3M PFSA ionomer membranes were doped with heteropolyacids (HPA) and the ionomer/HPA interaction characterized by attenuated total reflection FTIR, pulse field gradient spin echo NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering. T...
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(纸本)1566774969
3M PFSA ionomer membranes were doped with heteropolyacids (HPA) and the ionomer/HPA interaction characterized by attenuated total reflection FTIR, pulse field gradient spin echo NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering. The HPA doping was achieved by casting a solution containing both components. Three Keggin-type HPAs were used in this work: 12-phosphotungstic acid, 12-silicotungstic acid, and 12-zincotungstic acid, at doping concentrations of 1 and 5 wt %, respectively. FTIR spectra of the composite membranes clearly show the presence of the HPA and evidence for different interactions under different hydration states. Proton diffusion coefficients were determined by PFGSE NMR under dry and 100 % RH from ambient to 130°C. SAXS patterns of the control PFSA and the HPA-doped PFSA membranes were recorded under dry and wet conditions. Scattering behaviour for different samples and conditions are remarkably different, consistent with the incorporation of HPA and the swelling of ionomer clusters under hydration. copyright The Electrochemical Society.
The Kullback Information Criterion, KIC and its multivariate bias-corrected version, KICVC are two alternatively developed criteria for model selection. The two criteria can be viewed as estimators of the expected Kul...
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The Kullback information criterion, KIC and its multivariate bias-corrected version, KIC/sub VC/ are two alternatively developed criteria for model selection. The two criteria can be viewed as estimators of the expect...
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The Kullback information criterion, KIC and its multivariate bias-corrected version, KIC/sub VC/ are two alternatively developed criteria for model selection. The two criteria can be viewed as estimators of the expected Kullback symmetric divergence. In this paper, a new criterion is proposed in order to select a well fitted model for an extrapolation case. The proposed criterion is named, PKIC, where "P" stands for prediction, and is derived as an exact unbiased estimator of an adapted cost function that is based on the Kullback symmetric divergence and the future design matrix. PKIC is an unbiased estimator of its cost function assuming that the true model is correctly specified or overfitted. A simulation study illustrating that model selection with PKIC performs well for some extrapolation cases is presented.
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