Femtosecond laser-induced KOH etching for in-volume microfluidic channels in corning EagleXG glass

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Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 2025年 1-11页

作者： Choi, Kyeonggon Kim, Sung-Il Kim, Seung-Wook Park, Cheol-Woo Lee, Jae-Hyoung Chu, Baojin Kim, Hojong Jeong, Dae-Yong Program in Semiconductor Convergence Department of Materials Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon South Korea Corning Technology Center Korea Corning Precision Materials Asan South Korea Regional Leading Research Center for Smart Energy System Kyungpook National University Sangju South Korea School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA United States

Conventional planar or two-dimensional (2D) microfluidic channels have traditionally been fabricated using polymer materials. Although these materials are widely applied across various fields, they exhibit significant limitations, including low throughput, restricted fluid flow rates, and limited particle-handling efficiency. In addition, polymer-based channels have issues such as low thermal and pressure tolerance, inadequate chemical resistance, and challenges with leakage and bonding integrity. In contrast, glass presents a promising alternative due to its superior optical properties, long-term stability, high temperature and chemical resistance, and minimal sample adsorption. However, the complexity of the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication processes has historically hindered the use of glass in microfluidics. In this study, we introduce a novel method for fabricating in-volume 3D microfluidic channels within glass substrates via selective laser-induced etching. Using a femtosecond laser with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, we etched the CORNING EagleXG glass substrate under various laser parameters to optimize etching conditions. Etching process was conducted at 100 °C with durations ranging from 6 to 42 h, producing channel lengths from 147.33 μm (6 h) to 556.66 μm (42 h) and channel diameters ranging from 11.15 μm to 49.72 μm, respectively. This study demonstrates the process parameters necessary for reliable 3D microfluidic channel fabrication in glass. The findings demonstrate an effective fabrication approach that significantly expands the potential applications of glass microfluidic channels, especially using EagleXG glass, marking a promising advancement in the field. © The Korean Ceramic Society 2025.

关键词： EagleXG glass Femtosecond laser KOH Microfluidic channel Selective laser-induced etching Wet etching

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