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SYNTHESIS OF STYRENIC TONER PARTICLES BY SPG EMULSIFICATION TECHNIQUE

Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2000年第4期18卷 309-322页

作者： Suda Kiatkamjornwong Roongkan Nuisin Guang-HuiMa Shinzo Omi Department of Imaging and Printing Technology Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University.Bangkok 10330Thailand Multi-disciplinary Program of Petrochemistry and Polymer Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok 10330Thailand Graduate School of Bio-application and System Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyNakamachiKoganeiTokyo 184-8588Japan

This research studied the initiator efficiency for producing polymeric particles of poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)copolymers by a Shirasu porous glass membrane(SPG)emulsification technique followed by suspension ***,ADVN,and AIBN were used as initiators and we found that BPO is the most suitable *** for various feed ratios of styrene/methyl methacrylate were thus synthesized by benzoyl peroxide,and their copolymer particle size,molecular weight distribution and pat-ride size distribution were *** n-BMA or 2-EHMA was added as the third monomer to decrease the terpolymer glass transition *** article describes the preparation technique,recipes and polymerization conditions for producing both copolymer and terpolymer particles,particle size changes,the corresponding particle morphologies and glass transition temperatures.

关键词： Shirasu porous glass emulsification n-butyl methacrylate 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate toner binder

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Control of various morphological changes of poly(meth)acrylate microspheres and their swelling degrees by SPG emulsification

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Journal of Polymer Science 2000年第22期38卷

作者： Sumalee Tawonsree Shinzo Omi Suda Kiatkamjornwong Multidisciplinary Program of Petrochemistry and Polymer Science Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand Graduate School of Bio-Application and System Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Nakamachi Koganei Tokyo 184 Japan Department of Imaging and Printing Technology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand

Crosslinked poly(meth)acrylate polymers with a variety of morphologies were synthesized with two steps. In the first step, a microporous glass membrane (Shirasu Porous Glass, SPG) was employed to prepare uniform emulsion droplets by applying an adequate pressure to the monomer phase, which was composed of the ADVN initiator, solvent of toluene or heptane or their mixture, and a mixture of (meth)acrylate monomers. The droplets were formed continuously through the membrane and suspended in the aqueous solution, which contained a PVA-127 suspending agent, SLS emulsifier, and NaNO 2 inhibitor to suppress the nucleation of secondary particles. SPG pore sizes of 0.90, 5.25, and 9.25 μm were used. Then the emulsion droplets were polymerized at 343 K with a rotation rate 160 rpm for 24 h. The (meth)acrylate monomers 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA), 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (2-EHMA), cyclohexyl acrylate (CHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), lauryl acrylate (LA), and lauryl methacrylate (LMA) were used in this research. The influences of the ratios of the monomer and crosslinking agent EGDMA, the amount of diluents, the monomer type on the polymer particle morphology, the swelling degree, and the polymer particle size were investigated. It was found that an increase in the concentrations of EGDMA and heptane resulted in higher coarse porous spheres and smaller polymer particle sizes. A coefficient with a variation close to 10%, or a standard deviation of about 4, was obtained. The capacity of these spheres as solvent absorption materials was examined. The highest swelling degrees of heptane and toluene were obtained when LA was employed as the monomer with 30% (by weight) of EGDMA and 70% (by weight) of heptane as an inert solvent. The highest capacity of the solvent absorption was obtained when using a polymer particle size of 4.81 μm, as prepared by SPG pore size 0.9 μm. The polymer particles were able to absorb aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, and

关键词： Shirasu porous glass 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate cyclohexyl acrylate methyl methacrylate lauryl acrylate swelling degree crosslinking agent diluent solvent absorption

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The fundamental digital circuits laboratory at the University of Central Florida

The fundamental digital circuits laboratory at the Universit...

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1999 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition: engineering Education to Serve the World

作者： Motlagh, Bahman S. Rahrooh, Alireza University of Central Florida Department of Engineering Technology University of Central Florida Info. System Technology Program Brevard Campus

A course in Digital Circuits is an essential part of a well-rounded Electrical engineering technology (EET) curriculum. With hands-on experiments significantly improving the understanding and visualization of complex subject matters, a series of laboratory experiments have been developed in order to enhance the teaching and learning processes of Digital Circuits at the University of Central Florida. The laboratory manual has been designed in order to bridge the wide gap between textbook theory and real-life problems, while the laboratory assignments provide the student with both practical and problem-solving experiments to reinforce class lectures.

关键词： engineering education

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Future Coast Guard Cutter (FCGC)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 111-124页

作者： Brougham, WJ Lt. William J. Brougham:is an Engineering Duty officer (ED) in the Navy undergoing advanced studies at the Massachusetts Institute of technology. He has had tours as a submarine line officer as well as a Program Manager's Assistant for Weapons System Safety Test and Evaluation at NAVSEA PMS-350 before transferring into the ED community. Current studies include dual masters degrees in naval construction and engineering and mechnical engineering from MIT as well as a master of science management of technology (MOT) from the Sloan School of Management MIT. He has an MBA finance and investments from The George Washington University (1996) and a BS general engineering/control systems from the University of Illinios-Urbana (1988). He is a member of both the American Society of Naval Engineers and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

The Coast Guard wants to replace their aging cutter fleet. The new construction Deepwater Project would like to integrate their efforts with the DD 21 family of ships but the Coast Guard does not want to wait for the Navy program to mature. This study investigates the engineering feasibility of an alternate near term solution-conversion of the decommissioning Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates into Future Coast Guard Cutters (FCGC). Detailed analyses for combat system selection, propulsion plant and endurance range Limitations, and manning and automation issues form the foundation for new ship arrangements capable of supporting a mixed gender crew. Additional analysis reviews small boat operations, habitability requirements, ship stability structural loading, and a cost estimation technique. The converted Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates were shown to provide a technically feasible interim solution to replace decommissioning Coast Guard cutters while meeting or exceeding the Coast Guard requirements for a conservatively estimated cost of $141M (FY98).

关键词： Naval vessels

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Topside design of warships: A 100 year perspective

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第2期111卷 27-44页

作者： Tibbitts, B Baron, N Captain Barry Tibbitts USN (Ret.):He received his education at the U.S. Naval Academy and MIT. He served five years at sea and eight years at shipyards. From 1976 to 1987 he served in a variety of senior Washington positions: aircrafi carrier (CW) ship design manager Director NVSEC's 450 man Hull Division Director NAVSEC Ship Design Division Commander of the 3000 man David Taylor Research Center (now NSWC CD) and a second three year tour as Director NAVSEA Ship Design Group. He was professor of Navad Construction and Engineering at MIT for three years. While on active duty he received numerous personal decorations including two awarad of the Legion of Merit. Currently he is the Chief Systems Engineer for John J. McMullan Assoc. the country's largest naval architecture and marine engineering company. Since 1986 he has published twelve Papers on naval ship technology design and acquisition. He is a member of SNAME's Ship Design Committee an Overseas Fellow of RINA lectures at the NAVSEA Institute and DSMC and remains on the MIT faculty as a senior lecturer. Neil T. Baron:Mr. Baron is a graduate of Marquette University. He provided senior systems engineering support to ship and system design programs including MCM-1 MHC-51 LHD-5 and headed the the Topside Design branch under the Weapons Systems Directorate at the Naval Sea Systems Command. The Topside Design branch is involved in all new construction and active fleet upgrade programs related to antennas/weapon systems/ship architecture systems engineering integration. Mr. Baron has been instrumental in forwarding the “Topside Vision” for the Navy and currently supports OPNAV and senior NAVSEA steering groups in the development of topside technologies and their application to ship and system acquistion programs. Mr. Baron was recently assigned as technology director for the Warfare Systems Engineering Directorate at NAVSEA and is currently acting as the deputy director for the Navy Afloat Y2K Test Program. He co-teaches the Combat System Design and

The warship design process requires competition, compromise, and iteration. This is as true today as it was when David Taylor was a young officer in the Construction Corps at the turn of the century when the U.S. was struggling to develop a world class navy. The naval architects and ordnance engineers of his day wrestled over topside arrangements much as do their current counterparts. They tried to anticipate future threats, and they worried about cost because they were in an arm's race. These were total ship engineering issues, although the phrase had not yet been coined. What is different today! It is tempting to say that the short answer is technology. And, more importantly, the rate of change. Yet, an objective appraisal of David Taylor's era tells us that they too experienced an explosion in technology. Just the years 1900-1910 alone saw the introduction of dreadnought battleships, submarines, and aircraft. We are still trying to grapple with the implications of the last two warfare systems. History tells us that our predecessors got it right more often than wrong. Why? Because they recognized the need to change the way they did business in the face of new technologies and new threats.

关键词： Worry topside Officers WARSHIP Arms race Perspective Ordnance design process

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Modelling combat system manning and manpower reduction

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 153-171页

作者： Roos, CH Carl H. Roos:is a Senior Engineer with Logicon-Syscon. A graduate of the University of Pittsburgh with a BSEE degree he has over 35 years experience in functional operational combat system fire control interface and computer program design. As technology changed and the combat system was upgraded Mr. Roos maintained his level of technical expertise by taking graduate-level courses in computer science modelling & structured analysis networking & fiber optics. He has worked in various capacities on the LHD LHA DDG 993 DD 963 LPD 17 LCC LPD 13 CGN 38 CGN 9 CG 26 and the DDG Class Combat Systems. In recent years Mr. Roos has been responsible for managing directing and performing engineering design and analysis efforts associated with Battle Management Organization (BMO) functional analysis and operational analysis. These efforts were used in defining combat system operational requirements shipboard space requirements and integration requirements. His paper “Configuration Management of Digital Programs” was published at the 1972 IEEE Southeastern Conrence.

NAVSEA 03K41 is responsible for generating Combat system Rattle Management Organizations (BMO) and Functional Flow Diagrams (FFD). Several years ago, NAVSEA provided the resources to conduct a functional analysis that would support the development and validation of the BMOs and FFDs. The major obstacle in performing the analysis was obtaining a consensus on how the functional hierarchy was to be structured. The non-optimum organization of the hierarchy was selected;as a result, the functions were difficult to define, find, use, and validate. Recognizing the shortcomings of this effort, research was conducted to evaluate state-of-the-art structured modelling techniques, concepts, and methodologies. Two modelling concepts by James Martin were found to be applicable for the combat system functional analysis: Enterprise Modelling Concept and Functional Decomposition Modelling Concept. The Structure Modelling definitions of Whitten, Bently, and Barlow provided the guidelines for using the Martin concepts. During the ensuing BMO and FFD development efforts, a Ship's Combat system (SCS) Modelling concept evolved and a SCS Model was developed. This paper addresses how the modelling concepts and tools are used in the BMO and FFD development and validation process. Data from the SCS Model provides the basis for defining combat system requirements (e.g., software, data display, database, networking, etc.).

关键词： Naval vessels

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The Deepwater Project - A sea of change for the USCoast Guard

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 125-131页

作者： Anderson, M Burton, D Palmquist, MS Watson, JM Lieutenant Commander Michael Anderson:serves as the Communications Director for the Coast Guard's Deepwater Project. He has an extensive background in electronic systems with previous work experience including–lead electronics design engineer for the Coast Guard's new HEALY icebreaker supervisor of west coast shipboard electronics projects and Commanding Officer of a regional electronics support command. LCdr. Anderson holds a BS degree in electrical engineering from the Coast Guard Academy MS degrees in electrical engineering and engineering management from Northeastern University and recently received an MS in the management of technology from MIT. Diane Burton:is Surface Technical Director for the U.S. Coast Guard Deepwater Project. Previously she worked as a senior Naval architect in the Hull Form and Hydrodynamics Division of the Naval Sea Systems Command. She has worked for several years on the hydrodynamics of a variety of ship classes with the U.S. Navy U.S. Coast Guard and NOAA. She was responsible for surface ship developments and small combatant stability updates which include the following tasks: Hull Form Design System (HFDS) upgrades Integrated Computation Design Environment Database development for NAVSEA's Hydrodynamics/Hydroacoustics Technology Center Cooperative Research Navies international program for the development for dynamic stability criteria and FFG/DDG class stability. She has a BSE and MSE from the University of Michigan in naval architecture and marine engineering and is presently pursuing a masters of engineering management from George Washington University specializing in systems engineering technology insertion and project management. Commander M. Steven Palmquist:is the Deepwater Project's Assistant Project Manager for C4ISR. A Registered Prokssional Engineer he received an MSEE from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1988. He did undergraduate work in naval architecture at the University of Michigan and is also a graduate of the National Test Pilot School's Avionics Tes

The United States Coast Guard has embarked on the most ambitious modernization and recapitalization project in the service's history. The Deepwater Capabilities Replacement Project, which is simply referred to as Deepwater, is unique in that it comprises the acquisition of an entire integrated "system-of-systems'': surface, air, (CISR)-I-4 (command, control, communications, computers, information, surveillance & reconnaissance), and logistics facilities. This "system of systems" approach will enable the Coast Guard to acquire the optimal mix of fully supportable assets, to effectively and efficiently perform all of its Deepwater missions well into the next century.

关键词： Naval warfare

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Probabilistic risk analysis of diesel power generators onboard ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 35-58页

作者： Ayyub, BM Karaszewski, ZJ Wade, M Bilal M. Ayyub.:is a Professor of Civil Enginnering and the Director of the Center for Technology and Systems Management at the University of Maryland (College Park). He is also a researcher and consultant in the areas of structural engineering inspection methods and practices reliability and risk analysis. He completed his B.S. degree in civil engineering in 1980 and completed both the M.S. (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) in civil engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Ayyub has an extensive background in uncertainty modeling and marine structural reliability marine structures uncertainty modeling and anaylsis and mathematical medeling using the theories of probability statistics and fuzzy sets. He has completed several research projects that were funded by the NSF USCG USN the USACE ASME and several engineering companies. Dr. Ayyub served the engineering community in various capacities through societies that include ASNE ASCE ASME SNAME IEEECS and NAFIPS. He is the authour and co-author of about 250 publications in journals and conference proceedings and reports. His publications include edited books textbooks and book chapters. Dr. Ayyub is the only double recipient of the ASNE “Jimmie” Hamilton Award for the best papers in the Naval Engineers Journal in 1985 and 1992. Also he received the ASCE “Outstanding Research Oriented Paper” in the Journal of Walter L. Huber Research Prize in 1997 and the K.S. Fu Award of NAFIPS in 1995. He is a registered Professional Engineer (PE) with the State of Maryland. Zbigniew J. Karaszewski:is the Associate Director of the University of Maryland's Center for Technology and Systems Management and technical director of the Center for Maritime Leadership. He is a Systems Engineering and Management Consultant specializing in life cycle system support business systems auditing and risk management and loss prevention. Mr. Karasezewski has 30 years of experience in the field of systems performance analysis and management as a practitioner and teacher

In this paper, a methodology and guidelines for applying risk methods in design and operation of maritime systems were developed and demonstrated using a case study of marine diesel generators. The methodology consists of several modules that include system definition based on functional and performance requirements, definition of dependencies among subsystems, data collection and reduction, reliability and risk analyses, and results reduction for use in decision analysis. The methodology was used to assess and analyze typical service diesel generators found onboard ships. The analysis included the generation of cut sets for the overall reliability of the system. The most likely failure scenarios were determined by demonstration as the failure of fuel supply components. The results are consistent with previous findings of the U.S. Coast Guard.

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Applying fuzzy functions and sequential coordination to optimization of machinery arrangement and pipe routing

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 43-54页

作者： Wu, BC Young, GS Schmidt, W Choppella, K Dr. Bi-Chu Wu:received a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland College Park in 1991. She has worked on projects involving naval architecture design optimization solid mechanics and database development. Presently a senwr engineer with Angle Incorporated Dr Wu's research interests are in design optimization and fuzzy logic applications. Dr. Gin-Shu Young: a senior engineer with Angle Incorporated holds a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland College Park. As a guest researcher with National Institute of Standards and Technologies from 1990 to 1993 he worked on vision-based navigation for autonomous vehicles. His experience also includes applications of optimization fuzzy logic neural network and genetic algorithm methods to engineering system design Mr. William Schmidt:co-founded Angle Incorporated in 1990 and has served as Vice PresidentlChiefScientist during this tame. He holds a B.Sc. in Applied Science from the Naval Acadt?my and an M.Sc. in Physics from the Naval Post Graduate School. He has cner 20 years experience in technical leadership material and personnel management. He has led the application of computer aided design (CAD) and Product Model Information Exchange to the shipbuilding industry. His experience also includes leading the amlication of model based operational analysis to support the Live Fire Test Program for DDG 51 Class Destroyers. Mr. Krishna M. Choppella:is a Sofware Engineer at Eidea Laboratories Incotporated where he works on componentbased distributed enterpvise frameworks. He has been involved in creating data analysis tools for the US Nay by integrating CAD modeis databases and graphical front ends. His work in the Masters degree program in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin was in di0ddase.r spectroscopy of combustion products in porous-matri burners. He received his Bachelors degree in Electrical Engineering in India. He was a Research Associate at the Centre for Laser Technology and Project Engi

Ship design is often multidisciplinary involving several design elements with various types of objectives and constraints (O/C) some easily described as mathematical formulas, others better modeled as descriptive assertions. This paper describes a method based on fuzzy functions and an integrated performance index to model O/C using descriptive assertions to be used with mathematical formulas in optimization. Another issue addressed in this paper concerns the coordination of design elements when sequentially coupled, that is, when one leads the other and the performance of the follower depends greatly on the design of the leader. Based on neuro-fuzzy techniques, the method described here coordinates and optimizes sequentially coupled elements. The two methods are applied to machinery arrangement (MA) and pipe routing (PR). Preliminary models for optimization of MA and PR are described considering convenience, producibility: engine room size, interference and location as factors in the O/C set. Some test results from MA/PR applications are presented and discussed. The methods are generic and can be extended to other elements in ship design. They are mutually independent and may be used separately Two advantages of their use are an improvement in overall performance and a reduction in the need for redesign of elements.

关键词： Optimization

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Application of 3-D nonlinear wave-load and structural-response simulations in naval ship design

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 253-266页

作者： Engle, A Lin, W Salvesen, N Shin, Y Allen H. Engle:is a naval architect in the Hydrodynamic Division of the Naval Sea Systems /Command (NavSea). He received his B.S. degree in engineering scinece from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1977 and his M.S. degree in ocean engineering from the Unviersity of Hawaii in 1979. Corrently Mr. Engle is the program director of the Navy's Hydrodynamic Loads Technology Development Program. Mr. Engle is Chairman of SNAME Panel on Hull Loadings (HS-1) and contributing member to the International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress's Committee on Dynamics. Moei-Min Lin:is a senior research scientist at the Ship technology Division of Sciences Applications International Corporation (SAIC). He received his B.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the National Cheng-Kung University Taiwan in 1977 and his Ph.D. degree in ocean engineering from MIT in 1985. He is an expert in computational ship hydrodynamics. He has been the P.I. for development of the Large Amplitude Motions Program (LAMP) system. Nils Salvesen:is the manager of the Ship Technology Division of the Science Application International Corporation (SAIC).He received his B.S. and Ph.D. degree from the Development Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of the University of Michigan in 1960 and 1966 respectively. He has more then thirty years of experience in the development of ship motion simulation and wave load prediction methods. More than twenty-five years ago he developed the original strip-theory code on which the Navy's ship motions program (SMP) is based. Yung-Sup Shin:is the principal engineer responsible for the hydrodynamic projects in the Research and Development Department of the American Bureau of Shipping New York. He received a Ph.D. degree in hydrodynamic from the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of the University of Michigan. In the past eighteen years at ABS he has been involved in the theortical development and analysis of various marine hydrodynamic problems. In recent year

Despite the limits inherent within linearized frequency-domain ship motion and wave load computer codes, strip theory has been found to provide the design community with a fairly robust, practical design tool with reasonable accuracy for most conventional displacement monohulls. However, the advent of new design concepts including multi-hulls and application of new materials as well as the push to incorporate reliability methods within surface ship structural design criteria has highlighted the need for more rigorous methods of developing a lifetime load spectrum. In this paper, a multilevel computation system for predicting ship motions and wave loads, up through and including extreme sea conditions, is presented. This system includes a traditional strip theory approach and newly developed linear and nonlinear three-dimensional time-domain methods. The new nonlinear methods are currently in the process of being validated by the U.S. Navy. The status of the current development is presented. Sample numerical results from the new nonlinear methods are compared with both linear frequency domain predictions and model tests.

关键词： Naval vessels

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