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Impact of informatics on school education systems: National strategies for the introduction of Informatics into schools. Nonsystematic, but still systematic

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Education and Computing 1992年第1-2期8卷 129-135页

作者： Sakamoto, Takashi Educational Systems Technology Section Systems Science Department Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering 227 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho Midori-ku Yokohama Japan Japan

The introduction of Informatics into school education does not change the essence of education. One of the two main functions of education is to transmit the cultural heritage of former generations on to successive generations continuously. The other is to facilitate the acquisition of competences which will enable children to build a good life for themselves and society. These two functions of education remain unchanged and are the basis of educational processes at the present time. However, school systems will be affected by the introduction of informatics. Educational contents, methods, facilities, equipment, management, community support, teacher training, and policy all will have to be changed. These changes should be supported by governmental policy. Through these changes, children as well as teachers will change, grow, develop, and learn. On the other hand, education should also affect informatics. Informatics should be developed based on educational needs. For many years, information technology has pushed educational processes and systems, but more recently educational needs are affecting informatics. A balance between the two is required. © 1992 IFIP.

关键词： computer literacy Educational contents, educational methods educational facilities educational software national strategies teacher training

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WHY ENGINEERS DONT UNDERSTAND LOGISTICS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第5期104卷 57-63页

作者： LIGHT, SP The Authoris currently the director Logistics and Material Division Security Assistance Program Management Office (PMS 380) in the Surface Combatants Directorate (SEA 91) Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his BS degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia Institute of Technology his MS degree in systems management from the University of Southern California and he is a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College. He is also certified as a member of the NavSea's Civilian Material Professional Career Program. Among his previous employments Mr. Light has held engineering and logistics management positions with the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters in the Naval Engineering Division the Naval Ship Systems Command Engineering Interface Management Office and the Naval Ship Engineering Center where he served as manager of integrated logistics support for the FFG-7 Ship Design Project Office. He also served as the ILS manager for the CG-47 and DDG-51 ship programs during the design phases of these programs. Mr. Light was also the director of the Acquisition and Logistics Office for Surface Combatants (SEA 91) between 1984 to 1991. Mr. Light has twenty-eight years of experience in surface ship design acquisition maintenance and logistics.

The author describes his observations during twenty-eight years of naval ship design, acquisition and logistics support experience that engineers do not understand logistics or even consider logistics as part of their engineering responsibilities. This paper will explore the reasons why. The paper will also provide reasons why the engineer should understand logistics and why it should become a part of the engineer's responsibilities and lexicon. The paper presents the position that an engineer armed with a knowledge of logistics can do the best job in producing a good supportability design. Recommendations are provided to the naval engineering and logistics communities to increase the logistics knowledge of engineers. Also, the author advocates the development of design techniques to be used by the engineer to produce good supportability designs. The increased role of the engineer in applying supportability design techniques will be required in the future if we are to do more with the planned reductions in the acquisition workforce.

关键词： engineering

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERIC PC-BASED programMABLE LOGIC-CONTROLLER SIMULATOR

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH 1992年第1期30卷 151-168页

作者： JOSHI, SB SUPINSKI, MR Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering Penn State University University Park PA 16802 207 Hammond Building United States BDM International Inc 7915 Jones Branch Drive McLean Virginia 22102-3396 United States

programmable logic controllers (PLC) are used extensively for controlling discrete processes. The PLC's versatility is based on its reprogrammability, but this versatility is bought at the expense of program correctness and verification, Modifications to existing PLC programs, or generation of new ones, requires the use of the controller and the hardware associated with it in order to debug the new instructions. This leads to a greatly increased program design cycle as equipment down-times must be scheduled to accommodate debugging. At the same time, testing uncertain instructions on the plant floor places all the hardware connected to the PLC in jeopardy of damage due to program errors. This paper presents the development of a generic personal computer (PC) based PLC simulator. The development of the simulator comprises two stages: one for the creation of the virtual PLC and the other for the manipulation of this virtual PLC. The virtual PLC comprises a lexical analyser and a parser which function as a 'compiler', checking syntax, and recognizing commands of the PLC language, and creating the internal representation of the PLC in the PC's memory which interacts with a graphical interface to allow interaction with the virtual PLC. program verification is then performed on the emulator instead of on the actual controller, thus both decreasing the debugging time for new instructions and protecting the hardware on the shop floor. The technique is not specific to any particular system, and may be applied generically to any controller.

关键词： Computer Simulation

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The Metadatabase for Manufacturing systems Integration

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1992年第7期25卷 467-472页

作者： C. Hsu G. Babin L. Yee M. Bouziane W. Cheung L. Rattner Department of Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York USA Digital Equipment Corporation Nashua New Hampshire USA Graduate School of Business Administration Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin NT Hong Kong Robert O. Anderson Schools of Management University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA

The Metadatabase project is a multi-year research effort at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Sponsored by industry (ALCOA, Digital Equipment Corporation, GE, General Motors, IBM and others) through Rensselaers Computer Integrated Manufacturing program, this project seeks to develop novel concepts, methods and techniques for achieving information integration across major functional systems pertaining to computerized manufacturing enterprises. Thus, the metadatabase model encompasses the generic tasks of heterogeneous, distributed and autonomous databases administration, but also includes information resources management and integration of concurrent (functional) systems. The model entails (1) an integrated data and knowledge modeling and representation method; (2) an on-line kernel (the metadatabase) for information modeling and management; (3) metadatabase assisted global query formulation and processing; (4) a concurrent architectural whereby global synergies are achieved through (distributed) metadata management rather than synchronization of (distributed) database processing; and (5) a theory of information requirements for integration. A metadatabase prototype was recently demonstrated to the industrial sponsors. The basic concept of the metadatabase model is discussed through the prototype in this paper.

关键词： Metadatabase repository information management and integration data and knowledge management multiple systems

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Task and reliability analysis of lathe operation

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International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing 1992年第4期2卷

作者： Edward Pines Joseph H. Goldberg The Pennsylvania State University College of Engineering Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering 207 Hammond Building University Park PA 16802

As machine tools have become larger, faster, and more automated, the role of the machinist has changed from a primary operator to a system monitor, who is further removed from the machining process. Estimation of system reliability must still consider the human monitor as an integral component, hut human failure estimates are harder to make as the operator is further removed from direct system control. To illustrate system reliability analysis for specific machining tasks, the reliability of both manual and computer-numerical controlled (CNC) lathe operation tasks were evaluated. A task analysis was initially completed, detailing common failure modes in each subtask. Using the Technique for Human Error Prediction (THERP), human operator reliability was estimated at 0.90 for a 30-element manual task, and 0.95 for an 18-element CNC task. These estimates were considered acceptable for nonproduction work. Further decreases in reliability in the CNC task are expected as the result of operator program changes during machining. THERP was most useful in developing initial estimates of human reliability for the tasks, but additional studies are recommended in the areas of operator scanning strategies and human reliability in performance of more complex machining tasks.

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MULTICRITERION ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION management

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JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1992年第1期28卷 33-43页

作者： Shafike, Nabil G. Duckstein, Lucien Maddock, Thomas Respectively Graduate Student (Ph.D.) Department of Hydrology and Water Resources The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85722 Professor Systems and Industrial Engineering The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 and Professor Department of Hydrology and Water Resources The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85722.

ABSTRACT: Multicriterion decision making (MCDM) techniques were used to analyze a groundwater contamination management problem from the viewpoint of conflicting multiple objectives. The groundwater management model was used to find a compromise strategy for trading off fresh water supply, containment of the waste, and total pumping cost in a hypothetical confined aquifer affected by previous waste disposal action. A groundwater flow model was used to formulate the hydraulic constraints. A linear system model was used to describe drawdown and velocity as functions of the decision variables which were pumping rates. The model determines the pumping location and rates. A modified c‐constraint method was used to generate the set of nondominated solutions which were the alternative compromise strategies. Three different MCDM techniques, Compromise programming (CP), ELECTRA II and MCQA II, were used to select a “satisficing” alternative. Analysis of the results showed that, although these techniques follow different principles, the same preferred strategies were reached. Also, it was noticed that maintaining high groundwater velocities is expensive and difficult. In order to meet a two year target date, large amounts of water had to be pumped. Therefore, rapid restoration results in large pumping volumes and high costs. Copyright © 1992, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词： compromise strategy decision variables multicriterion ranking techniques response function velocity control

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READY RESERVE FLEET ACTIVATIONS - THE VIEW FROM THE DECKPLATES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第5期104卷 27-38页

作者： OTT, AA The Authoris a senior engineer and a project manager for American Systems Engineering Corporation (AMSEC) he has also contributed significantly to the development of a new generation of quality control for AMSEC and serves on the Risk Management Committee. As a commander in the United States Navy's engineering duty officer community he served most recently as repair officer of USSShenandoahand as project manager of USSMississippi'srecent complex overhaul at Norfolk Naval Shipyard. He is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in both mechanical and nuclear engineering (1972) he also recently received his MBA at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville (1990). He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society for Quality Control. Mr. Ott was a port engineer on the following RRF ships: SSCape CarthageSSPrideand SSCape Avinof.

The 2 August 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and its subsequent political developments quickly led to the recognition that a "military solution" was at least a possibility. To support the large military logistics effort that would obviously be required, a mass activation of the nation's Ready Reserve Force commenced on 9 August 1990. By early 1991, over seventy ships had been designated for activation. This enormous effort severely strained the resources of the Ready Reserve program, as well as the commercial ship repair industry in the United States. It also overloaded the already limited resource pool of available mariners to man the ships. Although several foreign charters were initially necessary to meet the demand. within a short time the availability of successfully activated U. S. reserve fleet ships grew to fill the wartime need. This article reviews the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) and the current posture of the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) activation program, provides several firsthand examples of how activations are played out on the deckplates, and presents a summary of lessons learned, all in search of improvements which might make the process even more successful when the RRF is needed again in the future.

关键词： Naval warfare

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DAMAGE CONTROL - THE LAST LINE OF SHIPBOARD DEFENSE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第1期104卷 63-79页

作者： HERMAN, S LOESER, CT Stanley Hermanis the acting director of the Ship Survivability Subgroup (Sea 55X) at the Naval Sea Systems Command. He received a BSME from Northeastern University in 1966 and a MSME from Northeastern in 1970. In 1978 he completed requirements for a Certificate in Acoustics at Catholic University and in 1989 he completed the Program Management Course at the Department of Defense Systems Management College. He is a registered professional engineer in Washington D.C. a certified NavSea Material Professional and a member of ASME ASE and SNAME. Mr. Herman began his career with the Navy Department immediately after high school working as a student trainee (marine engineer) at the Boston Naval Shipyard until 1966. Upon obtaining his BSME he served as a project engineer in the Noise Shock and Vibration Group at the Boston Naval Shipyard and was responsible for conducting and directing shipyard and at-sea testing and evaluation of components systems and structure for surface combatant and auxiliary naval craft. In 1974 he transferred to the Naval Sea Systems Command where he was the coordinator of survivability and detection for the SSBN Trident submarine acquisition project manager PMS 396. He was responsible for directing efforts to enhance the acoustical silencing underwater explosion shock protection and shipboard vibration control for this latest class of strategic missile submarines. From 1982 to 1986 Mr. Herman was assigned as head of the Submarine Protection branch Sea 55X11 where he was responsible for directing submarine shock hardening programs. From 1986 to 1991 he served as division director for damage control Systems Safety Personnel Protection and CBR Defense Sea 55X2. In 1991 he assumed his present position of acting director Ship Survivability Subgroup Sea 55X. Christopher T. Loeseris currently acting director of the Damage Control and Ship Design Systems Safety Division at the Naval Sea Systems Command. The division is responsible for lifecycle management of damage control chemical

This paper addresses the ship, system and equipment design features, operational doctrine and training that has been developed to provide effective shipboard damage control. Both the ship and the sailor are addressed, since both are integral and interdependent components of the damage control "system." Also, the enhancements afforded to protection of personnel from the effects of conventional and nonconventional weapons are discussed. Finally, a brief look into the future is presented. With the shrinking defense budget and corresponding reduction in fleet size and ship manning, novel system designs and automated decision aids will be required to do the job.

关键词： Naval Vessels

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Simulation of electromagnetic radiation and scattering using a finite difference-time domain technique

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Computer Applications in engineering Education 1992年第1期1卷 45-45页

作者： Li, K. Tassoudji, M.A. Shin, R.T. Kong, J.A. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 Kevin Li:received his BS and SM degrees (1990) in Electrical Engineering and EE (Electrical Engineer's) degree (1991) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he is currently pursuing his PhD in Electrical Engineering. Since 1990 he has been the recipient of a United States Air Force Laboratory Graduate Fellowship. His main research interests include electromagnetic scattering radar cross section prediction and numerical techniques. Mr. Li is a member of Tau Beta Pi and a student member of IEEE. M. Ali Tassoudji:received his BS (1987) and MS (1989) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan Ann Arbor. Since 1989 he has been a research assistant at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he is currently working towards his PhD in Electrical Engineering. His research interests include electromagnetic scattering and propagation modeling of microwave circuits and numerical techniques. Mr. Tassoudji is a member of IEEE and Eta Kappa Nu. Robert T. Shin:received his SB (1977) SM (1980) and PhD (1984) in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Since 1984 he has been a member of the Air Defense Techniques Group at MIT Lincoln Laboratory as a Research Staff member and as a Senior Staff member from 1989. His research interests are in the areas of electromagnetic wave scattering and propagation theoretical model development and data interpretation for microwave remote sensing. He is the coauthor ofTheory of Microwave Remote Sensing(Wiley 1985). Dr. Shin is a member of The Electromagnetics Academy IEEE American Geophysical Union Tau Beta Pi Eta Kappa Nu and Commission F of the International Union of Radio Science. Since 1987 he has served on the Editorial Board of theJournal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications(JEWA). Jin Au Kong:is Professor of Electrical Enginee

The finite difference-time domain (FD-TD) technique is applied to the solution of Maxwell's equations. A computer program, which can be used to simulate and study numerous electromagnetic phenomena, is developed and implemented on an IBM 386 compatible personal computer. The FD-TD technique is a useful tool for students in electromagnetics. The technique is flexible and can be applied to many basic EM scattering and radiation problems. Because field solutions are found as a function of time, visualization of the propagation of the EM fields is possible. The FD-TD technique is implemented for a two-dimensional rectangular grid in conjunction with a second-order absorbing boundary condition. Both E- and H-field polarizations are analyzed. Finite objects consisting of dielectric, magnetic and conducting materials, and perfectly conducting infinite ground planes are modeled. Plane wave and line current sources are implemented. In addition to the capability of animating the propagation of the EM fields, radiation and scattering patterns can be generated.

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OPTIMAL STOCK LEVELS AND SERVICE CHANNEL ALLOCATIONS IN A MULTIITEM REPAIRABLE ASSET INVENTORY SYSTEM

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IIE TRANSACTIONS 1991年第2期23卷 115-120页

作者： EBELING, CE Department of Management Engineering and Systems School of Engineering University of Dayton Dayton OH 45469 300 College Park United States

A methodology is described for determining the optimum allocation of repairable item inventories and repair channels to support operating systems consisting of different components. The steady-state probability distribution for the number of failed components is based upon the M/M/s finite population queueing model. Dynamic programming is then used to allocate a fixed budget among the components in order to maximize system availability. At each stage of the dynamic program, optimum trade-offs between stock levels and repair channels are made. An illustrative example is provided.

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