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Improved Synthesis of Nondeterministic Publicly-Known Edit Functions for Opacity Enforcement

IEEE Transactions on Automatic control 2025年

作者： Liu, Rongjian Hadjicostis, Christoforos N. Chongqing Normal University National Center for Applied Mathematics in Chongqing Chongqing401331 China Southeast University Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of Complex Systems of Engineering Ministry of Education Nanjing210096 China University of Cyprus Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Nicosia Cyprus

In this paper, we investigate the synthesis problem of edit functions for opacity enforcement in systems modelled as partially-observed finite-state automata. For better plausible deniability for the edit functions, in cases where the intruder may learn/know their existence, a synthesis problem for nondeterministic edit functions under a publicly-known setting was introduced in the literature, but not yet fully solved. In light of this, we revisit the publicly-known edit mechanism by proposing a sound and complete approach for solving the synthesis problem of nondeterministic publicly-known edit functions. For practical applications, the edit function is assumed to have limited erasure and insertion ability. Our approach is based on a new labelled finite-state structure, and results in wider applicability than previously-proposed in the literature. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Discrete event simulation

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Educational data mining: a 10-year review

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Discover Computing 2025年第1期28卷 1-25页

作者： Kalita, Emi Oyelere, Solomon Sunday Gaftandzhieva, Silvia Rajesh, Kandala N. V. P. S. Jagatheesaperumal, Senthil Kumar Mohamed, Asmaa Elbarawy, Yomna M. Desuky, Abeer S. Hussain, Sadiq Cifci, Mehmet Akif Theodorou, Paraskevi Hilčenko, Slavoljub Hazarika, Jiten Ali, Tazid Centre for Computer Science and Applications Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh 786004 India Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Skellefteå 931 87 Sweden Department of Computer Science Faculty of Environment Science and Economy University of Exeter Exeter United Kingdom Research Group On Data Artificial Intelligence and Innovations for Digital Transformation Johannesburg Business School (JBS) University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski” Plovdiv Bulgaria School of Electronics Engineering VIT-AP University Vijayawada India Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi 626005 India Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch) Cairo 11754 Egypt Department of Computer Engineering Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University Balikesir 10200 Turkey Engineering and Informatics Department Klaipėdos Valstybinė Kolegija/Higher Education Institution Klaipeda 92294 Lithuania Department of Digital Systems University of Piraeus Piraeus Greece College for Vocational Education of Preschool Teachers and Coaches Subotica Serbia Department of Statistics Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh 786004 India

This systematic review comprehensively examines the application and impacts of Educational Data Mining (EDM) over the past decade. It explores the use of various data mining tools and techniques, statistics, and machine learning algorithms in education. The review discusses how EDM helps understand and improve the learning experience, educational strategies, and institutional efficiency. It highlights the iterative process of EDM, its applications, and the benefits it offers to different stakeholders, including students, teachers, and educational institutions. The paper also discusses the challenges related to data ethics, privacy, and security in EDM. Key sections include a methodology for conducting the systematic review, exploring different data mining techniques and learning styles, and using Artificial Intelligence in EDM. The review concludes with a discussion of findings, future research directions, and a summary of the study’s contributions and limitations. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Artificial intelligence in education Education data mining Explainability in education Multimodal learning analytics

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Innate Cyber-Immunity and Acquired Cyber-Immunity across Multi-Area Power systems

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IEEE Transactions on Power systems 2025年

作者： Hou, Jiazuo Song, Yue Hou, Yunhe Peng, Jimmy Chih-Hsien National University of Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Singapore Tongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology Shanghai201804 China The University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen518057 China

Organisms have evolved innate and acquired immune systems to defend against pathogens like coronaviruses. Similarly, power networks, threatened by cyber-attacks, desire cyber-immunity. Inspired by the immunology research, this study develops a cyber-immune strategy-characterizing innate cyber-immunity and establishing acquired cyber-immunity-for any selected portion of a power network (termed as power subnetwork) against stealthy false data injection (FDI) cyberattacks. Therein, without extrinsic protection and information asymmetry, this paper for the first time confirms the existence and provides closed-form conditions for power subnetworks that are innately immune to FDI cyber-attacks despite all measurements being compromised. Single-leader-multi-follower bi-level optimization models are then developed to strategically allocate measurement protection, leading to the acquired cyber-immunity, whose conditions for existence and the least cost are explicitly formulated. More importantly, a bi-directional cyber-immunity propagation mechanism is presented to provide the optimal spatial allocation of defense resources across adjacent subnetworks. It also explicitly determines the temporal allocation sequence, revealing its sequential and cumulative impacts on establishing cyber-immunity. This is achieved by designing recursive traversal algorithms, one of which is modelled as a post-order depth-first-search problem of a multi-fork tree. The proposed subnetwork-specific cyber-immune strategy is verified in a modified Australian National Electricity Market. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Phishing

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KKL Observer Synthesis for Nonlinear systems via Physics-Informed Learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Niazi, M.B. Umar Cao, John Barreau, Matthieu Johansson, Karl Henrik Division of Decision and Control Systems Digital Futures KTH Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSE-100 44 Sweden Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States

This paper proposes a novel learning approach for designing Kazantzis-Kravaris/Luenberger (KKL) observers for autonomous nonlinear systems. The design of a KKL observer involves finding an injective map that transforms the system state into a higher-dimensional observer state, whose dynamics is linear and stable. The observer’s state is then mapped back to the original system coordinates via the inverse map to obtain the state estimate. However, finding this transformation and its inverse is quite challenging. We propose to sequentially approximate these maps by neural networks that are trained using physics-informed learning. We generate synthetic data for training by numerically solving the system and observer dynamics. Theoretical guarantees for the robustness of state estimation against approximation error and system uncertainties are provided. Additionally, a systematic method for optimizing observer performance through parameter selection is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical simulations on benchmark examples and its application to sensor fault detection and isolation in a network of Kuramoto oscillators using learned KKL observers. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： State estimation

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Frequency stabilization of a sophisticated multi-area interconnected hybrid power system considering non-inertia sources

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International Journal of electrical Power and Energy systems 2025年 169卷

作者： Gawad, Diaa M. Magdy, Gaber Ebrahim, M.A. Petlenkov, Eduard Electrical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Benha University Cairo Egypt National Energy Control Center Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy Cairo Egypt Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Energy Engineering Aswan University Aswan81528 Egypt Faculty of Engineering King Salman International University El-Tor46511 Egypt Centre for Intelligent Systems Department of Computer Systems Tallinn University of Technology Tallinn19086 Estonia

This study introduces a novel interconnected power system model, which combines four real areas, integrating conventional power plants with renewable energy sources (RESs). This comprehensive system model aims to address the load frequency control (LFC) challenges that such systems face. Where the integration of RESs into power systems poses significant challenges, particularly in maintaining frequency stability. The LFC approach utilizes a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, meticulously optimized through the Runge-Kutta (RUN) optimizer based on its mathematical principles. Dealing with the uncertainties of RESs and system nonlinearities poses a significant challenge for this controller. The efficacy of the proposed PID controller based on the RUN algorithm is examined by analyzing the frequency stability of the Egyptian power system (EPS), which stays interconnected with neighboring grids in Jordan, Libya, and Sudan. This study accounts for various loading scenarios and system nonlinearities to validate the algorithm's effectiveness. Furthermore, the superior performance of the RUN optimizer is verified by contrasting its results with other widely recognized optimization techniques, such as the Ant Lion optimizer (ALO) and Chernobyl disaster optimizer (CDO). Additionally, the PID controller based on the RUN optimizer is also evaluated against literature that employed a moth swarm algorithm (MSA) to design the PID controller-based LFC in the EPS. Simulation results in the MATLAB environment demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed PID controller based on the RUN algorithm. The RUN-based PID controller outperforms other PID controllers optimized using algorithms from the literature (e.g., ALO, CDO, and MSA), achieving superior performance across various contingencies, including load variations, RES uncertainties, and system nonlinearities. The results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared to those in the l

关键词： Electric power system interconnection

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Optimal Sensor Placement for Full-Set TDOA Localization Accounting for Sensor Location Errors

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IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic systems 2025年

作者： Zhang, Chengjie Han, Xinyang Kong, He Ho, K.C. Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Control Theory and Intelligent Systems Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fully Actuated System Control Theory and Technology Shenzhen518055 China University of Missouri Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department ColumbiaMO65211 United States

The positioning accuracy of a signal source is influenced by where the sensors are deployed. Studies in the literature for the optimal sensor placement (OSP) of localization often ignore the presence of sensor position errors. In practice, however, it is impossible to place the sensors precisely at the desired locations. This work designs OSP by accounting for the presence of Gaussian sensor position errors that are independent and identically distributed (IID), with the full set of Time Difference of Arrival measurements corrupted by Gaussian IID noise. The criterion is the A-optimality equal to the trace of the source position Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB). We show that the presence of sensor position errors introduces a multiplication factor to the same criterion for the case without sensor position errors. The latter factor is dependent on the ratio of the sensor position error power to the range difference noise power but independent of the sensor positions, implying that the A-optimality OSP in the presence of sensor position errors is the same as in the absence. To our knowledge, this is the first time such results have been derived. Simulation studies validate the derived OSP, show the minimal OSP performance gap with sensor positioning error and without, and illustrate the better source localization accuracy by OSP. © 1965-2011 IEEE.

关键词： Cramer-Rao bounds

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Experimental analysis of tensor LMS for determining the long-range outdoor acoustic transfer function

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Applied Acoustics 2025年 238卷

作者： Hussain, Hammad Moinuddin, Muhammad Dutilleux, Guillaume Acoustics Group Department of Electronic Systems Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim7491 Norway Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering King Abdulaziz University Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia

In this experimental study, we investigated the effectiveness of the Tensor Least Mean Squares (TLMS) algorithm compared to the traditional Least Mean Squares (LMS) method for determining long-range outdoor acoustic attenuation transfer functions under variable weather conditions. We conducted an outdoor long-range field experiment over a 326-meter range to capture the effect of time-varying environmental conditions on sound propagation. The input signal was a 3-second linear sweep ranging from 125 Hz to 4 kHz, transmitted every 10 minutes for an hour. We continuously monitored weather conditions, including wind speed and direction. We first conducted a convergence analysis and impulse response evaluation using both TLMS and LMS algorithms. Our results show that TLMS significantly outperforms the traditional Least Mean Squares (LMS) method in channel estimation accuracy, achieving a Mean Square Error (MSE) of approximately 10−38 compared to 10−8 for LMS. This demonstrates TLMS's superior adaptability to time-varying characteristics of outdoor acoustic channels. Subsequently, the study evaluated the transfer function through spectral analysis, revealing the impact of atmospheric conditions on acoustic signal propagation and providing insights into the time-variance of the acoustic channel. The findings confirm the potential of TLMS for advanced acoustic modeling in outdoor environments, thus validating its implementation for real-time acoustic transfer function estimation. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Optical transfer function

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Periodic-Enhanced Informer Model for Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Using SCADA Data

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IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2025年

作者： Liu, Zhao-Hua Li, Long-Wei Wei, Hua-Liang Li, Ming Lv, Ming-Yang Zhang, Ying-Jie Hunan University of Science and Technology School of Information and Electrical Engineering Xiangtan411201 China University of Sheffield Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering SheffieldS1 3JD United Kingdom Hunan University College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Changsha410082 China

Supervisory control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems can collect abundant information about wind farm operation and environment. To better make use of SCADA data, a periodic-enhanced informer model for short-term wind power forecasting using scada data is proposed. Firstly, to effectively filter out noise in SCADA data, a v-p curve-based method is adopted by incorporating a quartile approach to remove sparse outliers;a density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is then employed to eliminate stacked outliers from the power curve. Secondly, a multi-feature input set selection method based on Maximization Information Coefficient is introduced to make better use of the SCADA system data by reducing the number of features. Thirdly, a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) is designed to extract the scalar projection of the input set, followed by fusing the local time stamp and global time stamp to build the periodic information enhanced prediction model embedding layer. Subsequently, the enhanced input set is fed into an informer model to predict future wind power. Finally, considering the multiple temporal scales structure characteristics present in the dataset, a multi-scale deep fusion module is established in the informer model to deeply integrate the features of different scales. It can simultaneously avoid the resource waste and overfitting problems caused by increasing the network depth. The experimental results, which are obtained from several deep learning methods on real SCADA data, demonstrate that the suggested approach has good predictive capability. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Wind forecasting

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Worst-Case Integrity Attacks and Resilient State Estimation With Partially Secured Measurements

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IEEE Transactions on control of Network systems 2025年

作者： Zhou, Jing Shang, Jun Chen, Tongwen University of Alberta Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EdmontonABT6G 1H9 Canada Tongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems Shanghai200092 China

This paper examines the problem of optimal deception attacks against state estimation with partially secured measurements, where smart sensors transmit innovation sequences to the remote end for information fusion. Due to resource limitations or defensive countermeasures, the adversary can only modify data packets transmitted through unreliable channels. Meanwhile, the attack should be synthesized with sophistication to deceive an anomaly detector. To investigate the vulnerabilities of such estimation systems without feedback links and enhance security performance, the optimal attack policy is derived by formulating and explicitly solving a convex optimization problem, with the goal of maximizing the sum of estimation errors. Subsequently, a novel attack detection and resilient state estimation algorithm is proposed to ensure an acceptable level of estimation accuracy. The theoretical performance metrics, including false alarm rates for the proposed detector, are provided. Finally, the effectiveness of the results is confirmed through numerical examples. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Optimal detection

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Dual-beam photothermal material trace detection method based on self-mixing interference

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Applied Optics 2025年第16期64卷 4549-4558页

作者： Yan Zhao Yunlong Zhi Hui Zhao Daming Dong Jigang Tong Chunling Tu School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China Tianjin Key Laboratory for Control Theory and Applications in Complicated Systems Tianjin 300384 China National Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing 100097 China Department of Computer Systems Engineering Faculty of ICT Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria 0188 South Africa

In this paper, a dual-beam photothermal self-mixing substance trace detection system is proposed. The crystal violet (CV) solution of the sample undergoes a thermal lens effect under the action of pump photoperiod excitation, and the refractive index changes cause the deviation of the probe beam, and the self-mixing interference (SMI) effect occurs when the modulated light returns to the cavity. By combining theoretical and experimental results, the power fluctuation of the SMI signal caused by the thermo-optic effect is linearly related to CV concentration and other parameters. At an excitation power of 24 mW, the detection limit can reach $8.0 \times {10^{- 8}}\;{\rm mol/L}$ . This method does not require labeling or complex CV pretreatment and has high sensitivity and flexibility, providing a guide for CV characterization in biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical research.

关键词： Gaussian beams Laser beams Optical fields Phase shift Refractive index Spatial resolution

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