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AN INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY FOR FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS, PROCESS DESIGN AND DATABASE DESIGN

INFORMATION systems 1991年第1期16卷 49-64页

作者： SHOVAL, P Information Systems Program Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Ben-Gurion University P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel

A methodology that combines and integrates the major stages of information systems development is presented. The methodology is based on hierarchical data-flow diagrams which are used to perform a functional analysis of the system. This enables the conducting of process design on the one hand, and information structure analysis and database schema design on the other. Specifically, we describe a method that connects the transactions of the system (the product of the process design stage) with the record-types (the product of database design stage). This connection closes the gap between the "procedural" and "structural" aspects of the system, and enables a smooth transition to the stage of system construction. It also facilitates the designing of sub-systems and their sub-schemas. Software tools that support all stages of the methodology are reviewed, emphasizing the tool DS2DS that connects the transactions with the record-types.

关键词： FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS PROCESS DESIGN TRANSACTIONS INFORMATION STRUCTURE ANALYSIS DATABASE DESIGN CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA SUBSYSTEM SUB-SCHEMA METHODOLOGIES SOFTWARE engineering TOOLS DATA-FLOW DIAGRAM DATA STRUCTURE DIAGRAM BINARY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

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An interpretive-systemic study of the University of Los Andes

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systems Practice 1991年第5期4卷 507-525页

作者： Fuenmayor, Ramsés Bonucci, Mario López-Garay, Hernán Department of Interpretive Systemology Systems Engineering School Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela Graduate Program in Interpretive Systemic Organizational Management and Planning Systems Engineering School Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela

This article is a summary of an interpretive-systemic study of the University of Los Andes in Venezuela. Following the methodological guidelines of interpretive systemology, three interpretive contextual systems were designed in order to "comprehend" the sense of the university. These three interpretive contexts were derived from possible different interpretations of the University Law (Statutes). Results obtained from the "thematic interpretation" of university activities and decision taking reveal an institution removed from any of the missions depicted in the interpretive contexts. A fourth interpretive context was designed to provide an interpretation of the regulative role the institution plays in order to maintain a particular social order and power structure. This fourth interpretive context shows greater interpretive power with regard to actual university activities than the other three. © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation.

关键词： interpretive systemology organizational studies social systems

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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, DE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military engineering

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM ZINC ANODE PROCUREMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第6期103卷 75-77页

作者： BRINCKERHOFF, B The Author received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Maryland in May 1985. In June 1985 he began working at the Naval Sea Systems Command as an engineer-in-training (EIT). After completion of the EIT program he began working in his present position in the Corrosion Control Branch of the Materials and Assurance Engineering Office (NavSea 05M1). His responsibilities include life cycle management for sacrificial cathodic protection systems and prevention of alloy 625 crevice corrosion. This paper is a result of his work at NavSea in support of the zinc anode quality improvement program. Mr. Brinckerhoff is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the NavSea Association of Scientists and Engineers.

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EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUND-WATER EXTRACTION systems

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第1期11卷 119-124页

作者： HALEY, JL HANSON, B ENFIELD, C GLASS, J Jennifer Haley is a chemical engineer working in the Remedial Operations and Guidance Branch of the Hazardous Site Control Division/Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (U.S. EPA OS-220 401 M St. SW Washington D.C. 20460). One of her responsibilities during her three years at EPA has been completion of the EPA Guidance on Remedial Actions for Contaminated Ground Water at Superfund Sites. Prior to taking her current position at the EPA in May 1987 she worked for two years for the California Regional Water Quality Control Board overseeing ground water contamination investigations and cleanups in the South San Francisco Bay. She received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of California in Berkeley and an M.S. in environmental management from the University of San Francisco. Bill Hanson is an engineer with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (OS-220 401 M St. SW Washington D.C. 20460). He received both his B.S. in engineering and M.A. in environmental engineering from Duke University. Before joining the Environmental Protection Agency Hanson worked for several consulting engineering firms including CH2M Hill in Res ton Virginia. At EPA he first worked in the Effluent Guidelines Program where he was responsible for developing pretreatment and direct discharge regulations for the electroplating industry. Hanson has been with the Superfund program since its start. He is currently chief of the Remedial Operations and Guidance Branch. His branch is responsible for developing guidance for consistency of approach with respect to selection of remedy land ban treatment requirements and treatability protocols. Carl G. Enfield is a soil scientist at the Robert S. Ken Environmental Research Laboratory (U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820). He earned his B.S.C.E. in civil engineering and M.S. in agronomy at Purdue University and his Ph.D. in agricultural chemistry and soils at the University of Arizona. He currently serves as research director at EP

The most common process for remediating contaminated ground water is extraction and treatment. Data from 19 on-going and completed ground water extraction systems were collected and analyzed (U.S. EPA 1989b) to evaluate the effectiveness of this process in achieving cleanup concentration goals for ground water. This analysis indicated several trends including (1) containment of ground water plumes was usually achieved;(2) contaminant concentrations dropped significantly initially followed by a leveling out;(3) after the period of initial rapid decline, the continued decreases in concentration were usually slower than anticipated;and (4) certain data important to optimizing system design and operation had often not been collected during the site characterization phase. Factors limiting the achievement of cleanup concentration goals fell into four basic categories: (1) hydrogeological factors, such as subsurface heterogeneity, low-permeability units, and presence of fractures;(2) contaminant-related factors, such as high sorption to soil and presence of non-aqueous phases (dissolution from a separate non-aqueous phases (dissolution from a separate non-aqueous phase or partitioning of contaminants from the residual non-aqueous phase);(3) continued migration from source areas and the size of the plume itself;and (4) system design factors, such as pumping rates, screened intervals, and extraction well locations. The findings of this study indicate that ground water extraction is an effective method for preventing additional migration of contaminant plumes and achieving risk reduction. However, the findings indicate that in many situations, it may not be practicable to rely solely on ground water extraction and treatment to achieve health-based cleanup concentrations throughout the contaminated zone and fulfill the primary goal of returning ground water to beneficial use. This study suggests several recommendations (U.S. EPA 1989a) for improving ground water response acti

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SOFTWARE engineering TOOLS SUPPORTING ADISSA METHODOLOGY FOR systems-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 1990年第5期32卷 357-369页

作者： SHOVAL, P MANOR, O Computer and Information Systems Program Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O. Box 653 Beer Sheva 84105 Israel.

ADISSA methodology for information systems analysis and design covers in a unified way the stages of functional analysis, transactions (process) design, interface design, database schema design, input-output design, and structured prototyping. The PC-based ADISSA-supporting tools provide an automated environment that enables the analyst/designer (who works according to the methodology) to draw hierarchical dataflow diagrams and check their correctness, to design the transactions of the systems, the interface — a menu-tree — and the database schema, and to maintain an integrated data dictionary.

关键词： CASE tools database design interface design methodology software engineering structured analysis and design system development methodology

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Appropriate Automation – Integrating Technical, Human, Organizational, Economic, and Cultural Factors

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1990年第8期23卷 1-19页

作者： T. Martin J. Kivinen J.E. Rijnsdorp M.G. Rodd W.B. Rouse Manufacturing Technologies Program Management Agency Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe Karlsruhe FRG Corporate Information Systems Neste Oy Espoo Finland Department of Chemical Technology Twente University of Technology Enschede The Netherlands Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College of Swansea Swansea UK Search Technology Inc. Norcross Georgia USA

Automation technology, including digital computer and communication techniques, is being applied in an ever-increasing range of private and public spheres, also reaching third-world cultures not previously exposed to such technology. This invokes the engineer's responsibility to consider the direct and indirect effects caused by this technology. The question is when and how to include these factors in the design and implementation process, prospectively avoiding bad effects and still fulfilling the goals imposed on the engineer by his client. To be able to carry that responsibility and make proper design decisions, the engineer must both understand 'appropriateness' within a given boundary, and have decision authority together with other parties participating in the design. Whereas sound methodologies for user-centred design are appearing, anticipating and considering the cultural effects of automation is an area going far beyond engineering. Nevertheless, engineers should get more deeply involved in comprehensive technology assessment. Encouraging experiences show how novel design approaches and consideration of comprehensive sets of requirements can lead to better overall system performance, but much research on open questions remains to be done.

关键词： Social effects of automation man-machine systems human factors organizational, economic, and cultural factors manufacturing processes process industries human-centred design socio-technical design

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PRODUCTIVITY - HOW TO ORGANIZE THE management AND HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第6期102卷 26-34页

作者： CHIRILLO, LD USN (RET.) is known for teaching modern management science applied for shipyard operations. His clients include firms and government agencies in the United States Canada the Peoples Republic of China the United Kingdom Australia New Zealand and Spain. His unique insight comes from sixteen years as a manager for the United States government/industry National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP). In that capacity he specialized in identifying the logic and principles of the flexible manufacturing approach applied by the world's foremost manager of shipyards Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. (IHI) of Japan. The author's previous experiences include management of: engineering and inspection activities for a naval supervisor of shipbuilding ship maintenance as a member of a naval operating staff production planning engineering and material matters in both public and private shipyards research projects for the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ships (currently Naval Sea Systems Command) and engineering plants in both merchant and naval ships.

Without acceptance of a product work breakdown structure for the construction, modernization and overhaul of ships, a shipyard will not enter what is now being called the information age. With too few exceptions, top managers have yet to demonstrate the knowledge, courage, and leadership required to reorganize and remold entrenched middle managers who are functional specialists, each concerned with a parochial interest. The information age requires generalists who are dedicated to constantly improving entire manufacturing systems. As means to encourage adoption of a product work breakdown structure, this paper discusses: a basic product organization, its benefits, and its unique ability to generate data, without which a manager is not in full charge of a shipyard, public or private.

关键词： Shipyards

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ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN NAVY LOGISTICS SUPPORT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 111-118页

作者： HOUTS, RE The Author:is the director of the Advanced Logistics Technology Division in the Naval Supply Systems Command (NavSup) Engineering and Quality Directorate. He is responsible for managing Nav-Sup's lead role Navy-wide in the research and development of techniques processes and systems to improve Navy readiness and productivity. In this role his office serves as the Navy's Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistics Support (CALS) primary support office. Mr. Houts has more than 19 years of government service as a career logistics manager including a year-long assignment in OSD. Prior to being selected for the senior executive service in December 1985 and accepting his current position Mr. Houts spent 15 years at the Naval Air System Command. He has had extensive experience in logistics program initiation on major aircraft systems and in the development of contractual documents to implement logistics programs. He holds a B.S. degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Michigan and an M.S. degree in systems management from the University of Southern California.

In the face of present and foreseeable budget constraints which will severely restrict the amount of funding available to provide logistics support to the Navy's operating forces, the Naval Supply systems Command's Advanced Logistics Technology Division is actively pursuing a number of efforts to apply current and emerging technology to improve logistics systems and methodologies. The engineering Data management Information and Control System (EDMICS) program will automate the technical information process from initial acquisition through delivery to the end user, addressing the inability of current paper-based systems to cope with the tidal wave of information requirements for the effective management of weapon and logistics systems. Rapid Acquisition of Manufactured Parts (RAMP) program is applying computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) technology to the production of spare parts which are normally available only at great cost and with extensive lead time. The Standard Hardware Acquisition and Reliability program (SHARP) will standardize electronic system hardware (i.e., modules, power supplies, enclosures and batteries) to decrease development and logistics costs, while providing dramatic increases in component and system reliability. The Integrated Diagnostic Support System (IDSS) project is integrating diagnostic design into the weapon system development process to enhance the ability of the organizational level technician to detect and isolate system/equipment failures. This paper discusses each of these ongoing projects as well as a number of new initiatives being explored for future funding.

关键词： Military engineering

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MAGNETIC SURVEYING FOR BURIED METALLIC OBJECTS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1990年第3期10卷 204-211页

作者： BARROWS, L ROCCHIO, JE Larry Barrows received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines in 1973 and 1978 respectively. He has worked as a systems engineer on Skylab remote-sensing experiments and as an exploration geophysicist in frontier areas of Alaska. Since 1979 he has specialized in geophysical surveying for ground water and hazardous waste site investigations first as the project geophysicist on a radioactive waste disposal program and then as a research scientist for the U.S. EPA. In 1988 he joined Earth Science and Engineering Inc. and LaCoste and Romberg Gravity Meters Inc. (4807 Spicewood Springs Rd. Bldg. 2 Austin TX 78759). Current projects include using microgravity to detect solution conduits in karst terrains and using seismicgroundroll to determine near-surface shear moduli. Judith E. Rocchio is the future air resource specialist on the Stanislaus National Forest (1977 Greenley Rd. Sonora CA 95370). She will obtain the position upon completion of her M.A. degree in air resource management at Colorado State University Department of Natural Resources (1990). She was with Lockheed Engineering Management Services Co. Las Vegas Nevada prior to attending CSU where she was involved in several environmental monitoring programs and coauthored the paper with Dr. Barrows. From 1981 to 1986 Rocchio was a project geologist for Gower Oil Co. and Consolidation Coal Co. Denver Colorado. She received her B.S. in geology (1981) from the University of Nevada Las Vegas.

Field tests were conducted to determine representative total-intensity magnetic anomalies due to the presence of underground storage tanks and 55-gallon steel drums. Three different drums were suspended from a non-magnetic tripod and the underlying field surveyed with each drum in an upright and a flipped plus rotated orientation. At drum-to-sensor separations of 11 feet, the anomalies had peak values of around 50 gammas and half-widths about equal to the drum-to-sensor separation. Remanent and induced magnetizations were comparable; crushing one of the drums significantly reduced both. A profile over a single underground storage tank had a 1000-gamma anomaly, which was similar to the modeled anomaly due to an infinitely long cylinder horizontally magnetized perpendicular to its axis. A profile over two adjacent tanks had a smooth 350-gamma single-peak anomaly even though models of two tanks produced dual-peaked anomalies. Demagnetization could explain why crushing a drum reduced its induced magnetization and why two adjacent tanks produced a single-peak anomaly. A 40-acre abandoned landfill was surveyed on a 50- by 100-foot rectangular grid and along several detailed profiles. The observed field had broad positive and negative anomalies that were similar to modeled anomalies due to thickness variations in a layer of uniformly magnetized material. It was not comparable to the anomalies due to induced magnetization in multiple, randomly located, randomly sized, independent spheres, suggesting that demagnetization may have limited the effective susceptibility of the landfill material. A different 6-acre site survey conducted on a 10- by 10-foot grid was analyzed to determine the maximum station spacing and line separation that could have been used. Essentially, all of the anomalies at this site would have been resolved by a survey conducted on a 20- by 20-foot grid and the larger anomalies would have been detected by a 50- by 50-foot grid.

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