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Empirical testing: The prototyper's evaluation mechanism

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第1期109卷 41-46页

作者： Hafner, AN Arnold N. Hafner Ph.D.:is founder and president of Information Systems Research (ISR). He has twenty-five years of experience in systems development and is published in the field of systems development management. He served as corporate research scientist at Systems Exploration Inc. from 1988 to 1991 program director at Computer Science Corporation from 1983 to 1988 director of operations at Republic Management Systems Corporation from 1981 to 1983 and program manager at Computer Science Corporation from 1972 to 1981. A 1962 graduate of the US. Naval Academy he holds a doctoral degree in human behavior and engineering degrees in electronics and communications. He has taught courses on information systems and systems management at most of the colleges in the San Diego area. Dr. Hafner has presented fourteen refereed research papers while publishing sixteen articles and a book A Manager's Guide to Software System Development.

Evaluating complex systems is the subject of this paper, the third in a series investigating prototyping. It provides an interesting and helpful overview of how to evaluate systems prototypes and outlines the iterative stream of developer-user interactions that is replacing older approaches to testing and evaluating new military systems, which promise to reduce the time required to develop and field future military capabilities. Changes to the acquisition process, such as those the paper sketches, will facilitate the nation's rapid transit through its current revolution in military affairs.

关键词： systems analysis

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AV-8B flight hazard awareness analysis and training using flight simulation

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 269-276页

作者： Calvert, JF Jeffrey F. Calvert P.E.:has spent the last twelve years of his career with the Aricraft Division and Training Systems Division of the Naval Air Warfare Center. His engineering experience includes research and development test and evaluation and training ssystems program for numberous military and research aricraft program. Currently Mr. Calvert is employed at the Training Systems Division in Orlando where he is applying his aero-sciences knowledge as a modeling and simulation subject matter expert. Mr. Calvert holds a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering and a master's degree in engineering science. He is a graduate of the United States Naval Test Pilot School under the Flight Test Engineering curriculum. He holds a general aviation pilot's licence and has special aircrew tectical aircraft Mr. Calvert is a registered professional engineer a member of the Society of Flight Test Engineers (SFTE) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technical Committee. He has authored more than thirty technical reports and was the 1993 recipient of the AIAA Creater Philadelphia Chapter Award for Ground Testing and Simulation.

The V/STOL capability of the AV-8B Harrier is provided through a sophisticated combination of vectored thrust and aerodynamic technology. The proper interaction of the nozzle thrust and flap system is of extreme importance. Specific combinations of nozzle angle and flap position are employed to optimize both jet lift and aerodynamic lift. However, if the proper flap-nozzle position schedule is violated, the resulting thrust and flap impingement may cause a severe nose-down pitching moment sufficient to override the pilot control. Depending upon ground proximity, this condition creates a hazard which causes great potential for loss of aircraft and/or pilot. Flap impingement hazard was identified on the AV-8B aircraft as a potential catastrophic flight hazard. In response, a requirement was established to 1) study the severity of the flap impingement hazard on the AV-8B, 2) devise flight operational procedures which would minimize pilot exposure to the hazard potential and the resulting pilot control problems during flight, and 3) devise a training capability to familiarize pilots with flap impingement hazard characteristics and recovery procedures. This paper comprises the results of a study which utilized piloted flight simulation and fleet simulation trainers to meet these requirements.

关键词： VTOL/STOL aircraft

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Building ships as a system: An approach to total ship integration

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 47-60页

作者： Duren, BG Pollard, JR Bernard G. Duren:is an operations research analyst in the Combat Systems Department of the. Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Mr. Duren received an A.B. degree in mathematics from Indiana University and an M.S. degree in operations research from the Georgia Institute of Technology. His major duties involve development of system concepts and system engineering methodology. His primary areas of achievement include startup of a strategic planning process at the Dahlgren Division analysis of seaskimmer defense issues and formulation of concepts for counter-command warfare. His areas of interest include information integration group problem solving methods warfare analysis and strategic planning. Mr. Duren is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems. James R. Pollard:serves as principal systems engineer in the Combat Systems Department of the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Dr. Pollard received a B.S. degree in physics from Roanoke College an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from The George Washington University and a Ph.D. in systems engineering from the University of Virginia. After joining the Dahlgren Division in 1962 he performed research in antennas and electromagnetic coupling. He subsequently managed the Special Effects Weapon Research Program which focused on high power electromagnetic devices. After serving as head of the Weapon Systems Division and the Search and Track Division he formed the Strategic Planning Group. In 1985 he received the Bernard Smith Award for creative development and implementation of a strategic planning process for the Division. From 1985 to 1987 he served as warfare systems architect in the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. Dr. Pollard is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems.

This paper considers an effort to reinvent the process by which the Navy transforms operational requirements into warships. The objective is to articulate a framework and strategy for implementing a total ship system engineering approach. Three factors drive the effort: involve the warfighters in the design process;adopt a ''system of systems'' framework for integration;and continually improve the acquisition process. The strategy is illustrated by consideration of control structure on a total ship basis. The work has been conducted as a collaborative effort involving three Navy warfare centers and various headquarters activities in Washington, D.C.

关键词： Shipbuilding

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Environmental compliance: Requirements and technology opportunities for future ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 349-369页

作者： Nickens, AD Pizzino, JF Crane, CH Anthony D. Nickens:is the research and development progrma a manager for the Navy's Environmental Protection Program at the Naval Sea Systems Command's Ship Research Development and Standards Group (Sea 03R).He is responsible for overseeing directing and funding the design and development of shipboard systems and precedures to assure compliance with maritime environmental laws and regulations He holds an M.B.A. degree from the Florida Institute of Technology an M.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Florida and a B.S. degree i chemical engineering magna cum laude from the North Carolina State University. In addition he successufully completed the twenty-week Program Management Course at the Defense Systems management College in Fort Belvoir Virginia and the Executive Program at the University of Virginia Darden Graduate School of Business. He is also an engineering duty officer in the Navy reserves and a previous author and frequent contributor to Naval Engineers Journal. Josepe F. Pizzino:is a Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Employee working at the Naval Sea Systems Command's Ship Research Development and Standards Group (Sea 03R). He is a research and development program manager for the Navy's Environment Protection Program responsible for overseeing directing and funding the design and development of shipboard systems and procedures to assure combliance with maritime environment laws and regulations. Prior to his present assignment he was project engineer for the development os shipboard and life-boat reverse osmosis desalination systems both of which are persently being unstalled aboard Navy ships. He holds a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Marland and an M.S. degree in chimical engineering from The Catholic Uhiversity of America. Chirstopher H. Crane:is a senior scientist at Geo-Centrs Inc. where he has provided technical program and dcumentation support for Navy headquarters shipboard environmental programs since 1989. Previouss grover

Navy ships must be able to operate anywhere in the world and visit any port unencumbered by environmental restrictions. The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OCNO) has formulated a vision for the environmentally sound ship of the 21st century, which will ensure compliance with environmental requirements applicable to Navy ships, while maintaining fleet effectiveness and readiness. Navy ships generate a variety of solid and liquid wastes and atmospheric emissions. Ships have limited capabilities for holding wastes for offload to shore. Working closely with the OCNO, the Naval Sea systems Command (NavSea) is developing systems, equipment, and procedures to process and manage ship wastes in an environmentally responsible manner. Several pieces of shipboard equipment have been successfully developed to process solid and liquid waste, hazardous materials and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). The technologies and practices being developed under this program will: ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, significantly reduce the logistic burdens and costs associated with shoreside offload and disposal of ship wastes, implement Navy environmental and occupational safety and health policies, enhance the quality of life aboard ship, and continue the Navy's leadership role in protecting the marine environment.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Application of 3-D nonlinear wave-load and structural-response simulations in naval ship design

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 253-266页

作者： Engle, A Lin, W Salvesen, N Shin, Y Allen H. Engle:is a naval architect in the Hydrodynamic Division of the Naval Sea Systems /Command (NavSea). He received his B.S. degree in engineering scinece from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1977 and his M.S. degree in ocean engineering from the Unviersity of Hawaii in 1979. Corrently Mr. Engle is the program director of the Navy's Hydrodynamic Loads Technology Development Program. Mr. Engle is Chairman of SNAME Panel on Hull Loadings (HS-1) and contributing member to the International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress's Committee on Dynamics. Moei-Min Lin:is a senior research scientist at the Ship technology Division of Sciences Applications International Corporation (SAIC). He received his B.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the National Cheng-Kung University Taiwan in 1977 and his Ph.D. degree in ocean engineering from MIT in 1985. He is an expert in computational ship hydrodynamics. He has been the P.I. for development of the Large Amplitude Motions Program (LAMP) system. Nils Salvesen:is the manager of the Ship Technology Division of the Science Application International Corporation (SAIC).He received his B.S. and Ph.D. degree from the Development Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of the University of Michigan in 1960 and 1966 respectively. He has more then thirty years of experience in the development of ship motion simulation and wave load prediction methods. More than twenty-five years ago he developed the original strip-theory code on which the Navy's ship motions program (SMP) is based. Yung-Sup Shin:is the principal engineer responsible for the hydrodynamic projects in the Research and Development Department of the American Bureau of Shipping New York. He received a Ph.D. degree in hydrodynamic from the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of the University of Michigan. In the past eighteen years at ABS he has been involved in the theortical development and analysis of various marine hydrodynamic problems. In recent year

Despite the limits inherent within linearized frequency-domain ship motion and wave load computer codes, strip theory has been found to provide the design community with a fairly robust, practical design tool with reasonable accuracy for most conventional displacement monohulls. However, the advent of new design concepts including multi-hulls and application of new materials as well as the push to incorporate reliability methods within surface ship structural design criteria has highlighted the need for more rigorous methods of developing a lifetime load spectrum. In this paper, a multilevel computation system for predicting ship motions and wave loads, up through and including extreme sea conditions, is presented. This system includes a traditional strip theory approach and newly developed linear and nonlinear three-dimensional time-domain methods. The new nonlinear methods are currently in the process of being validated by the U.S. Navy. The status of the current development is presented. Sample numerical results from the new nonlinear methods are compared with both linear frequency domain predictions and model tests.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Clocking Optimization and Distribution in Digital systems with Scheduled Skews

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Journal of VLSI Signal Processing systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology 1997年第2-3期16卷 131-147页

作者： Hsieh, Hong-Yean Liu, Wentai Franzon, Paul Cavin III, Ralph Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-7911 United States Semiconductor Research Center Research Triangle Park NC 27709 United States National Taiwan University Taiwan North Carolina State University United States National Chiao-Tung University Taiwan University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Engineering IEEE Solid-State Circuit Society Japan Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Engineering North Carolina State University United States AT and T Bell Laboratories Holmdel NJ United States Australian Def. Sci. Technol. Org. Australia IEEE ACM ISHM India National IEEE-CHMT Society IEEE MultiChip Module Conference Mississippi State University United States Auburn University Orlando FL United States Martin Marietta Corporation Orlando FL United States Texas A and M University United States Design Science Research Program Semiconductor Research Corporation United States College of Engineering North Carolina State University United States Semiconductor Research Corporation United States Board of Governors IEEE Circuits and Systems Society United States IEEE Strategic Planning Committee New Technical Directions Committee IEEE Technical Activities Board

System performance can be improved by employing scheduled skews at flip-flops. This optimization technique is called skewed-clock optimization and has been successfully used in memory designs to achieve high operating frequencies. There are two important issues in developing this optimization technique. The first is the selection of appropriate clock skews to improve system performance. The second is to reliably distribute skewed clocks in the presence of manufacturing and environmental variations. Without the careful selection of clocking times and control of unintentional clock skews, potential system performance might not be achieved. In this paper a theoretical framework is first presented for solving the problem of optimally scheduling skews. A novel self-calibrating clock distribution scheme is then developed which can automatically track variations and minimize unintentional skews. Clocks with proper skews can be reliably delivered by such a scheme.

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Operational systems, logistics engineering and technology insertion

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 205-220页

作者： Grubb, MJ Skolnick, A Michael J. Grubb:has perfomzed naval engineering at the Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) for more than twenty-five years. He currently the program manager for the Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practice Program (SHARP). is a Navy-wide logistics research and development prgram aimed at the successful transiton of proved technologies inot the fleet. SHARP focuses on reducing acquisition performance capability reliability maintainability and readiness of these systems. Mr. Grubb has served as a department director for the past eleven years. His most recent assignment was as director of the Tactical Computer Resources and Test Equipment Department. This organization provided acquisition and in-service engineering support of the Navy's tectical embedded computers priphirals displays and mass memory storage devices. The organization also provided a complete range of product engineering and metrology engineerig services for SSP NevSeaSysCom and the Trident Program. Prior to this appointment Mr. Grubb was deptuy director psysical security programs department and site responsible for program management and system integration of ashore integrated security systems. Mr. Grubb holds a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State Universtiy an M.S. degree in industrial engineering from Purdue University and has copleted the course work (Dec.'96 for a master's degree in public and environment affairs at Indiana University-Purdue Univeristy Indianapolis. Dr. Alfred Skolnick operates System Science Consultants (SSC) specilizing in strategic planning technical program definiton technology assessment and engineering analyses on selected matters of national interest. He has taught physics mathematics and management sciences at University of Virginia and Marymount University and is currently adjunct professor of mathematics at Northern Virginia Community College. Form 1985 to 1989 he was president of the American Society of Noval Engineers. Dr. Skolnick served at Applied Physic

In an era of fiscal austerity, downsizing and unforgiving pressure upon human and economic capital, it is an Augean task to identify resources for fresh and creative work. The realities of the day and the practical demands of more immediate fleet needs can often dictate higher priorities. Yet, the Navy must avoid eating its seed corn. Exercising both technical insight and management foresight, the fleet, the R&D community, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav) and the product engineering expertise of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) are joined and underway with integrated efforts to marry new, fully demonstrated technologies and operational urgencies. Defense funding today cannot sponsor all work that can be mission-justified over the long term because budgets are insufficient to support product maturation within the classical development cycle. However, by rigorous technical filtering and astute engineering of both marketplace capabilities and currently available components, it is possible in a few select cases to compress and, in effect, integrate advanced development (6.3), engineering development (6.4), weapon procurement (WPN), ship construction (SCN), operation and maintenance (O&M,N) budgetary categories when fleet criticalities and technology opportunities can happily meet. In short, 6.3 funds can be applied directly to ''ripe gateways'' so modern technology is inserted into existing troubled or aging systems, sidestepping the lengthy, traditional development cycle and accelerating practical payoffs to recurrent fleet problems. To produce such constructive results has required a remarkable convergence of sponsor prescience and engineering workforce excellence. The paper describes, extensively, the philosophy of approach, transition strategy, polling of fleet needs, technology assessment, and management team requirements. The process for culling and selecting specific candidate tasks for SHARP sponsorship (matching operational need with t

关键词： Naval vessels

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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Reliability analysis of transverse stability of surface ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 129-140页

作者： Atua, K Ayyub, BM Khaled l. Atua:is a graduate student at the Reliability Engi-neering Program at the University of Maryland at College Park. He completed his B.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1988 and completed his M.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1992 at Alexandtia University. He is also a visiting scholar in the Civil Engineering Department at the University ofMaryland at Colkge Park. He is conducting research with Dc Bilal M. Ayyub in the area of develupment of reliability-based design of ship structures and systems. He is a member ofASNE and SNAME. He has authored or coauthored several papers and reports. Bilal M. Ayyub: Ph.D. RE. is aprofssor of civil engineer-ing at the University of Maryland at College Park. He is also a researcher and consultant in the areas of structural engineering inspection methods and practices reliability and risk analysis. Dc Ayyub completed his B.S. degree in civil engineering in 1980 and completed both his M.S. (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) degrees in civil engineering at the Georgia Institute of Echnol-OD. Dc Ayyub has an extensive background in uncertainty modeling and analysis risk-based analysis and design simula-ion and marine structural reliability. He is engaged in research work involving structural reliability marine structures uncer-tainty modeling and analysis and mathematical modeling using the theories of probability statistics and fuzzy sets. He has completed several research projects that were funded by the National Science Foundation the U S. Coast Guard the U.S. Navy the U.S. Department of Defense the U.S. Army crops of Engineers the Maryland State Highway Administration the American Society ofMechanica1 Engineers and several engi-neering companies. Dc Ayyub served the engineering communio in various capacities through societies that include ASNE ASCE ASME SNAME IEEE-CS and NMIPS. He is a member ofthe ASME Research Committee of Risk Ethnology and the ASME Committee on Human Factors. Currently he is the chai

An introduction to a rational development of transverse stability criteria for surface ships is presented in this paper. The development is based on a probabilistic analysis of the uncertainties associated with the design parameters involved in determining the transverse stability. Reliability methods are used for assessing and determining transverse stability of ships. These reliability methods address the uncertainties associated with the basic design variables that are involved in stability assessment and design. The sources of uncertainty in stability variables are presented, uncertainties associated with these basic random variables are summarized, different reliability assessment methods are described, a case study that shows the computation procedure using some of these methods is discussed for illustration purposes, and finally, conclusions and recommendations for further work in this area are presented.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Commercial lighting innovations

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 225-229页

作者： Gauthier, E Green, GM Elizabeth Gauthier:graduated from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1983 with a B.E. degree. She began her employment at M. Rosenblatt & Son in Arlington Virginia in the Naval Architecture and Ship Design Department Participating in numerous naval architecture studies and managing the U.S. Coast Guard navigation lights update project. In 1989 Ms Gauthier joined the Naval Sea Systems Command as an engineer in the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Department. While managing the manpower requirements human factors and safety aspects of the AOE 6 AO 177 T-AGOS 13 and MCS 12 she was also responsible for HSI integration of the Women at Sea and Affordability Through Commonality (ATC) projects. In January 1994 she joined the Design integration Department of NSWCO. Since that time she has served as ATC assistant program manager for both habitability and hull systems. Gordon M. Green:spent eleven years in the U.S. Navy as a submarine warfare officer and engineering duty officer. He has been an engineer at Advanced Marine Enterprises a wholly owned subsidiary of Nichols Research Corporation for fifteen years and has been providing support to the Affordability Through Commonality (ATC) project for the past three years.

In our quest for finding ways to reduce the life cycle costs of Navy ships, the Affordability Through Commonality (ATC) project has investigated several commercial lighting innovations. This paper will discuss two particularly noteworthy commercial products that have been selected for further evaluation on board Navy ships: specular reflectors for fluorescent lighting fixtures and the Solar 1000 sulfur light source. Specular reflectors are designed to dramatically increase the amount of light reflected from a fluorescent fixture resulting in one or more of the following benefits: increased task lighting, reduced maintenance and consumable costs (fewer bulbs), reduced acquisition and alteration costs (fewer fixtures), and reduced energy use. Specular reflectors are sized for the specific type of fluorescent fixture and can be designed and formed to provide general or directed task lighting. They are inexpensive and can be installed easily and quickly. The Solar 1000 sulfur light source is the first in a planned family of very bright, energy-efficient, electrodeless lamps using sulfur bombarded by microwaves to produce illumination in a continuous range of wavelengths very close to sunlight. It is ideal for remote source lighting distribution systems such as light tubes and fiber optics. This innovation in lighting has been heralded by the Department of Energy as ''a revolutionary 21st century lighting system.''

关键词： Naval vessels

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